Question 1 Define the following ADC terms: 1. SNR – (Signal to Noise Ratio) SNR is a calculated value that represents the ratio of RMS signal to RMS noise. 2. SINAD - (signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio) Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean value of the root-sum-square (RSS) 3. ENOB – (effective number of bits) The effective number-of-bits and relates to SINAD 4. THD - (total harmonic distortion) Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the RSS of its harmonics. 5. SFDR - (spurious free dynamic range) Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. 6. Channels - related to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. 7. Linearity - relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend nonlinearity. 8
Week 4 homework. Question 1: 1. SNR – Ratio of root mean square signal to root mean square. 2. SINAD – Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean of value of the root sum square. 3. ENOB – The effective number of bits and relates to SINAD. 4. THD – Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of RSS of its harmonics. 5. SFDR – Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. 6. Channels – multiple analog signal inputs to the ADC that can be individually selected or selected through a multiplexor. 7. Linearity – Describes how an ADC conveter follows a linear function. 8. Operating temperature – A temperature at which the ADC functions optimally, usually given by the manufacturer. 9. Power dissipation – The proportion of power dissipated (through heat) when the ADC is working. Question 2: An 8 bit ADC has a reference voltage of 5V. What is the digital output code word for an input of 1.2V
Microcontroller homework for week 04 1. SNR - Ratio of RMS signal to RMS SINAD - Ratio of the RMS signal amplitude to the mean value of the root-sum-square (RSS) ENOB - The effective number-of-bits and relates to SINAD THD - Ratio of the rms value of the fundamental signal to the mean value of the RSS of its harmonics. SFDR - Ratio of the RMS value of the signal to the RMS value of the worst spurious signal. Channels related to the inputs of the ADC can either be multiplexed or individually selected. Linearity relates to how a ADC follows a linear function. All ADCs are to a certain extend non-linearity. Temperature is measurement, which in optimal state for ADC-s, lets them function correctly. Power dissipation refers to the amount power dissipated when the ADC is operating. 2. The output code is 001111012 and the voltage of the LSB is 0,0195V 3
Interrupt Rate 43 Dual-Function Pins on Microcontrollers 43 Design Checklist 45 v 3 Sensors 47 Temperature Sensors 47 Optical Sensors 59 CCDs 72 Magnetic Sensors 82 Motion/Acceleration Sensors 86 Strain Gauge 90 4 Time-Based Measurements 93 Measuring Period versus Frequency 95 Mixing 97 Voltage-to-Frequency Converters 99 Clock Resolution 102 5 Output Control Methods 103 Open-Loop Control 103 Negative Feedback and Control 103 Microprocessor-Based Systems 104 On-Off Control 105 Proportional Control 108 PID Control 110 Motor Control 123 Measuring and Analyzing Control Loops 130 6 Solenoids, Relays, and Other Analog Outputs 137
Mitsubishi · · The electromagnetic torque is born in air gap · What kind of drives the majority of drive systems present low accuracy · The induction machines are associated with the names of Dolivo-Dobrovolsky Tesla · One of the first eletrical motors has been built by Jacobi · Electromagnetic efficiency is measured in tesla · Time constants are measured by ms s hours · Who is the author of the first electrical motor Henry · Which rectifier cannot be built without a transformer 3-phase midpoint · Call the benefits of 3-phase rectifiers upon the 1-phase ones output voltage · Which rectifier has more diodes 3-phase bridge · In the case of high-pass filter before the load, what can you tell about the current higher · What is the difference between the construction and operation of a rectifier and an inverter input wave output wave
Ticket No1 1)The characteristic is called output characteristic or volt-ampere charateristic of a Rectifier Diode. 2)Rectifier Diode. 3) A is called Anode and C is called Cathode. An Anode has positive potential and therefore collects electrons in the device. Cathode has negative potential and therefore emits electrons to anode. The symbol looks like an arrow that ponts from the anode to the cathode, and reminds that conventional current flows easily from the p side(anode) to the n side(cathode). BIASING. Forward biasing. If the current in a diode is too large, excessive heat will destroy the device. Even approaching the burnout current value without reaching it can shorten its life. Therefore
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Treshold, noise, range, stability, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, hysteresis Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if R T = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. R70 30 c =R H =9,2 kV RH 9,2 k V O= ∙ V DD= ∙ 2,5 = 0,388 V (R T + R H ) ( 50 k +9,2 k ) Hint: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework Question 3
purpose and under the specified conditions, especially in applications that can directly or indirectly affect human life. You must consult with your OMRON representative before applying a PC System to the above-mentioned applications. 3 Safety Precautions ! WARNING Do not attempt to take any Unit apart while the power is being supplied. Doing so may result in electric shock. ! WARNING Do not touch any of the terminals or terminal blocks while the power is being supplied. Doing so may result in electric shock. ! WARNING Do not attempt to disassemble, repair, or modify any Units. Any attempt to do so may result in malfunction, fire, or electric shock.
