The Future Tense 108 Can and Could 112 May and Might 113 3 Nouns8 Do, Does and Did 115 Common Nouns 8 Would and Should 120 Proper Nouns 13 Singular Nouns 21 Plural Nouns 23 8 Subject-Verb Agreement 123 Collective Nouns 34 Masculine and Feminine Nouns 37 9 Adverbs 127 4 Pronouns 44 Personal Pronouns 44 10 Prepositions 132 Reflexive Pronouns 47 Interrogative Pronouns 48
1. Nouns: how is the plural formed? The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s: · more than one snake / snakes · more than one ski / skis · more than one Barrymore / Barrymores Words that end in -ch, x, s or s-like sounds, however, will require an -es for the plural: · more than one witch / witches · more than one box / boxes · more than one gas / gases · more than one bus / buses · more than one kiss / kisses · more than one Jones / Joneses BUT! Photos, kilos, pianos, zeros, studios, radios. When the word ends in the letter -y: · country / countries · family / families · story / stories Nouns ending in -f: (should be learned by heart)
Plural of nouns Nimisõnade mitmus 1. Ainsusele lisatakse -s sailor sailors 2. y-lõpulised nimisõnad Kui nimisõna lõpus on täishäälik +y, lisandub mitmuses -s boy boys Kui aga nimisõna lõpus on kaashäälik +y, siis y = i +es baby babies 3. Kui nimisõna lõpus on -s, -sh, -ch, -x või -o, siis lisatakse mitmuses -es bus buses potato -potatoes negro negroes kilo - kilos bush bushes tomato tomatoes disco discos piano - pianos watch watches hero - heroes photo photos radio radios 4. Kui nimisõna lõpus on -f või -fe, siis tavaliselt f = v+es wolf wolves thief thieves knife - knives wife wives half halves roof - roofs leaf leaves self selves chief chiefs 5. ERANDID
The Spanish language academy no longer considers the ch, ll or rr to be separate letters in dictionaries, but they are still separate letters in the alphabet. In Spain, you can say oo-bay for v, but in Latin America most dialects just use bay and an adjective, such as chica (Mexico and Peru) or corta (Argentina and Chile). 4 4. Articles & Demonstratives Masc. Singular Fem. Singular Masc. Plural Fem. Plural the el (ail) la (lah) the los (lohs) las (lahs) a, an un (oon) una (oon-ah) some unos (oon-ohs) unas (oon-ahs) this este esta these estos estas that ese esa those esos esas
symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). Syntax (concerned with the rules [grammar] and how sentences and words are formed). Synchronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how language exists in one moment in time, not at how this language came to be the way it is now. Example Estonian in the 21st century. Diachronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how a language has changed over some period of time
o Armada, flotilla, renegade, comrade, don, vigilante, barricade, grenade, Random o Negro, vanilla, cockroach, embargo, mosquito, cargo, sombrero, siesta, anchovy, bonanza, castanet, salsa, cafeteria, canyon, hurricane, barbecue, tortilla, tango, gringo, tequila, patio, Mediated Native American words o Cigar, cocoa, chocolate, chilli, tomato, cannibal, canoe, maize, potato, avocado, tamale, tobacco 20th century o Burrito, bongo, taco, sangria, sangria, cha-cha, rumba, mambo, fajita, margarita Informal slang o Cojones, el cheapo Adapted o Alligator, barricade, cask, cedilla, galleon, grenade, hoosegow, lariat, ranch, renegade, sherry, stampede, stevedore, vamoose; Direct
You are going to eat you aren't going to eat are you going to eat? They are going to eat they aren't going to eat are they going to eat? Plural of nouns nimisõnade mitmus - s a window windows a student students a key keys, a roof roofs -es sõna lõpulisetele ch, sh, s, ss, x, o A watch- watches, a bush- bushes, a bus buses, a class classes, a fox foxes, a potato potatoes, a tomato- tomatoes, a book books, a key keys, a box boxes, miss misses, wash-washes, mix-mixes, go-goes, do-does. -ies consonant +-y a country countries, a diary- diaries, a boy boys, a dictionary dictionaries, try tries, play-plaies. -ves lõpulistele f, -fe a leaf leaves , a wolf wolves, a knife knives, a life lives Irregular nouns
Example: She is a student at our school. republic or unionExamples: the UK, the USA with a singular noun to say something about all things of that kind. • with countries which have plural nouns as their names Example: A cat likes drinking milk. Example: the Netherlands, the Bahamas • before newspapers, organisations, hotels, pubs and rest aurants, well known buildings or works of
Infixation is common in languages of Southeast Asia and the Philippines, and it is also found in some Native American languages. circumfixes morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and finally. Morphs: the concrete realisation of a morpheme (`was' be, past, singular) Allomorphs: a/an Types of affixes: Derivational and infelctional Derivational affixes: Derivational affixes may change the grammatical class of the root verbs into nouns, nouns into adjectives (boy, boyish), and so on. Derivation is a lexical process which actually forms a new word out of an existing one by adding affixes to stems or roots. consideration, considerate, inconsiderate, inconsiderateness Inflectional affixes: Inflectional affixes may be described as `relational markers' that fit words for use in a sentence (express a syntactic relation). Inflections do not change the
