Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens was the foremost English novelist of the Victorian era, as well as a vigorous social campaigner. Considered one of the English language's greatest writers, he was acclaimed for his rich storytelling and memorable characters, and achieved massive worldwide popularity in his lifetime. Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Portsmouth in Hampshire, the second of eight children to John Dickens n 7 February 1812. The 12-year-old Dickens began working ten hour days in a Warren's boot-blacking factory. In May 1827, Dickens began work in the office of Ellis and Blackmore as a law clerk. At the age of seventeen, he became a court stenographer and, in 1830, met his first love, Maria Beadnell. Maria's parents disapproved of the courtship and effectively ended the relationship when they sent her to school in Paris. In 1834, Dickens became a political journalist, reporting on parliamentary debate and
British literature Eva Martina Põder 11.b British literature Refers to all literature produced by British authors from the United Kingdom, which includes England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man Includes early works written in Gaelic, Welsh, and Latin, works in Old, Middle, and Modern English, each of which represents a different period Full of great works British works in Latin Venerable Bede He lived between 673 and 735 AD The greatest of all the AngloSaxon scholars He's the earliest English historian, whose work has shed light on a period of English history that would have otherwise been unknown ,,The Father of English History" Wrote / translated about 40 books on almost every area of knowledge, i.e. nature, astronomy, and poetry His best known work is "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People" Starting with the Roman invasion in the 5th century, he recorded the history of the English up to his own day
I read a book called „Oliver Twist“ which is written by Charles Dickens. It was first published in 1837. The scenery of the book takes place in the 18th century England. The main character of the story is Oliver. The story starts with Oliver’s mother giving birth to Oliver and she herself dies after giving birth. No one knew who was Oliver’s father, so he grew up in a workhouse. In 8 years, he was moved to a different workhouse, because he was too old to keep living in the same one he lived in before. In the workhouse children have to work all day while they are starving. One day after
classes (to higher class); huge boost of the middle and working class; after industrial revolution there was still social division; late 18th century philosophers and writers started to question the social status of the nobility · What were the reasons behind upward mobility? New public schools for poorer people; S. Smile "Self Help"; questioning the social status of the nobility · Reasons behind the rise of literacy 1850 Libraries Act, the Sixpenny novels (people could by cheap books- T. Malory "Morte d'Arthur", W. Scott historical novels- most popular was "Ivanhoe"; new schools for middle class- public schools; not so rich people got some education; the Penny Magazine · Key words of the British national identity: 1852- the Great Exhibition; Gothic revival Architectures; the Battle of the Styles; The Tower of London, Hampton Court were opened to public · Why were the Brits obsessed with the middle ages?
Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on 7 February 1812 in Landport, Portsmouth, in Hampshire, the second of eight children to John Dickens. He was the most popular English novelist of the Victorian era and one of the most popular of all time. He created some of literature's most memorable characters. His novels and short stories have never gone out of print Sharles visited America twice, where he gave lectures, raised support for copyright laws, and recorded many of his impressions of America. In 1835 he met and became engaged to Catherine Hogarth. In 1844 Dickens and his family toured Italy, and were much abroad, in Italy, Switzerland, and France, until 1847 He died on the 9 June 1870 after a stroke. Much of his work first appeared in periodicals and magazines in serialised form, a favoured way of
suffers privations; her time as the governess of Thornfield Manor, where she falls in love with her Byronic employer, Edward Rochester; her time with the Rivers family at Marsh's End (or Moor House) and Morton, where her cold clergyman-cousin St John Rivers proposes to her; and her reunion with and marriage to her beloved Rochester. Partly autobiographical, the novel abounds with social criticism. It is a novel considered ahead of its time. In spite of the dark, brooding elements, it has a strong sense of right and wrong, of morality at its core. There are several Christian aspects underlying the plot that mold its character and essence. Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters; most editions are at least 400 pages long (although the preface and introduction on certain copies are liable to take up another 100). The original was published in three volumes, comprising chapters 1 to 15, 16 to 26, and 27 to 38.
