The Industrial Revolution. Agarian-põllumajandus. . The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes that occurred in the period from 1760 to some time between 1820-1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines The transition also included the change from wood and other bio- fuels to coal. The Industrial revolution began in Britain and within a few decades spread to Western Europe and the United States. changed-steam power, which was used to power factories and transport and allowed for deeper mining.2) Improvement of iron making techniques allowing for vastly higher production levels. . The textile industry was transformed by new machines such as the Spinning Jenny - and factories, again allowing for much higher production at a lower cost. Creation of new and quicker transport networks thanks to first canals and then railways
The industrial revolution The Industrial Revolution, which took place from the 18th to 19th centuries, was a period during which predominantly agrarian, rural societies in Europe and America became industrial and urban. By mid-century, many people worked for small businesses or on farms, laboring in fields that would yield barely enough food to feed the family. New inventions and technology began to change that, however. Larger factories opened and produced new farm equipment, such as the steel plow and the tractor, which allowed farmers to cultivate bigger fields and produce more food that cost much less. Developments in the iron industry also played a central role in the Industrial Revolution. In the early 18th century, Englishman Abraham Darby (1678-1717) discovered a cheaper, easier method to produce cast iron, using a coke-fueled (as opposed to charcoal-fired) furnace. In the 1850s, British engineer Henry Bessemer ...
Thomas P. Hughes artikli The Dynamics of Technological Change: Salients, Critical Problems and Industrial Revolution kokkuvõte. Hughes’i artikkel võtab kokku ning näitlikustab uusi viise kuidas 19. sajandi lõpul ning 20. sajandi algul toimunud tehnoloogilisi arenguid ja leiutisi vaadelda. Salient on ootuspärased ennustused tulevikuks, tulevikus esiletõusvad asjad. Reverse salient - vasturääkiv kontseptsioon, viitab eesolevale osale, mis jääb maha. Tehnoloogilise süsteemi osad, mida saame pidada esiletõusvateks (salients), on selle süsteemi teistest komponentidest efektiivsemad, ökonoomsemad, või näitavad teiste komponentide mahajäämust mingil muul moel. Reverse salient tekib tehnoloogilise süsteemi ebaühtlasest arengust, näiteks kui arendati välja efektiivsed sisepõlemismootorid, ilmnes kütuse madala kvaliteedi probleem. Eestis võib tuua analoogse probleemi näite elektriautode jõudmisest Eestisse, kui olid küll elektriautod, kuid...
Britain History Pre-Norman Britain The Iberians brought their metal-working skills and the first real civilization to Britain in the third millennium B.C and were overrun by various Celtic invasions that began in the 8th century. The Celts introduced their tribal organization and an early form of agriculture before they were forced westward by the Roman invasion. Forms of Celtic language are still spoken in Britain. Romans (with Julius Caesar in the head of them) first tried to occupy Britain in 55 B.C., but there was a rebellion in Gaul so they had to leave to fight against it. Next time they came in 43 A.D. and their leader was Emperor Claudius. Romans brought a lot with them. Their brought paved roads, the sites of important cities, the seeds of Christianity, the Roman law, Roman baths, language and advanced civilization. They also built Hadrian's Wall in 122 A.D. Romans occupied...
HISTORY OF ENGINEERING Deivid Armulik Kadrina Secondary School 2015 ENGINEERING Integral factor throughout history From first boats to present day projects Improve our life ERAS Ancient era Middle era Renaissance era Modern era ANCIENT ERA Stand as a testament to the ingenuity and skill of the ancient engineers Earliest civil engineer Imhotep, officials of the Djoser, designed Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara Ancient Greece developed machines, civilian and military domains Chinese and Roman armies, military machines, Ballista and catapult MIDDLE ERA Al-Jazari, five machines to pump water, Turkish Artuqid dynasty 50 ingenious mechanical devices, developed segmental gears, mechanical controls, escapement mechanisms, clocks, robotics etc. Protocols for designing and manufacturing methods RENAISSANCE ERA First el...