circuit at PISO output disabled during transmission of SOF, EOF · receive circuit: if `111110' synchronization achieved when sender transmits preamble allows other nodes to within the device having that hardware interface. LCP Frame types detected -> remove `0' prior to input into SIPO normally FCS data (prior EOF) subjected to same bit obtain bit synchronization. 3. scheme: bit-encoding violations ( also used w/ SAPs are 7b: shortage -> SNAP above LLC stuffing LANs) · 1
Tallinn University of Technology Department of Electrical Engineering Report on laboratory work 1 on General Course of Electrical Drive SENSORLESS DRIVE POWER FLEX (ALLEN BRADLEY) Jüri Lina 666BMW Group M16 Variant 2 Tallinn 2014 1. Functional Diagram 2. Tables of observations Task Operation/Record Observation 1 Reverse the motor speed. How long Time to reverse was 16 does the motor reverse
Test VIII - cumulative test by Piigli, Mets, Parker, Kauler "Top delusion" question / answers are red. Test I The induction machines are associated with the names of Dolivo - Dobrovolsky, Tesla. The synchronous machines are associated with the name of Ferraris. The DC machines are associated with the names of Jacobi and Henry. The electromagnetic torque is born in air gap. The torque is proportional to the current in dc motor. Which equations are correct? P = sW; oomega = tuletis fii'st The angular frequency is 2*pi()*n / 60 ja 2*pi()f The motor torque is equal to TL + J * oomega tuletis aja järgi The inductor supplies the motor with flux. The leading companies in the world market of electrical drive engineering are: Mitsubishi. The energy balance is described by energy conservation law. The armature supplies the motor with current. The cheapest and the most reliable is induction motor.
Question 1 Name 9 characteristic parameters of sensors. Solution: 1. Thershold. 2. Sensitivity. 3. Full Range. 4. Linearity. 5. Accuracy. 6. Precision. 7. Stability. 8. Hysteresis. 9. Noise. Question 2 Given the circuit below (using a SYH-2R humidity sensor) determine the output voltage for a relative humidity of 70 % at 30 °C if RT = 50 kΩ and VDD= 2.5 V. Solution: Check specification for Humidity Sensor of SYH-2R.pdf at: http://www.rhopointcomponents.com/images/SYH-2R.pdf 2 Week 04 Homework - Solutions Check Thermistor - Wikipedia.pdf at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermistor Calculate the Humidity Sensor resistance at 30°C T = 273.15°C +30°C = 303.15°C T0 = 273.15°C +25°C = 298.15°C R60% 30°C =25.5858 kΩ
Homework-04 Solution (100 marks) Read Chapter_4_Time_Based_Measurements.pdf Question 1 (10 marks) When converting an analogue value to a frequency, consider the following diagram describing the system. The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at an interval of 2ms. How many counts does the microprocessor detect at, a) 20 MHz? b) 18 MHz? What is the difference in terms of number of counts detected by the microprocessor? Solution: 1 1 a) Converse 20 MHz to time length: T 0.00005ms f 20,000,000 2ms
(võivad tasakaalustada ennast ning signaal kustub ära, nõrgeneb). Kuna inimene liigub, muutub sagedus – lainepikkus – tuleb kogu aeg kanalit järgi kruttida. 2. Mida tähendab alla- ja üleslüli ning dupleks kaugus mobiilsides Pertaining to computer networks, a downlink is a connection from data communications equipment towards data terminal equipment. This is also known as a downstream connection. The uplink port is used to connect a device or smaller local network to a larger network, or connect to the next "higher" device in the topology. For example, the edge switch connects "up" to the distribution layer managed switch. Lühidalt - The communication going from a satellite to ground is called downlink, and when it is going from ground to a satellite it is called uplink Duplex distance is the space between the uplink and downlink frequencies. The
Digital Signal Processing Summary and Vocabulary Guide to Digital Signal Processing by Steven W. Smith. Read up to page 10, preface included. https://users.dimi.uniud.it/~antonio.dangelo/MMS/materials/Guide_to_Digital_ Signal_Process.pdf Digital Signal Processing (DSP) is a powerful technology that will shape science in the twenty-first century. Changes have already been made in various fields of study: communications, medical imaging, and high fidelity music reproduction, to name just a few. Each of these disciplines has developed a deep DSP technology, with its own algorithms and specialized techniques. This combination of breadth and depth makes it impossible for any one individual to master all of the DSP technology that has been developed