leisure and cards, chess, the chase, conversation, dice, dance, leisure, recreation, tournament, sport pastimes culinary words veal, beef, mutton, venison,pork, ham, methods of roast, boil, fry preparing food Norman French (ei – veil, leisure) vs Central French (oi) 9. Spanish borrowings Armada, comrade, renegade, flotilla, cockroach, embargo, mosquito, vanilla, cargo, sombrero, siesta, tango, canyon, cigar, tabacco, cafeteria, cocoa, chocolate, chilli, tomato, potato, avocado, tortilla, anchovy, canoe, maze, gringo, tequila, stampede, burrito, bongo, taco, sangria, cha-cha, rumba, ambo, macho, fajita, margarita, cojones 10. Italian borrowings music opera, piano, solo, soprano, baritone, trio, libretto, concert, violin art and architecture, studio, miniature, balcony, dome, sonnet literature fashion and garments umbrella mlitary battalion, squad, colonel, cavalry, infantry,
a friend a lot of friends palju sõpru water lots of water palju vett Loendatavatel nimisõnadel on ainsuse (the singular) ja mitmuse (the plural) vorm: a girl girls MITMUSE MOODUSTAMINE 1) tavaliselt lisatakse mitmuses ainsuse tüvele lõpp -s a book books a street streets a day days a pupil pupils 2) kui ainsuse tüve lõpus on -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, siis lisatakse mitmuses lõpp -es a bus buses a glass glasses a bush bushes a watch watches a box boxes 3) kui ainsuse vormi lõpul on kaashäälik + y, siis mitmuses y muutub i- ks ja lisandub -es a country countries a factory factories a fly flies a story stories 4) kui ainsuses oleva sõna lõpul on täishäälik + y, siis mitmuses lisandub -s a boy boys a toy toys a key keys a monkey monkeys 5) erandlikult on mõnede o-lõpuliste nimisõnade mitmuse lõpul -es a potato potatoes
We set-off early in the morning. 8 Kas sa saad paar minutit oodata? Can you wait a couple of minutes? 2 Write sentences using the information in the table. 1 Mary likes singing, travelling and ice cream. 2 Tom likes ice cream, stories about animals and travelling. 3 Mary doesn´t like stories about animals or watching cartoons. 4 Tom doesn´t like watching cartoons or singing. 5 They both like ice cream and travelling. 6 Neither of them like watching cartoons. 3 Write in the plural. 1 calf calves 7 tooth teeth 13 loaf loaves 2 ox oxen 8 child children 14 man men 3 sheep sheep 9 wolf wolves 15 foot feet 4 deer deer 10 buffalo buffaloes 16 goose geese 5 mouse mice 11 hoof hooves 17 shelf shelves 6 knife knives 12 mink mink 18 theif thieves
e.g ,,What attracts me to him is his unique dishonesty. Honest people are so boring." Oscar Wilde Expressive features of separate parts of speech 1 Nouns are based on the unusual use of the number, case, and pronoun substitions. In other words, on a transfer of nouns from one lexico-semantic group to another. This is found in personification. Observing parts in which objects, animals are endowed (given) with human feelings, actions, the ability to think or speech. In this case, the noun that is personified, changes its usual connections with other words. e.g The wind laughed his evil laugh and ran away. Another case of transfer is zoonymic metaphors, that is names of animals, fantastic beings when applied to people become emotional and often offensive. e.g as an animal, donkey, mule, snake, tod, wolf, angel, devil, witch. Connotations vary when names of animals have synonyms. e.g pig (swine), donkey (ass), monkey (ape) these words have some positive yet ironic connotations
· A comparison, a part of which the word becomes (Youth is so much more valuable than experience: it is also far more intelligent) · Verbs--hope, wish, and want (clever people everywhere. I wish to goodness we had a few fools left) · Repeated words (German art, G science and G culture) · Character's voice may be specified (hatred, she said with he voice trembling with pleasure) · Words with inherent connotation may change it in context, that is, pos may become negative and vice versa 4. Stylistic morphology: articles, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, numerals Articles: · Article with proper names adds a colloquial touch (The Hardys, a Miss Smith) · The indefinite article (a) with a family name creates an evaluative meaning (a Caruso) · A+names of common, undistinguished names suggests contempt (a Malone, a Smith)