The Steam Engine By What are they? Steam engines are the first kind of engines to see a widespread use. They were used in the early locomotives, steam boats and factories. In fact they are still used to help run nuclear powerplants. When and by who were they invented and improved? The very first steam engine was built by Thomas Savery in 1698. However, it didn't turn any wheels, instead it pumped water out of coal mines. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen introduced an improved version of Savery's engine. James Watt improved it even further and later came up with an idea on how to use a steam engine to power something with wheels. Alright, but why are they important? Steam engines are veryveryvery important because it was the dominant source of power well into the 20th century. They actually were the moving force behind the Industrial Revolution. So no steam engines = no Industrial Revolution = Middle Ages that last approxima...
Mid-Atlantic states New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey Virve Kass General East coast of the Atlantic Ocean From -25°C to 30°C Tornadoes 270 294 km2 Population: about 40.8 million History 1524 - Giovanni da Verrazzano European colonists Religious minorities American Revolution 1776- Declaration of Independence 19th century- abolishing slavery Industrial Revolution New York • Capital: Albany • Largest city: New York City • Population: 19,541,453 (2009) • Area: 128 403 km2 Statue of Liberty (1886) Twin towers- 9/11 attacks Liberty Bell Times Square Lucy The Margate Elephant Famous people • Jennifer Aniston • Eddie Murphy • Robert de Niro • Woody Allen • Oliver Stone • Lenny Kravitz • Christina A...
The history of Scotland begins around 10,000 years ago, when humans first began to inhabit what is now Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last ice age. Of the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age civilization that existed in the territory, many artifacts remain, but few written records were left behind. The recorded history of Scotland begins with the arrival of the Roman Empire in Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now broadly England, Wales and the Scottish Lowlands, administering it as a Roman province called Britannia. To the north was territory not governed by the Romans -- Caledonia, by name. Its people were the Picts. From a classical historical viewpoint Scotland seemed a peripheral country, slow to gain advances filtering out from the Mediterranean fount of civilisation, but as knowledge of the past increases it has become apparent that some developments were earlier and more advanced than previously ...
The Romantic movement in American literature Romanticism in literature · Romantic · Romanticism is an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement · Influenced by : - Enlightenment - elevated medievalism · In America 1820 Characteristic features · Intuition, instincts, imagination, feelings · Folk art, nature, heroism · Protest against reality · Emphasis on women and children · Dreams · Symbolism and myths Events & Dates · The American Revolution (1776 -1783) · The French Revolution (1789 1799) · The Industrial Revolution · Civil war (1861 1865) · Colonies, communes · Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 1882) · Henry David Thoreau (1817 1862) Famous writers · Small literary world, writers knew each other · Washington Irving (1783 -1859) · James Fenimore Cooper (1789 -1851) · Nathaniel Hawthorne (1819 1891) · Herman Melville (1819 -1891) ...
Britain forms the greater part of the British Isles, which lie off the north-west coast of mainland Europe.The geographical name for all the islands is the British Isles. They also include Eire, the Republic of Ireland, which has been politically independent of the British government since 1921. The largest of the islands is called Great Britain and it comprises England, Wales, snd Scotland. The full political name for the countries sharing a parliament in London is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Covering an area of some 242, 500 sq km. The longest river, the Severn flows for 354 km and the largest lake is Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland. Scotland is the most mountainous part of the country.Britain is a relatively densely populated country.The capital, London, has population of around 8 million. The majority of the population speak English. Britain is a parliamentary democracy, in which people over 18 have a r...
Acid rains Stefani Nimtsuk What is acid rain? Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids History Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England Though acidic rain was discovered in 1852, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon The term "acid rain" was generated in 1972 Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a "dead" lake Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S in...
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic. It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals, and infrastructure through the process of wet deposition. Acid rain is caused by emissions of compounds of ammonium, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the production of sulfuric oxides into the Earth's atmosphere with positive results Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides to the atmosphere have increased.[2][3] In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England.[4] Though acidic rain was discovered in 1852, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon. The term "acid rain" was generated in 1972. [5] Canadi...