a) 011010112 b) 101101012 === 3. a) 006B b) FFB5 === Logic and arithmetic 4. Using two’s complement arithmetic, calculate the following (choose a suitable number of bits for the representation): a) 121 – 185 b) -70 – 88 == 4. Convert back to verify answer == 5. Calculate the following without converting the number base. Show calculations. a) 3A916 + 24D16 == 5. 5F616 == 6. Variable X contains the number of bytes to be read from an external device. Using a binary shift, write one line of pseudocode to calculate the number of bits to be read and store the result in Y. == 6. Y = X shl 3 // shifts left by 3 bits, filling the emply bits on the right with zeros (3 bits) == 7. You have two Boolean variables A and B. Write down a logic expression using only the operators AND, OR and NOT that will evaluate to true if A and B are equal and to false otherwise. == 7. (A and B) or ((not A) and (not B)) == 8
Read Chapter_4_Time_Based_Measurements.pdf Question 1 When converting an analogue value to a frequency, consider the following diagram describing the system. The frequency changes from 20 MHz to 18 MHz and the system samples at an interval of 2ms. How many counts does the microprocessor detect at, 2ms a) 20 MHz? =40000 counts 50 ns 2ms b) 18 MHz? =36 000 counts 55,55 ns What is the difference in terms of number of counts detected by the microprocessor? Between 20MHz and 18MHz are 4000 counts. Question 2 Consider the following diagram
1. View the surface and decide whether profile is periodic or non- periodic. Upper limit - the 16% rule (Default) 2. When the tolerance limit is specified, use the table shown on the left Measure on the most critical surface. If not more than 16% of all value for condition. based on sampling length are exceed the limit, surface is acceptable. 3. When the tolerance limit is not specified. - The first value does not exceed 70% of the limit. 3
practical use of this process in biology and medicine began much later and is associated with the name of the chemistry Nobel Prize winner Arne Tizelius, who in the 30s year of the last century has developed a method of electrophoresis in free fluid and constructed a device for electrophoretic separation and analysis of protein mixtures by free or moving boundaries. The main disadvantage of this method was the heat liberation during the electriс current passing through the liquid because that prevented for clear division of factions and led to a blurring of the boundaries between the individual zones. In 1940, D. Philpot suggested to use columns with a density gradient of buffer solutions, and in the 50s years the method has been refined
false negative results would be expected, as the goal of testing is to rule out the presence of disease. Screening tests should be used to screen for diseases that (1) have serious consequences if left undetected, (2) are reasonably prevalent within the population, and (3) have treatment options readily available. Should a positive result be obtained, a more accurate, confirmatory test should then be performed. One example of a screening test would be the urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio (Cort:Crt)u, which is used to screen symptomatic patients for canine hyperadrenocorticism.[1,2] The (Cort:Crt)u ratio tests for the presence or absence of urinary cortisol excretion and is noninvasive and inexpensive. It also has a high diagnostic sensitivity, which means that a negative result strongly indicates that the patient most likely does not have the disease.[1,2] Urinary cortisol excretion can be caused by both pathologic and physiologic processes,
00000000 01111001 + 11111111 10111001 --------------------------- 11111111 11000000 b) -70 – 88 = -158 11111111 10111010 - 00000000 01011000 ------------------------- 11111111 01100010 5. Calculate the following without converting the number base. Show calculations. 3A916 + 24D16 = 5F616 3A9 + 24D --------- 5F6 9 + D = 16 A+4+1=F 3+2=5 6. Variable X contains the number of bytes to be read from an external device. Using a binary shift, write one line of pseudocode to calculate the number of bits to be read and store the result in Y. 1 byte = 8 bits Shift left = X ∗ 2𝑛 , where n stands for how big the shift is. 23 = 8, so we have to shift left by 3. Y = X shl 3 // shifts left by 3 bits, filling the empty bits on the right with zeros 7. You have two Boolean variables A and B. Write down a logic expression using only the