Webster hoped to standardize American speech, since Americans in different parts of the country spelled, pronounced, and used words differently. The Romantic Traditions James Fenimore Cooper James Fenimore Cooper (September 15, 1789 September 14, 1851) was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century. He is best remembered as a novelist who wrote numerous sea-stories and the historical novels known as the Leatherstocking Tales, featuring frontiersman Natty Bumppo. Among his most famous works is the Romantic novel The Last of the Mohicans, which many consider to be his masterpiece. Further information: List of James Fenimore Cooper writings. He anonymously published his first book, Precaution (1820). He soon issued several others under his own name. In 1823, he published The Pioneers; this was the first of the
orders to Mr. Bumble to treat him well. Chapter 4: The board decides that the best thing to do with Oliver is send him out to sea as a cabin boy. They figure that the sailors will take the best care of him, by which they mean treat him the worst and probably kill him. As Mr. Bumble is looking into this new arrangement, he runs into Mr. Sowerberry, the undertaker. Mr. Bumble tells him of young Oliver stating that anyone who takes him off the states hands will receive five pounds. Mr. Bumble asks if he knows of anyone who needs a boy, and Mr. Sowerberry offers to take him. The board agrees upon the plan, and Mr. Bumble takes Oliver, weeping from loneliness, to the Sowerberry house. He meets both Mr. and Mrs. Sowerberry, the serving girl Charlotte. Mr. Sowerberry gives him a little meat, which he devours and takes him to his bed that is located under the coffin counter.
Lincoln later expressed in his Gettysburg Address. Religious Tolerance: Much impetus for the ideas of religious tolerance came from the rule of King George II, who was a staunch Catholic and did not allow freedom of religion to Protestants in New England. Voltaire was among the first to denounce Christianity and other organized religions as mere ploys to support monarchy. What emerged was Deism, which was more or less a new religion that considered reason its foundation. In Deism, there is no interference by a deity, and man controls his own destiny. These ideas stirred the masses into action, as the people dreamed of carving their own futures. Adopted by the Founding Fathers, Enlightenment ideals became the vision for modernday America, where these ideologies are deeply rooted in the nation. The Enlightenment was important America because it provided the philosophical basis of the American Revolution
Real political and social world, the influence of the environment and history on characters. Nature is an anemey in his tragedies. Othello, The Moor of Venice love's fight against racial discrimination. Othello is a talented, intelligent military leader; Iago is his jealous enemy; Desdemano is O's wife. King Lear a tragedy of family and politics, take splace during the late feudalism period; Goneril, Regan, Cornelia. Lear's kind of an asshole. Ill, gains sympathy for the poor and oppressed, on his deathbed only Codelia and the fool care for him. Macbeth The Romantic Period Cymbeline, The Tempest, The Winter's Tale. Evil is not absolute, but relative. The guy learned how to write complexly. 1. What does the term RENAISSANCE mean in literature and art? When and where did the renaissance start? Compare how man was depicted during the Renaissance and Medieval Times. When did the Renaissance reach England?
George I was a controversial king who spent most of his time in Hanover, leaving the country in the care of the Cabinet. This was eventually headed by Sir Robert Walpole, Britain's first Prime Minister and the first to live at 10 Downing Street. During the reigns of George I and George II, Parliament assumed almost absolute responsibility for running the country. Large areas of Canada and India were colonized at the expense of the French. The single greatest threat to George I came with the Scottish Jacobite Rebellions of 1715 and 1719. However, James Stuart, their leader, was easily defeated and fled to Rome. His son tried to claim the British throne twice, but he was soon forced to retreat. On 16 April 1746, English army met the Jacobites in a moor at Culloden. 2000 of the Jacobites died, which ended Stuart pretensions to the crown. The British ensured British rule at the French fort at Quebec. During the reign of
· Naturalism appealed American authors because they found it very right to describe what was going on in the turn of century in America · They wanted something fresh, new · They were disgusted by romantics · Showed the harsh tone in moral life · Refleced the development of science · Period of intense urbanisation, the city is in the center of the novel, often · New characters were businessmen, salesman, immigants, poor farmers · These characters were in new settings, skyscrapers, departments store, apartment building, ghetto, stockyard (cattle, cows were slaughtered), commercial trust · Their world is not one of culture or high moral standards · For these new writers controlling new american social experience · Naturalists offered a view that questioned the belief that now was a conscious and national being and happiness could in moral behaviour
Realist authors (2) avoid poetic language, exaggerations, emotions and melodrama. They (3) oppose all idealisation in art, writing instead about the average and common. The common man, heroes of working class origin with no special talents. Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, George Eliot (actually a woman), Elizabeth Gaskell and also the Bronte sisters. Charles Dickens (1812-‐1870) – best-‐known English realist. A social critic, journalist, public speaker, actor and many other things