Pessimism vs. Optimism Different approaches to the ‘population-resources’ debate Malthus Task: View figure 13.57 (page 378 of Waugh). Draw the graph and discuss. Malthus believed that there was a finite optimum population in relation to food supply and that an increase beyond that point would lead to a decline in living standards and to war, famine and disease. An increase in the population above the optimum limit would therefore lead to war, famine and disease. A PESSIMISTIC approach Thomas Malthus (1798) proposed his work during the early stages of the industrial revolution when inadequate food and clothing were common features in England. His argument was that population increases (geometrically) or at an exponential rate if unchecked i.e. 1-2-4-8- 16-32 etc Food supply at best increases at an arithmetic rate i.e.1-2-3-4-5-6 etc ...
The Most Influential Figures in British History There are many important historical figures, who have helped shape Britain into what it is today. In my opinion Elizabeth I, Queen Victoria and Winston Churchill are the ones who stand out and have had the biggest impact on British history. Firstly, Elizabeth I made a great impression on British history as she kept England from major wars during her reign, the kingdom expanded and she supported culture. The rule of Elizabeth I can be called a peaceful time as England did not enter any huge conflicts. She managed to keep good relations with other great countries. However, the defeat of the Spanish Armada left no one questioning the superiority of the British navy. In addition, the kingdom’s territories grew during her reign, Virginia in America being named after „The Virgin Queen“. Queen Elizabeth I also valued culture. Arts flourished while Elizabeth was i...
World in 2060 People have always been interested of what the future will look like. To be able to predict the future, you must know the past. Is the World livable in 50 years of time? Will there be flying cars? These questions run through our mind every time we put our minds to future. To start with, flying car is an expectation for future that has been pictured for a long time. In the industrial revolution scientist developed the most common things that we currently use in a very short term of time, thus why they can't do it again. For now, world is an oil dependent society, and that has to change, what is more, no secondary solution for petrol hasn't been proved successful. We might run out of petrol soon and therefore we need another source of energy that makes our lives easier. To sum up, future will always be a mystery. It may well as happen ...
16th century (Tudors) 1. Henry VII - avoided wars, careful with money, didnt have expensive parties, was a rather shadowy figure 2. Henry VIII- brilliant scholar, excellent knight, good-looking, ambitious, self- centered, loved expensive clothes and parties. Wasted his fathers money very quickly and had 6 wives. His first wife couldnt give birth to a baby boy and they only had a daughter. His next wife only gave birth to a girl too. His next wife gave birth to a boy but died after the labor. He didnt like his 4th wife so he sent her back. His fifth wife was young and beautiful but had many lovers and Henry didnt like it so she was sent to the Tower and was beheaded. HIs 6th wife survived. 3. Edward- was sickly and ruled only for a few years and then he died 4. Mary Tudor/Bloody Mary- was catholic and killed many protesntants. Ruled only f...
Test on Romantic Poetry and Prose 1. Approximate dates of romanticism: in the second half of the 18th century. Major events on world history at that time: · Industrial revolution · In America the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 · The French Revolution, 1789 · The King of England was George III, after him George IV and then Queen Victoria Outcomes: · Revolution did not bring welfare · Lives of the lower-classes worsened · Extended the distance between the lower and upper class · The rich got richer, the poor got poorer 2. Romanticism is a reaction against classicism, science and atomic (aesthetic ideal of order and unity) worldview. Romantic ideal is the organic world. Romanticism: · Returns to nature and belief in the goodness of mankind · Exaltation of the senses and emotion overcome reason and intellect i...
Why did Russian civil war breake out in 1918? The Russian Civil War was to tear Russia apart for three years, between 1918 and 1921. The civil war occurred because after November 1917, many groups had formed that opposed Lenin's Bolsheviks. These groups included monarchists, militarists, and, for a short time, foreign nations. Collectively, they were known as the Whites while the Bolsheviks were known as the Reds. But why did it really breake out? There were three reasons why Civil War broke out in Russia in 1918.The first reason was that there was bound to be a challenge to the Bolsheviks, who had seized power by a surprise coup. After 1918, their political opponents tried to reverse it. The Bolsheviks had many enemies. One group who wanted to destroy the Bolsheviks were the Social Revolutionaries. At first, they had supported the November Revolution. Elections had been held in November 1917 for a new government, ...
Old English ( 450-1100 AD) The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100. Middle English (1100-1500) In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy invaded England. The new conquerors brought with them a kind of French and there was a period where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. Modern English Early Modern English (1500-1800) Towards the end of Middle English the change in pronunciation started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world and many new words and phras...