[vaata | 1. Füüsikaliste suuruste mõisted, definitsioonid ja ühikud muuda] Voolu töö ja võimsus. Joule-Lenzi seadus. Potentsiaal ja pinge. Elektriväli, suund ja tugevus. Voolu tugevus ja tihedus. Takistus, selle sõltuvus juhi mõõtmetest. Eritakistus. Laeng ja mahtuvus. Induktiivsus. Vooliuallika elektromotoorjõud, lühisvool ja sisetakistus. Voolu töö ja võimsus. Voolu töö on võrdeline voolutugevusega I, pingega U juhi otstel ja ajaga t. [ J ] Võimsus on ajaühikus tehtud töö. [ W ] A p= t Joule-Lenzi seadus. Joule-Lenzi seadus : elektrivoolu toimel juhis eralduv soojushulk Q on võrdeline voolutugevuse I ruuduga, juhi takistusega R ja voolu kestusega t ning kus voolu töö on võrdelin
Since the invention of the internal combustion engine, automotive engineers, speed junkies and racecar designers have been searching for ways to boost its power. One way to add power is to build a bigger engine. But bigger engines, which weigh more and cost more to build and maintain, are not always better. Another way to add power is to make a normal-sized engine more efficient. You can accomplish this by forcing more air into the combustion chamber. More air means more fuel can be added, and more fuel means a bigger explosion and greater horsepower. A turbo/supercharged engine produces more power overall than the same engine without the charging
r w gametes C , C ; F1 genotypes and phenotypes 1 mark: r w F1 genotypes (all) C C F1 phenotypes (all) pink; F2 genotypes and phenotypes 1 mark: r w r w gametes C , C C , C ; r r r w r w w w F2 genotypes C C C C C C C C F2 phenotypes red pink (pink) white; F2 ratio 1:2:1; accept other symbols if key given. accept r and w as symbols without key. 6 (c) (i) 65; 130; 65; 3 (ii) 0.138 + 0.007 + 0.061; (or other suitable working) 0.206 – 0.208; 2 marks for correct value if no working shown
ABR Available Bit Rate ABRD Automatic Baud Rate Detection ABRS Automated Book Request System [British Library] ABS Address Book Synchronization [IBM] + Absolute ABT Abort ABTS ASCII Block Terminal Services AC Autocheck + Automatic Computer + Alternating Current ACAP Application Configuration Access Protocol ACC Accumulator ACCMAIL Accessing the Internet Via Email ACD Automatic Call Distribution ACDI Asynchronous Communications Device Interface ACE Access Control Encryption/Entry + Adobe Certified Expert + Advanced Composition Explorer [JHUAPL] + Advanced Computing Environment [SCO] + Adverse Channel Enhancements [Microcom] + * Automatic Computing Engine ACF Access Control Field + Advanced Communications Function ACH Automated Clearing House ACIAS Automated Calibration Interval Analysis System ACIS American Committee for Interoperable Systems ACK Acknowledgment
research question, we have a specification error. In other words, the construct implied in the survey question differs from the intended construct that should be measured. This is also referred to as a measurement that has low construct validity. As a result, the wrong parameter is estimated and the research objective is not met. A clear example of a specification error is given by Biemer and Lyberg (2003, p. 39). The intended concept to be measured was “…the value of a parcel of land if it were sold on a fair market today.” A potential operationalization in a survey question would be “For what price would you sell this parcel of land?” Closer inspection of this question reveals that this question asks what the parcel of land is subjectively worth to the farmer. Perhaps it is worth so much to the farmer that she/he would never sell it at all. There are several ways in which one can investigate whether specification errors occur. First of all,
of Leonardo Da Vinci. Many of the first camera obscuras were large rooms like that illustrated by the Dutch scientist Reinerus Gemma-Frisius in 1544 for use in observing a solar eclipse. The image quality was improved with the addition of a convex lens into the aperture in the 16th century and the later addition of a mirror to reflect the image down onto a viewing surface. Giovanni Battista Della Porta in his 1558 book Magiae Naturalis recommended the use of this device as an aid for drawing for artists. First photographs taken with camera obscura were mostly landscapes, the reason for that was a long exposure time. And because landscapes do not move it was a perfect option. They were also used to take family photos or portraits, but it worked a little bit differently than it does nowadays. For example, you had to stay still for a long time for it not to turn out foggy. The camera was also used to capture historical events.