AGATHA CHRISTIE Agatha Christie was born Agatha May Clarissa Miller in Devon, in England in 1890, the youngest of three children. Her father died, when she was a child. At sixteen she was sent to school in Paris where she studied singing and piano. Christie was an accomplished pianist but her stage fright and shyness prevented her from pursuing a career in music. She never attended school. Dame Agatha Christie was an English crime writer of novels, short stories and plays. She also wrote romances under the name Mary Westmacott, but is best remembered for her 80 detective novels and her successful West End theatre plays. On the Christmas Eve in 1914, Agatha married an aviator, Archibald Christie. their daughter, Rosalind, was born in 1919. On discovering extramarital affair, she divorced him in 1928. In the same year Christie's beloved mother died. During World War I she worked in a Red Cross Hospital in Torquayas a hospital dispenser,
Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's ( ) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one. The modern literary language is usually considered to date from the time of Alexander Pushkin ( ) in the first third of the 19th century. Pushkin revolutionized Russian literature by rejecting archaic grammar and vocabulary (so-called -- "high style") in favor of grammar and vocabulary found in the spoken language of the time. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning
when they have to deal with racism. Plot summary (NB! Use the present tenses) Anita and Me by Meera Syal is the story of a young Punjabi girl growing up in the fictional English village of Tollington in the Midlands in the 1960s. The book follows Meena during her pre-teen years as she is desperate to fit in with the other children in her neighbourhood while forever feeling like an outsider because she is "different". She and her family are the only immigrants in the village. They are trying to work out how to fit into British society while attempting to maintain their own culture. Meena's house is always full of a constant stream of ethnic visitors and her parents seem to see no need to integrate futher. Namely, her parents considered every Indian immigrant in England as a friend or even as a part of the family. Meena's family are keen to see her keeping up the family's cultural tradition. Meena on the other hand, is caught between two cultures. She is having a difficult time
Wa l t e r Scott Walter Scott Scottish novelist and poet One of the greatest historical 1771-1832 novelists. Scott wrote twenty-seven historical novels. Early Life o Was born August 15 1771 o Caught polio and survived. o Sent to Sandyknowe , his grandparents farm. o Taught to read and influenced by his aunt Jenny. o Given private tutoring by James Mitchell. o attended grammar school and met James Ballantyne. o At age 12, started studying at the University of Edinburgh. o Began an apprenticeship with his fathers office. o Later became a lawyer in Edinburgh. Literary Career launched
In 1882, he joined former classmate George Budd as his partner at a medical practice in Plymouth, but their relationship proved difficult, and Conan Doyle soon left to set up an independent practice. Arriving in Portsmouth in June of that year with less than £10 to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea. The practice was initially not very successful; while waiting for patients, he again began writing stories. His first significant work was A Study in Scarlet, which appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual for 1887 and featured the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes, who was partially modelled after his former university professor, Joseph Bell. Future short stories featuring Sherlock Holmes were published in the English Strand Magazine. Interestingly, Rudyard Kipling congratulated Conan Doyle on his success, asking "Could this be my old friend, Dr. Joe?" Sherlock Holmes, however, was even more closely
to resolve itself in a clever and satisfying finale. The layers pile up thickly in the longer works, with a character getting into multiple dangerous situations by mid- story. An outstanding example of this is Code of the Woosters where most of the chapters have an essential plot point reversed in the last sentence, catapulting the characters forward into greater diplomatic disasters. Stories 6 short stories: each takes place in Blandings Castle and Lord Emsworth is the protagonist in most of those. He's an old man who lives by the old nobility manners. He has his own view on everything. Also, he is a bit absentminded and that irritates mostly everyone he speaks to. His son, Freddie, also appears a lot in the text. Freddie is a go-getter and is not afraid of almost anything barring old Lord Emsworth himself. Lord Emsworth tries to get him to leave Blandings Castle whenever possible. Another
horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number of hill forts throughout the region. The society was divided into warrior aristocracy, agricultural commons and the priests, the druids. *Caesar in Britain - Britain was very rich in minerals but that wasn't the main reason Caesar wanted to defeat it. He could clearly see that Britain was a threat to his latest and greatest conquest - France. He invaded Britain twice, in 55 and 54 BC. The first invasion was unsuccessful - it gained a beachhead on the coast of Kent but achieved little else. The second was more successful, the Celts asked for truce. However it wasn't a victory he had imagined and Julius Caesar never returned to Britain after that. The island was left undisturbed for nearly a century. *The Roman occupation of Britain 43-410 and its legacy Britain was conquered by