William Blake William Blake was borned in 1757 and died in 1827. He was an English poet, painter, and printmaker. He was the third of seven children. The Bible was an early and profound influence on Blake. At the age of 21, he was to become a professional engraver. After two years, Basire sent his apprentice to copy images from the Gothic churches in London His experiences in Westminster Abbey helped form his artistic style and ideas. Later life and career Blake's marriage to Catherine remained a close and devoted one until his death. Blake taught Catherine to write, and she helped him to colour his printed poems. William and Catherine's first daughter and last child might be Thel described in The Book of Thel who was conceived as dead. Politics Blake was not active in any well-established political party Blake was both concerned about senseless wars of kingdoms, and the blighting effects of the industrial revolution. Much of hi...
The united kingdom · Britain includes all the islands the republic of ireland, northern ireland, scotland, wales and england, which lie off the north-west coast of mainland europe. · Great britain comprises england, wales and scotland. The full name is the united kingdom · Covering 242,500 sq km, britain nearly 500 kmwide and almost 1,000 km long. The climate is tempererate but subject to frequent changes. Wettest areas- north and west, the warmest- south-east. Longest river, the severn, flows for 354 km and the largest lake is lough neagh 388 sq km. Scotland is the most mountainous part and the highest peak ben nevis 1,343 m high · Britain is relatively densely populated contry with some 57 million people(ranks 16in the world in terms of population )in london thers around 8 million people. England has the highest population density of four lands and scotland teh lowest. · T...
The united kingdom · Britain includes all the islands the republic of ireland, northern ireland, scotland, wales and england, which lie off the north-west coast of mainland europe. · Great britain comprises england, wales and scotland. The full name is the united kingdom · Covering 242,500 sq km, britain nearly 500 kmwide and almost 1,000 km long. The climate is tempererate but subject to frequent changes. Wettest areas- north and west, the warmest- south-east. Longest river, the severn, flows for 354 km and the largest lake is lough neagh 388 sq km. Scotland is the most mountainous part and the highest peak ben nevis 1,343 m high · Britain is relatively densely populated contry with some 57 million people(ranks 16in the world in terms of population )in london thers around 8 million people. England has the highest population density of four lands and scotland teh lowest. · T...
The Fall of the Empire The fall of the British Empire was caused by World War II for two reasons. Firstly, many nations felt that their sacrifice should be rewarded with independence, for example India. Also, the losses to the Japanese destroyed the myth of the European omnipotence. Secondly, heavily in debt to the United States, the United Kingdom was financially exhausted. This left it almost impossible to defend its wider colonies by force. So the vast markets were opened to American companies and to weaken the UK in general. No empire has been larger or more diverse than the British Empire. At its apogee in the 1930s, 42 million Britons governed 500 million foreign subjects. Britannia ruled the waves, and a quarter of the earth's surface was coloured red on the map. Where Britain's writ did not run directly, its influence, sustained by matchless industrial and commercial sinews, was often paramoun...
The history of the English Language Kristin Klaus, 10a Short history · Started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD · The tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, the Jutes · At that time the inhabitants spoke a Celtic language · The invadors pushed them west and north Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century. Old English · 450-1100 AD · The Germanic tribes spoke similar languages which developed into Old English · Did not sound or look like English today · About half of the most commonly used English words have Old English roots · Be, strong, water Part of Beowulf, a poem written in Old English. Middle English · 1100-1500 · In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England · The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the la...
James Watt James Watt was born in Greenock on January 19 in 1736, the son of a ship's chandler. He worked in his father's shop and he developed an interest in trying to make things "work like clockwork". In his late teens he went to London to learn to be a "mathematical and philosophical instrument maker", and when he returned to Glasgow he got a job making instruments with Glasgow University, who gave him a place where to live and a workshop. In 1763 John Andreson asked him to repair an early steam engine he had bought. This early model, known as a Newcomen engine, was very unefective. The cylinder (where the piston was) had to be heated when steam was admitted, and then cooled again to condense the steam. This wasted a lot of time and fuel. Two years later, while walking through Glasgow Green, Watt hit upon the idea of condensing the steam in a separate place. This ...
what are `territorial politics' The multi-level politics of federal, regionalised, devolved states Distribution of power between central and regional government Party competition across levels of government `Regions' as spheres for autonomous action South Africa Mexico Germany · 9 provinces · 31 states plus federal district · Developed democracy · `Cooperative' federalism · Predominant role for federal 16 Laender German influence, ANC government · Cooperative federalism pref...