another way, such as in hearing. It is also possible to be so ultra-sensitive that the result is disadvantageous. I expect no argument in asserting that a normal sensitivity is a healthy, indispensable ingredient for optimal education. Sensitivity can be heightened or blunted by education. It is intertwined with curiosity. An ideal education affords numerous and varied opportunities for students to touch, see, smell, listen, hear; to spark their curiosity. When I was a child the things that pleased me were largely other than the plants which have earned me a living as an adult. For example, I collected postage stamps, played basketball, was fond of listening to music, played all manner of games, but dealt only in a neutral, uninspired fashion with plants. The one thing that was constant and of supreme importance was my love of reading. I don't recall why, but by an early age, say age
ungrammatical sentence ungrammatical house a crooked street a crooked hook bloodthirsty killer bloodthirsty embrace "Colourless green ideas sleep furiously" - (highly original). OR: e. e. comings (modernist poet): "My father moved through dooms of love Through sames of am through haves of give ..." (here "am" becomes a noun, also "have" becomes a noun). J. Joyce "Ulysses" in last chapter for 44 pages comes no single mark of punctuation but nevertheless it has 8 paragraphs. Why? Because his wife's birthday is on the 8 th of some month. It is very individual. STYLISTICS AS A SCIENCE. SURVEY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF STYLISTIC STUDIES. Stylistics is regarded as a relatively new branch of philology, yet its roots go back as far as
•He took his boots off. •They called the doctor in. apposition a grammatical construction in which two usually adjacent nouns having the same referent stand in the same syntactical relation to the rest of a sentence (as the poet and Burns in “a biography of the poet Burns”) back-reference In grammatical analysis, the term reference is often used to state a relationship of identity which exists between grammatical units, e.g. a pronoun 'refers' to a noun or noun phrase. When the reference is to an earlier part of the discourse, it may be called a 'back-reference' (or anaphora); collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words
Negative colouring is made stronger by constant epithets and emphatic constructions (e.g. "You filthy swine", "You lazy dog"). Adjectives when used as nouns become colloquial (e.g. "come on, lovely (noun)"). When abstract nouns begin to stand for people they become emotional (metonymy) (e.g. "The little eccentricity." an eccentric child). Possessive case the suffix apostrophe "`s" may be added to a phrase or sentence and the result is humor or colloquial touch. The ending of the plural may be added to the sentence with the same effect. Abstract nouns when used with the plural become very expressive. ARTICLES: the article with a proper name ads a colloquial touch (e.g. "He was engaged to a Mrs. Haggard."). Indefinite article: - with a family name creates evaluative meaning (e.g. "I do not claim to be a Caruso."). - with names of common people suggests a contemptuous attitude toward them. - may convey a feeling of belonging to an aristocratic family (e.g
4 lactose binds to repressor; 5 changes shape of protein molecule; 6 unable to bind (to operator); 7 RNA polymerase binds (at promoter) / transcription occurs / genes switched on; 8 AVP; e.g. production of lactose permease / production of beta- galactosidase; max 5 [5] 4. a change in the genetic material; unpredictable / AW; extra detail; e.g. addition / substitution / deletion / frame shift / small part of chromosome / may code for different protein / may code for no protein [2] 5. 1 mark max for general effect of mutations: mutation may give different, amino acid / primary structure; A ref stop codon
There are general L (studies words disregarding particular features of any particular lg); special L (studies specific features of a separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns may carry a new meaning (nt, arms-weapons, looks-appearance, works-plant) b)connected with phonetics. The meaning of a word is expressed by sounds and it depends on the order of sounds(spoonerism) c)history of the lg helps to understand ahanges in the meanings of words (nt, legend ment a book where a life of saints was described) d)stylistics is the sign of expressive means of the language
ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page iii CHANGE YOUR THINKING, CHANGE YOUR LIFE How to Unlock Your Full Potential for Success and Achievement B R I A N T R AC Y JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page i CHANGE YOUR THINKING, CHANGE YOUR LIFE ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page ii ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page iii CHANGE YOUR THINKING, CHANGE YOUR LIFE How to Unlock Your Full Potential for Success and Achievement B R I A N T R AC Y JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. ccc_tracy_fm_i-xviii.qxd 7/7/03 3:22 PM Page iv