quantification of different sequence variants of the internal transcribed spacers of the freshwater sponge Ephydatia fluviatilis as an example. In addition to using conventional substitution analysis, we have developed a mathematical method, the proportion model method, to quantify the relative amounts of allelic variants of different length using data from direct sequencing of the heterogeneous amplicon. This method is based on determining the expected signal intensity values (corresponding to peak heights from the sequencing electropherogram) by sequencing clones from the same or highly similar amplicon and comparing hypothesized combinations against the values obtained by direct sequencing of the heterogeneous amplicon. This method allowed to differentiate between all specimens analysed.
· Realigment (motion correction ) · Global Normalization · Coregistration · Motion correction · Spatial Normalization · Slice Timing · Spatial Smoothing · Spatial Normalization · Spatial Smoothing · Temporal filtering Remove first 10 time points · [Eng] The first few volumes of the functional images are often discarded for signal equilibrium and to allow the participants' adaptation to the scanning noise. · [Est] Paar esimest aja punkte funktsionaalssetest pilte hulgast kustutakse ära, et ühtlustada signaali tasakaalu ja eemaldada suuri kõikumisi. See aeg võimaldab osalejatel kohaneda skaneerimise müraga. Slice Timing · Interbased order. Esimesed kihid 1,3,5..., pärast lähevad 2,4,6,... · Sõltub kihtide järjekorrast, mis oli valitud enne skaneerimist.
Achieving cost reduction or profit improvement at the expense of their supply chain partners does not make companies more competitive. Transferring cost upstream or downstream leads to "logistics myopia" as all costs ultimately will make way to the final market place to be reflected in the price paid by the end user. Therefore, the leading edge companies seek to make the supply chain as a hole more competitive through the value it adds and the cost it reduces overall. Thus today the real competition is not the companies against the companies but rather supply chain against supply chain. DEFINITIONS Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the process of planning, implementing, and controlling the operations of the supply chain with the purpose to satisfy customer requirements as efficiently as possible. Supply chain management
-5- the interactive voice menu (IVR), the centre of processing of calls - statement of calls to turn and their distribution on agents using various algorithms, record CDR and other functions. On the one hand, the server is connected with telephone lines and can incorporate to any phone of the world. On the other hand, the server is connected with the Internet and can contact any computer in the world. The server accepts a standard telephone signal, digitizes it (if it initially not digital), considerably compresses, breaks into packets and sends through the Internet to destination point with use of the protocol TCP/IP. For the packets coming from the Network on a telephone server and going out in a telephone line, operation goes upside-down. Both making operations (a signal input in a telephone system and its exit from a telephone system) occur practically simultaneously that allows to provide fullduplex conversation.
segregated into various spaces. The engine room is one of these spaces, and is generally the largest physical compartment of the machinery space. The engine room houses the vessel's prime mover, usually some variations of a heat engine - diesel engine, gas or steam turbine. On some ships, the machinery space may comprise more than one engine room, such as forward and aft, or port or starboard engine rooms, or may be simply numbered. 1.1)Main engine The engine room of a motor vessel typically contains several engines for different purposes. Main, or propulsion engines are used to turn the ship's propeller and move the ship through the water. They typically burn diesel oil or heavy fuel oil, and may be able to switch between the two. There are many propulsion arrangements for motor vessels, some including multiple engines, propellers, and gearboxes. Large engines drive electrical generators that provide power for the ship's electrical systems.
geothermal heat--which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation),followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20100 watt) solar power systems sold per year.
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