BRITISH HISTORY 17TH-19TH CENTURY SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ☄ When James I became the first English king of the Stuart dynasty, he was already king of Scotland, so the crowns of these two countries were united. ☄ The kind of Middle English spoken in lowland Scotland had developed into a written language known as Scots ☄ The Scottish Protestant church adopted English rather than Scots bibles ☄ Religion and politics are inextricably linked ☄ Some people tried to kill the king because he wasn't Catholic enough and another king had been killed, partly because he seemed too Catholic ☄ Anger grew in the country at the way that the Stuart monarchs raised money ☄ Puritanism- ideological Protestantism ☄ Some of them thought the luxurious lifestyle of the king and his followers was immoral. They were also fiercely anti-Catholic and suspicious of the apparent sympathy t...
LONDON HISTORY PERIOD EVENTS PEOPLE The Celtic period (400 BC Name: Celtic words (Llyn (a lake) + AD 43) Dun (a fort or strong place) ) Not important The Roman occupation (AD 43 Londinium not important Boadicea a revolt against - AD 410) politically. An important trading the Roman conquest centre. Devastation AD 61. Rebuilt. Roman walls built in AD 200. Anglo Saxons (AD 400 Destroyed the Roman towns. Many 1066) kingdoms. London in ruins. King Egbert one Flourishing. Attacks by Vikings. kingdom England (the 9th ...
English Literature ,Victoria Age 1) Overview of the Victorian age · Periodization During the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) · Why is the Victorian Age compared to the Elizabethan Age? Both are associated with the reign of a very popular queen; Victorian age idealised the Elizabethan Age; many changes in different fields- economy, religion etc.; focusing more on people's attitudes, political developments etc; Victorian age was inspired by Elizabethan era; Britain became an empire · What were the most important changes in politics, religion and social life that occurred during the Victorian age? Politics: 1848 Chartist movement (voting right for the working class); women's suffrage movements; feminist outburst (wanted to have business openly; own property, voting etc.); world dominion (British empire); Economy: Industrialization; urbanization (people moved to towns no agriculture & food); laissez- faire eco...
The environment in realtion to mobility/transport in Europe Air pollution is problem all over the world. Through some pollution comes from these natural sources, most pollution is the result of human activity. The biggest causes are the operation of fossil fuel- burning power plants and automobiles that combust fuel. Combined, these two sources are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States. All kind of pollutions can lead us to serious health problems. For example, air pollution is increasingly being cited as the main cause of lung conditions such as asthma - twice as many people suffer from asthma today compared to 20 years ago. Every year, 3.2m Europeans are diagnosed with cancer - the most common cause of death after heart disease. Most widespread are cancers of the lungs, breast and colon. Diseases such as bronchitis, lung cancer and heart diseases may all eventually appear in people exposed to a...
Miina Härma Gymnasium Acid Rain Report Compiler: Teisi Timma 8a Teacher: Esther Linask Tartu 2009 Acid Rain Acid rain is rain consisting of water droplets that are unusually acidic because of atmospheric pollution - most notably the excessive amounts of sulfur and nitrogen released by cars and industrial processes. Acid rain is also called acid deposition because this term includes other forms of acidic precipitation such as snow. Acidic deposition occurs in two ways: wet and dry. Wet deposition is any form of precipitation that removes acids from the atmosphere and deposits them on the Earth's surface. Dry deposition polluting particles and gases stick to the ground via dust and smoke in the absence of precipitation. This form of deposition is dangerous however because precipitation can eventually wash pollutants into strea...