humanity. Sub movements: surrealism, formalism, avant-garde, symbolism, imagism Structuralism: Writers used myth and music as a part of the books structure. J. Joyce "Ulysses". Deep structure is the same as in "odyssey" and T.S. Elliot "the fisher king"-more complicated experiment. Aldous Huxley ,,point counter point"-builds his chapters on principles of music. R. Aldington ,,death of a hero"-a jazz novel. Polyphony-harmony. Cacophony Virginia Woolf ,,the waves"-symphony. Psychoanalysis: The greatest influence of psychoanalysis on literary production has probably been to add legitimacy to the already-existing trends towards greater psychological introspection and towards more prominent and franker discussions of sexuality. Main characteristic features of Modernism: Characteristics of Modernism Formal characteristics(11) · Open Form · Free verse · Discontinuous narrative · Juxtaposition (kõrvutamine) · Intertextuality · Classical allusions(vihje)
during the period of Romanticism. He believed that spiritual reality lies hidden behind the visible world of the senses and he attempted to create a symbolic language to represent his spiritual visions. He began printing his own illustrated poems in colour in 1787. The first example was Songs of innocence(1789). Towards the end of his life, he joined a circle of younger artists who appreciated his remarkable powers. It was not until the late 19th century that Blake's work achieved general attention. He was extremely prolific and his prints, illustrations, and paintings can be found in several important public collections in England and the USA. Agatha Christie · Agatha Christie (1890-1976)was an English detective story writer.As an extraordinarily popular author, Christie wrote over 80 books, most of them featuring one of her two famous detectives; Hercule Poirot, an egotistical Belgian,
other European countries. English boys play it at school, and in public parks. When they grow up, they play as members of important amateur teams or as a professional in teams competing in football ,,leagues". Professional football is as much a business as a sport. Rugby football was first played in 1823. In rugby every player is allowed to carry the ball. The ball is oval, not round. Each team contains 15 players. The oldest game of football in England is probably the football match which takes place at Ashburn on Shrove Tuesday every year. The game starts in the centre of the town, and the distance between two goals is two miles. The only rule is not to use motorcycles, cars and lorries in the game. In 1958 one team buried the ball. The other team didn't know and ran after them. Later first team took the ball and won. 3) JAMES WATT He was born in the small port of Greenock on the river Clyde in Scotland in 1736. His
Test on Romantic Poetry and Prose 1. Approximate dates of romanticism: in the second half of the 18th century. Major events on world history at that time: · Industrial revolution · In America the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 · The French Revolution, 1789 · The King of England was George III, after him George IV and then Queen Victoria Outcomes: · Revolution did not bring welfare · Lives of the lower-classes worsened · Extended the distance between the lower and upper class · The rich got richer, the poor got poorer 2. Romanticism is a reaction against classicism, science and atomic (aesthetic ideal of order and unity) worldview. Romantic ideal is the organic world. Romanticism: · Returns to nature and belief in the goodness of mankind · Exaltation of the senses and emotion overcome reason and intellect
himself with dignity and confidence at all times. Moreover, his passion for bullfighting gives his life meaning and purpose. In a world of amorality and corrupted masculinity, Romero remains a figure of honesty, purity, and strength. Montoya - The owner of a Pamplona inn and a bullfighting expert. Montoya sees bullfighting as something sacred, and he respects and admires Jake for his genuine enthusiasm about it. Montoya takes a paternal interest in the gifted young bullfighter Pedro Romero and seeks to protect him from the corrupting influences of tourists and fame. Frances Clyne - Cohn's girlfriend at the beginning of the novel. A manipulative status-seeker, Frances was highly domineering early in their relationship and persuaded Cohn to move to Paris. As her looks begin to fade, she becomes increasingly possessive and jealous.
Acted like prophets. 2. Stonehenge From prehistoric period. Was built on Salisbury plain between 2500 and 1500 bc. One of the most famous and mysterious archaeological sites in the world. One of the mysteries is how it was built at all with the technology of the time. Another is its purpose. It appears to function as a kind on astronomical clock and we know it was used by the Druids for ceremonies marking the passing of the seasons. It appears in number of novels. These days it is not only the interest of tourists but is also a gathering point of certain minority groups. It is now fenced off to protect it from damage. 3. The Roman conquest Julius Caesar's first raid was in 55 BC but the romans left. Ad 43- the Romans came to stay. The army established Roman rule in the south and SW of the country. The Romans started to introduce their laws to a new province of the Roman Empire and started to build good roads.