If it is asked, "What is the content of speech?," it is necessary to say, "It is an actual process of thought, which is in itself nonverbal." An abstract painting represents direct manifestation of creative thought processes as they might appear in computer designs. What we are considering here, however, are the psychic and social consequences of the designs or patterns as they amplify or accelerate existing processes. For the "message" of any medium or technology is the change of scale or pace or pattern that it introduces into human affairs. The railway did not introduce movement or transportation or wheel or road into human society, but it accelerated and enlarged the scale of previous human functions, creating totally new kinds of cities and new kinds of work and leisure. This happened whether the railway functioned in a tropical or a northern environment, and is quite independent of the freight or content of the railway medium
my career. T h i s time around I was operating at a slightly higher level, as a develop ment executive for the Fox 2 0 0 0 feature film label, with more responsibility and pressure. I was involved in the research and development aspects of films like Courage IX THE WRITER'S JOURNEY ~ THIRD EDITION Christopher Vogler Under Fire, Volcano, Anna and the King, Fight Club, and The Thin Red Line. M y concepts o f s t o r y t e l l i n g , shaped by the patterns of mythology and the thinking of Joseph Campbell and Carl Jung, were now being tested not only on animated features but on big-budget, live-action movies for adult audiences. T h e office atmosphere of Fox 2 0 0 0 was a fascinating place to study the ways of power. In the past I h a d been aware o f places like it, but as a story analyst
The indirect object without to comes before the direct object. Aunt Jane gave Sarah a record. She sent Peter a book. The indirect object with to comes after the direct object. Aunt Jane gave the record to Sarah. She sent the book to Peter. Practice Put these words in order to make sentences: 1 often he plane by travels 2 out friends I go usually Friday on with 3 office boss out my is of often the 4 always at have Christmas an we office party 5 days don't they faxes these often send 6 morning always in I the am tired 7 have in doesn't lunch usually she office the 8 in I on holiday August never go 19 E-mails, compiling them. Polite expressions. Modals. Writing a letter: THE START: Dear Sir or Madam,
University of Pennsylvania "It's about time this book was written. It is a long-overdue manifesto for the mobile lifestyle, and Tim Ferriss is the ideal ambassador. This will be huge." --Jack Can eld, cocreator of Chicken Soup for the Soul®, 100+ million copies sold "Stunning and amazing. From mini-retirements to outsourcing your life, it's all here. Whether you're a wage slave or a Fortune 500 CEO, this book will change your life!" --Phil Town, New York Times bestselling author of Rule #1 "The 4-Hour Workweek is a new way of solving a very old problem: just how can we work to live and prevent our lives from being all about work? A world of in nite options awaits those who would read this book and be inspired by it!" --Michael E. Gerber, founder and chairman of E-Myth Worldwide and the world's #1 small business guru "Timothy has packed more lives into his 29 years than Steve Jobs has in his 51." --Tom
There is an attractive and commonsensical explanation of all the foregoing facts--so attractive that most of us think of it by the time we are ten or eleven years old. The idea is that linguistic expressions have the meanings they do because they stand for things; what they mean is what they stand for. On this view, words are like labels; they are symbols that represent, designate, name, denote or refer to items in the world: the name "Adolf Hitler" denotes (the person) Hitler; the noun "dog" refers to dogs, as do the French "chien" and the German "Hund." The sentence "The cat sat on the mat" represents some cat's sitting on some mat, presumably in virtue of "The cat" designating that cat, "the mat" designating the mat in question, and "sat on" denoting (if you like) the relation of sitting on. Sentences thus mirror the states of affairs they describe, and that is how they get to mean those things. For the most part, of
Behm did not want to enlist, but he caved under the pressure of the schoolmaster, Kantorek. His ugly, painful death shatters his classmates' trust in the authorities who convinced them to take part in the war. Detering - One of Paul's close friends in the Second Company. Detering is a young man with a wife and a farm at home; he is constantly homesick for his farm and family. Gérard Duval - A French soldier whom Paul kills in No Man's Land. Duval is a printer with a wife and child at home. He is the first person that Paul kills in hand-to-hand combat, one of Paul's most traumatic experiences in the war. Leer - One of Paul's classmates and close friends during the war. Leer serves with Paul in the Second Company. He was the first in Paul's class to lose his virginity. Haie Westhus - One of Paul's friends in the Second Company. A gigantic, burly man, Westhus was a peat-digger before the war. He plans to serve a full term in the army after the