Eli Whitney Whitney was born in Westborough, Massachusetts, on December 8, 1765, the eldest child of Eli Whitney Sr., a prosperous farmer. At age fourteen he operated a profitable nail manufacturing operation in his father's workshop during the Revolutionary War.[2] Because his stepmother opposed his wish to attend college, Whitney worked as a farm laborer and schoolteacher to save money. He prepared for Yale at Leicester Academy (now Becker College) and under the tutelage of Rev.Elizur Goodrich of Durham, Connecticut he entered the Class of 1789. Whitney expected to study law but, finding himself short of funds, accepted an offer to go to South Carolina as a private tutor. Instead of reaching his destination, he was convinced to visit Georgia. Georgia was a magnet for New Englanders seeking their fortunes. He invented the cotton gin, which was the beginning of his success. After he f...
ENGLAND General overview England is part of the United Kingdom Land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales on to the west The English Channel on south separates it form continental Europe The country includes over 100 smaller islands Capital and largest city is London Its has consitutional monarchy Monarch is Elizabeth II Total area is 130,395 km2 Population is 51,446,000 million, around 84% of the population of the UK Currency is Pound stearling(GBP) Has left-hand traffic Patron saint is ST. George Geography England comprises the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, in addition to a number of small islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight Much of England consists of rolling hills, but it is generally more mountainous in the north with a chain of mountains, the Pennines, dividing east and west Other hilly areas in the north and Midlands are the La...
A sandwich is a food item consisting of one or more types of food placed on or between slices of bread. The sandwich has a long history, but it hasn’t always been as embraced as it is now. HISTORY The sandwich as we know it was popularized in England in 1762 by John Montagu, the 4th Earl of Sandwich. Legend sais, that Montagu had a gambling problem that led him to spend hours at the card table. During a very long game, he instructed a cook to prepare his food in such way that it would not interfere with his game. the cook presented him with sliced meat between two pieces of toast. This meal could be eaten with one hand, leaving the other free to continue the game. . Montagu enjoyed his meat and bread so much that he ate it constantly, and sandwiches grew popular in Londo. it also took on the Earl’s name. By the Revolutionary War, the sandwich was well established in England. By the 19th Century the sandwich had become popular all o...
Report of SCOTLAND Maiki Joakit 10. klass 2008 Etymology Scotland is from the Latin Scoti, the term applied to Gaels. The Late Latin word Scotia (land of the Gaels) was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to (Gaelic-speaking) Scotland north of the river Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, both derived from the Gaelic Alba. The use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. History Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land-mass of modern Scotland, have destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period. It is believed that the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, as the ice sheet retreated after the last glaciation. Groups of settlers began building the first known permanen...
1900-1910 rõivaste ajalugu Mis mõjutas 1900-1910 moodi? Antud ajastu suurimaks moe mõjutajaks on tööstuslik revolutsioon. 1900-1910 ajastu naiste mood Antud ajastu moed olid ülinaiselikud ja graatsilisemad, varasematel ajastustel. Kasutati vabamat joont ja rõivastiil oli uhke ja külluslik. Moodi tuli lopsakam siluett ja ideaaliks oli küps naine. Uue siluetiga kaasnesid ka uued mustid ja värvid. Populaarsuse tipul oli S-figuur. Loobuti dekolteeosa katvate väikeste rinnarättide kandmisest. Moodi tuli ümar kaelaauk ja populaarsust võtsid ka bubikrae, V- ja gladkaelus. Kuni abiellumiseni pidid neiud ja vallalised naised kandma piiratud heletates värvides ja vähestes kaunistustes rõivaid. Üha enam kogusid populaarsust kostüümid. Võrreldes 1890ndatega oli kostüümijakk märgatavalt pikem ning seelik sirgem. Uueks suunaks sai selgel...
Describe the main ideas of the European Enlightenment? Enlightenment as a term took into use germans philosopher Immanuel Kant in one of his articles,in 1784,but enlightenment as a way of thinking was established even earlier.The Enlightenment was a period after the Renaissance where philosophers and scientists began to question previous ideas, which explains the motto of the enlightenment, "Dare to know", created by Kant.With this kind of terminology,enlighteners wanted to express human race exit from the mental blindness.Maiden enlightenment philosophers lived on the 17th century,its glory continued till the 19th century.The powerful Enlightenment ideas of the eighteenth century, concerning reason and natural law, spread widely throughout Europe and its colonies and gave hope to many people for future progress and reform. Sience development was the main reasons and it gave the push to enlightenment.It put hesitate in old belives a...