No radical social change, or popualr democracy experiment. Men at the top harassed by those who supporteed the old and those who sought further to radicalize the new. Dissenting Puritans, restless Protestant sectarians. Pamphlet literature of those who saw Charles I’s overthrow as freedom from Norman feudalism. Native rights, more equal distribution of constituencies, removing property qualifications from voters. John Lilburne – Leveller party. Contrasts between rich and poor. Equal distribution of property. 9. Milton. Paradise Lost Lengthy works of religious convictions discarded today, wanted to remove his poetry to greater extent than that of others, for material: the fall of man, the restoration of the human race in Christ, destruction of God’s enemies, from the heavnely point of view, his poetry must teavh, purify and elevate the heart (his work assume great knowledge of Bible); purpose: assert Eternal Providence, justify the ways of God to men, his
Vronsky, Betsy's cousin. Vronsky continues to pursue Anna. Although Anna initially tries to reject him, she eventually succumbs to his attentions. Karenin warns Anna of the impropriety of paying too much attention to Vronsky in public, which is becoming a subject of society gossip. He is concerned about his and his wife's public image, although he believes that Anna is above suspicion. Vronsky, a keen horseman, takes part in a steeplechase event, during which he rides his mare Frou-Frou too hard and she falls and breaks her back. Vronsky escapes with minimal injuries but is devastated that his mare must be shot. Anna tells him that she is pregnant with his child, and is unable to hide her distress when Vronsky falls from the racehorse. Karenin is also present at the races and remarks to her that her behaviour is improper. Anna, in a state of extreme distress and emotion, confesses her affair to her husband
IN THE LATE WINTER MONTHS OF 1801, a man named Lockwood rents a manor house called Thrushcross Grange in the isolated moor country of England. Here, he meets his dour landlord, Heathcliff, a wealthy man who lives in the ancient manor of Wuthering Heights, four miles away from the Grange. In this wild, stormy countryside, Lockwood asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him the story of Heathcliff and the strange denizens of Wuthering Heights. Nelly consents, and Lockwood writes down his recollections of her tale in his diary; these written recollections form the main part of Wuthering Heights. Nelly remembers her childhood
prominently in many of the stories Kipling was writing for the Gazette. Kipling describes this time: "My month's leave at Simla, or whatever Hill Station my people went to, was pure joy--every golden hour counted. It began in heat and discomfort, by rail and road. It ended in the cool evening, with a wood fire in one's bedroom, and next morn--thirty more of them ahead!--the early cup of tea, the Mother who brought it in, and the long talks of us all together again. One had leisure to work, too, at whatever play- work was in one's head, and that was usually full." Back in Lahore, some thirty-nine stories appeared in the Gazette between November 1886 and June 1887. Most of these stories were included in Plain Tales from the Hills, Kipling's first prose collection, which was published in Calcutta in January 1888, a month after his 22nd birthday. Kipling's time in Lahore, however, had come to an end. In
/ He thinks too much. Such men are dangerous" (I.ii.195196). Napoleon also springs to mind as a historical model for Kantorek. The inclusion of a seemingly anachronistic literary type--the scheming or dangerous diminutive man--may seem out of place in a modern novel. Yet this quality of Kantorek arguably reflects the espousal of dated ideas by an older generation of leaders who betray their followers with manipulations, ignorance, and lies. "While they taught that duty to one's country is the greatest thing," Paul writes in Chapter One, "we already knew that death-throes are stronger." As schoolboys, Paul and his friends believed that Kantorek was an enlightened man whose authority derived from his wisdom; as soldiers, they quickly learn to see through Kantorek's rhetoric and grow to despise him, especially after the death of Joseph Behm. That Kantorek is eventually drafted and makes a terrible soldier reflects the uselessness of the ideals that he touts. Corporal Himmelstoss
Later he has worked both as a freelancer and a contracted writer. He first wrote the short story "Ender's Game" while working at the BYU press. Ender's Game and its sequel Speaker for the Dead were both awarded the Hugo Award and the Nebula Award, making Card the only author (as of 2008) to win both of science fiction's top prizes in consecutive years. Card continued the series with seven books, which divide into "Shadow" and "Speaker" series. He has also announced his plan to write two more novels: Shadows in Flight, a book that connects the "Shadow" series and "Speaker" series together, and Ender in Exile, a book that takes place after Ender's game and before Speaker for the Dead. Furthermore, Card recently announced that Ender's Game will soon be made into a movie. Though Card is best-known for "Ender's Game", he has also written in a variety of other genres, including plays, short stories, books on writing, the Homecoming series, other science
literary quality (1650) and Edward Taylor, who was born in England but lived in Boston, wrote some poetry in the style of John Donne and the metaphysical poets. All 17 th cent Am writings were, both in content and form, similar to English lit of the same period. The great literary figures of the 18th cent were Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), Thomas Paine (1737-1809) and Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826). The common sense and witty aphorisms of Franklin's popular Poor Richard's Almanac series appealed to colonial readers. Franklin also wrote effectively on the question of allegiance to the British crown but it was his protégé, Thomas Paine, who inspired colonists during the dark days of the Revolution with his stirring pamphlet Common Sense (1776), which sold over half a million copies, and American Crisis Papers (1776-1783). Thomas Jefferson was also an influential political writer. He made important
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