In one it interviews with Larkin we read the following dialogue: How important is enjambment for you? In certain lines, you seem to isolate lives by the very line break... No device is important in itself. Writing poetry is playing off the natural rhythms and word-order of speech against the artificialities of rhyme and meter. One has a few private rules: never split an adjective and its noun, for instance. (1983, 71). But in spite of his words, and since we have seen when analysing its poems, if there is an enjambment poetry, that one would be Larkin’s one. Brogan and Scott perfectly define the effect of the enjambment when affirming that: “In reading, the non-coincidence of the frames of syntax and meter in enjambment has the effect of giving the reader “mixed messages”: the closure
the shop. And of course he realizes he has done wrong, and he tries to commit suicide but changes his mind. Some people say that the end is very weak. His son is a schoolboy, wants his father to write an essay for him. The beginning of action coinsides with eastern, the passion of christ. This is when Ethans own passion symbolically begins. His final downfall coinsides with the 4th of July. The most important christain holiday and political holiday somehow frame Ethans change and it shows that corruption is all persuasive. And in this sense it is allegorical, that there is nothing holy, not eastern, not 4th of july, everyone is corrupt. Some chapters are written in the third person, others are told through ethans first person perspective, they alternate. The title is quite interesting. The source of the title is Shakespeare ,,Richard the third". Symbolically Ethan Hawley is paralleled to Richard. Ethans
drugs have been developed stimulating or blocking certain neurotransmitters. Psychologists however, consider the role of neurotransmitters on behavior, but do not solely rely on it to explain behavior. Brain technology has developed rapidly during the past century and is now used extensively in neuropsychology because it provides an opportunity to study the active brain. EEG Prints out brainwaves, registers patterns of voltage change in the brain. PET scan monitors radioactive glucose metabolism in brain. Produces colored maps of brain activity. Can record ongoing activity. fMRI provides 3D pictures of the brain structures, using magnetic fields and radio waves. It shows actual brain activity and has a higher resolution that PET scans. Experiments with animals are still used a lot because this enables psychologists to study specific biological correlates of behavior using invasive techniques (removing
1. The Contradictory, diverse, chaotic 20th century. New developments in science and philosophy. The essence and influence of Freudian theory. Contradictory, diverse, chaotic 20th c- simultaneous rejection and invocation of the past. While modernists apotheosized the creative geniuses of the past, they also rejected old poetic forms. Challenge old and established beliefs and more and more people had access to books and education more people went to universities. profound change in morals: · No universal value and perspective on things · Multiple truths, multiple perspectives · Nothing has inherent (kaasasündinud, sisemist) importance · Life lacks purpose Science: Albert Einstein-general theory of relativity had a huge impact on culture as well. Everything is relative. Philosophy: Henri Bergson (French) came to challenge the immediate experience ad intuition are more significant than rationalism and science for understanding reality
Leo There's a lot of controversy around it, but no actual evidence to 2 incorrect prove that GM food does us any harm. 3 completely Rosie I don't agree with that 4 totally argument, I'm afraid. There may be no 5 perfectly evidence right now, but it's the long- 6 wrong term effects that I'm concerned about. 7 virtually Leo Well any change has potential 8 highly consequences. You could make exactly the same argument against mobile 6 Students' own answers phones, or any new technology. Of course they may have harmful side 1G Describing an event effects but you have to weigh those up page 10 against their huge benefits. Rosie Like what? 1 1 like 4 as 7 as
Kestev ennetulevik väljendab: · Tegevust tulevikus, mis kestab mingi teise tegevuseni, mingi ajani või ka peale seda. By the end of March she will have been lying in the hospital for two months. He will have been writing for an hour by the time Mary calls him. Passive (is,was done; be, been, being done) REEGEL: · Inglise keeles laused võivad olla kahes tegumoes: aktiivis ja passiivis. My child drew a picture. (aktiiv; lauses on alus, kes on ka tegija) (alus) (öeldis) (sihitis) The picture was drawn. (passiiv; lauses on alus, kuid see ei ole tegija) (alus) (öeldis) · Passiivi kasutatakse siis, kui tegija on teadmata või tema mainimine ei ole oluline. MOODUSTAMINE Passiivi ajavormid moodustatakse be pöördelistes vormidest antud ajas ja lisatakse põhiverbi mineviku kesksõna (Past Participle)
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