Global Warming One of the biggest issues our planet and its inhabitants are facing nowadays is global warming. Global warming, also often referred to as the greenhouse effect, has not always been a problem. However, over the last centuries, since the Industrial Revolution things have changed. Polar regions are melting, species are dying, climate zones are shifting, migration patterns for animals such as polar bears and birds are being disrupted our world as we know it is changing. Some scientists believe that the climate will reach a tipping point, a point at which even a tiny additional increase would throw the system into violent change. We started doing harmful things and only now do we realize what we have done and what we are doing. At this current rate by the middle of next century the Earth's temperature may rise a predicted from 2 to 6 degrees Celsius. This may not seem as much but with the E...
Industriaalühiskond: tööstuslik pööre, industriaalühiskonna iseloomulikud tunnused, masstootmine ja monopolid. Kristiina Moosel TKoG, 11.B 2012 Sissejuhatus Tööstus ja ehitus Inglismaa 1760 Manufaktuurtootmine asendati vabrikutootmisega. Euroopa, USA 19.saj. Industriaalühiskond. http://www.google.ee/imgres?num=10&hl=et&biw=1366&bih=667&tbm=isch&tbnid=FN9Wh7ew0vImGM:&imgrefurl=http://modernsocie Industriaalühiskonna teke Industrialiseerumine Industriaalühiskond Muutused ühiskonnaelu sfäärides Tööpuudus Ülestõusud Arendas töö viljakust, alandas hindu, soodustas hariduse levikut. Muutusid tavad, moraalinormid. Tööstusrevolutsioon Manufaktuurtootmine asendub vabrikutega Uued masinad Raha, kapital ja tööjõud Uued leiutised Talupojad palgatöölisteks Rahvaarv suureneb Turg tähtsal kohal Urbaniseerumine Linnaühiskond 1801.a. 14 linna, milles 100 000 inimest 1870.a. üle saja linna Linnakultuur Li...
USA ajaloo konspekt (algus-Mayflower Compact) 1. Name the regions of the USA New England, Middle Atlantic, South, Midwest, Southwest, West. 2. Name the states that make up each region. NE: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachutsess, Rhode Island, Connecticut. MA: New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, Delaware. S: Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, West Virginia. MW: North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Illinois, Michigan, Kansas, Minnesota, Iowa, Indiana, Wisconsin, Ohio. SW: Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma. W: Washington, Oregon, California, Hawaii, Alaska, Montana, Idaho, Nevada, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah. 3. Compare the geography and population / settlement and cultural background in the following regions: (any two of the 6 regions) Ne...
The UK & London The United Kingdom (or the UK) is a short way of saying the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Norther Ireland. The UK is situated north-west of the European continent between the Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea. The UK consists of England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Its highest point is Ben Nevis in Scotland followed by Snowdon in Wales. The Severn is the longest river in the United Kingdom. Other important rivers are the Trent, the Mersey, the Tyne, etc. Lough Neagh which lies in the centre of Northern Ireland is thr UK's largest freshwater lake. The climate in the UK is variable. The weather changes so frequently that it is difficult to forecast. It is not unusual for people to complain that the weathermen were wrong. Fortunately there is no extreme weather conditions, it is never very cold or very hot. The first inhabitants were Iberians and Celts who sett...
Essee Great Britain or Britain (Welsh: Prydain Fawr, Scottish Gaelic: Breatainn Mhòr, Cornish: Breten Veur) is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populous island in the world, after Java and Honsh. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales. All of the island is territory of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and most of the United Kingdom's territory is in Great Britain. Most of Eng...
Estonian history between 1710-1850 and 1850-1918 Contents Contents.................................................................................................................................. 2 17101850.............................................................................................................................. 3 Population and social structure........................................................................................ 4 Serfdom and the intensifying manorial economy ............................................................. 4 Influences of Pietism and the Moravian Brethren............................................................. 5 Enlightenment and enlightened absolutism...................................................................... 6 18501918.......................................................................................................................
QUEEN VICTORIA & HER TIME Project Mari Murakas Class 11A 2011 Early life of Queen Victoria Victoria was born in London on 24 May 1819, the only child of Edward, Duke of Kent, and Victoria Maria Louisa of Saxe-Coburg. [1] The Duke of Kent was the fourth son of George III and Victoria Maria Louisa was the sister of King Leopold of Belgium. The Duke and Duchess of Kent selected the name Victoria but her uncle, George IV, insisted that she be named Alexandrina after her godfather, Tsar Alexander II of Russia. [2] Victoria's father died when she was eight months old. The Duchess of Kent developed a close relationship with Sir John Conroy, an ambitious I...
Country Study Mari-Liis Luukas 11c The British Isles Administrative / d'mnstrtv / haldus- Self-governing / self'gvn / isemajandav, iseseisev Legislative assembly/ 'ledsltv 'sembl/ seadusandlik kogu The British Isles is the name of a group of islands washed by the North Sea in the east and the ...
15. Victorian times Life and conditions of Victorian people Children were expected to help towards the family budget. They often worked long hours in dangerous jobs and in difficult situations for a very little wage. For example, there were the climbing boys employed by the chimney sweeps; boys and girls working down the coal mines, crawling through tunnels too narrow and low to take an adult. Some children worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, and they sold matches, flowers and other cheap goods. During the Victorian era, the population grew immensely. At the end of 19th century the population had grown three times bigger in Great Britain! That made wages much lower, because more people were looking for jobs. Many people couldn't afford places to live and had to live on the streets. Slums started appearing in bigger towns. Crime rate was also rising because of this: many homeless child...
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A century ago communication across any distance was dependent upon the telegraph or letters. No jets crossed the ocean, no television pictures enabled us instantly to see events in any part of the world, there were no worldwide telephone networks and no computers. It is just a short lifetime since humanity first travelled into space and discovered how fragile our planet looks. FROM FIREWORKS TO THE MOON At first glance you might think that there couldn't possibly be anything common between a 13 th century festival in China and the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969. However, there is a link and that is that they both relied on the use of rockets. The Chinese first developed rockets by filling bamboo tubes with an explosive made from saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphur. The sealed tubes would be thrown onto fires during celebrations because it was thought ...
Scotland ! Scotland (Gaelic: Alba) is a country in northwest Europe that occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It is part of the United Kingdom, and shares a land border to the south with England. It is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. In addition to the mainland, Scotland consists of over 790 islands including the Northern Isles and the Hebrides. Edinburgh, the country's capital and second largest city, is one of Europe's largest financial centres. It was the hub of the Scottish Enlightenment of the 18th century, which saw Scotland become one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe. Scotland's largest city is Glasgow, which was once one of the world's leading industrial metropolises, and now lies at the centre of the Greater Glasgow conurbation which dominates the Scottish Low...
London is the capital of both England and the United Kingdom, and the largest metropolitan area in the European Union. An important settlement for two millennia, London's history goes back to its founding by the Romans. Since its foundation, London has been part of many movements and phenomena throughout history, including the English Renaissance, the Industrial Revolution, and the Gothic Revival. The city's core, the ancient City of London, still retains its limited medieval boundaries; but since at least the 19th century, the name "London" has also referred to the whole metropolis that has developed around it. Today the bulk of this conurbation forms the London region of England and the Greater London administrative area, with its own elected mayor and assembly. London is one of the world's most important business, financial and cultural centres and its influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion and the arts cont...
Idealization of Nature in Romantic Poetry One of the main characteristics of romanticism in general is the constant praising of nature and connecting it with almost everything. As the second half of the 18 th century was the time of the industrial revolution, urbanization and mankind's distancing from nature in every way, it is not surprising that as a result it became more and more important to and valued by people it had suddenly become something remote and far from everyday life, somewhat a luxury. The utmost way this luxury manifests in romantic poetry is nature's ability to help whoever takes the time to value its divinity get in touch with themselves and get away from everything that might influence their way of acting. Nature provides the ideal atmosphere and surroundings to do this in the opinion of romantic poets, it is the very best place to come to when in need of solitude or an answer to personal or social conflicts....
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