geothermal heat--which are renewable (naturally replenished). In 2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewables, with 13% coming from traditional biomass, such as wood-burning. Hydroelectricity was the next largest renewable source, providing 3% (15% of global electricity generation),followed by solar hot water/heating, which contributed 1.3%. Modern technologies, such as geothermal energy, wind power, solar power, and ocean energy together provided some 0.8% of final energy consumption. While there are many large-scale renewable energy projects and production, renewable technologies are also suited to small off-grid applications, sometimes in rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.Kenya has the world's highest household solar ownership rate with roughly 30,000 small (20100 watt) solar power systems sold per year.
..................................16 SIGNFICANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF ENERGY BY FUEL.......................16 5.1 Signficant Events in the History of Energy Uses....................................................... 18 SAVING ENERGY ........................................................................................................... 20 ELECTRICITY .................................................................................................................20 7.1 The science of electricity............................................................................................21 7.2 Static electricity..........................................................................................................22 7.3 Magnets and electricity...............................................................................................22 7.4 Batteries produce electricity....................................................................................... 23 7
Renewable energy Meriliin Lend Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu 2013 Topics Renewable energy Solar energy Wind energy Hydroelectric power Geothermal energy Biomass energy Renewable energy Renewable energy comes from sources that naturally renew, or will not run out in our lifetimes. Includes sunlight, wind, water, geothermal heat and various forms of biomass. Renewable energy cannot be exhausted and is constantly renewed. Does not harm the environment. Saves money. Solar energy Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun's energy and make it useable. Every hour the sun beams onto Earth
- And Just Chadrick Overview- What is Green Energy? Different Types? What is sustainability? German Green Energy Cost and Efficiency Recycling What is Green Energy? -It is energy resources that are renewable -Can be naturally replenished -Clean, Safe and not harmful to the environment (aka mother earth) Types of Green Energy Green Energy going cute Solar Power · Is produced by using photovoltaic cells, which capture sunlight and turns that into energy. Problems ? -The sun has got to shine -The cost of solar panels and the systems range between $20k-40k -The light from the sun produces a very small amount of energy Wind Power -These giant pinwheels spin from strong winds which spins a turbine of a generator to produce energy. Giant Pin Wheels? Any Studies done? · It is said that wind · Bentek Energy did the
Due to its high energy density, easy transportability and relative abundance, oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics; the 16 per cent not used for energy production is converted into these other materials. Petroleum is found in porous rock formations in the upper strata of some areas of the Earth's crust. There is also petroleum in oil sands (tar sands). Known oil reserves are typically estimated at around 190 km3 (1.2 trillion (short scale) barrels) without oil sands, or 595 km3 (3.74 trillion barrels) with oil sands. Consumption is currently around 84 million barrels (13.4×106 m3) per day, or 4.9 km3 per year. Which in turn yields a remaining oil supply of only about 120 years, if current demand remain static. Chemistry Octane, a hydrocarbon found in petroleum
Tartus secondary school of business Nuclear Power Helena Nulk form 11b Tartu 2009 Table of contents Introduction..........................................................................................................................................3 What is nuclear power?....................................................................................................................3 Nuclear life cycle.............................................................................................................................3 What is nuclear energy?...................................................................................................................3 What is nuclear fusion?.................................................................
2. The scale of biofuels production 2.1. Drivers of biofuels production Lal (2010) stated that "three inter-connected challenges face humankind in the 21st century": food security, climate change, and energy security. The world population is projected to reach 9 billion in 2050, posing more demands on energy, food, and other natural resources. It has been estimated that the world food production needs to double and meat production increase by 85% by 2050 to fulfill projected demand by population (Karp, 2011). In the recent decades, the food consumption in the most populous counties has shifted from grain-based diets to meat and dairy diets. Meat production requires times more biomass in the form of animal feed and that puts further pressures on natural resources. As food production is very energy intensive, it is closely linked to global energy consumption. Global fuel consumption
Causes · It is caused when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air. In the atmosphere they react with water, oxygen and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can be carried very far by wind. As a result, the two compounds travel long distances where they become part of the rain, sleet, snow or fog. SO2 and NOx come mainly from power stations and factories burning fossil fuels, or from motor vehicles. · Carbon dioxide in the air can dissolve in rain water to form carbonic acid, H 2CO3 CO2 + H2O H2CO3 · During the last century the rain water in some parts of the world has become far more acidic. This acid rain has been caused by the emission of pollutants gasses such as sulfuric dioxide, when goal is burned in electric power stations, sulfur impurities form sulfur
BARRIERS TO DISTRICT HEATING DEVELOPMENT IN SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES Abstract District heating (DH) offers low primary energy demand, high security of supply and small CO 2 emissions. Barriers to DH in the UK, Ireland, France, Romania and the Czech Republic have been compiled through publications and interviews. DH systems require large investments, have negative initial cash flow and long payback time, which obstructs financing. One actor should control DH from source to consumption. If the value chain is fragmented, contracts are required between the links. It increases risks and
is a great challenge because I have not done anything like this before, especially in English. Primary goal for me is to improve my knowledge about renewable energy and also usage of English language. This report is going to talk about biogas. It provides a brief review of usage and future prospects of the biogas. I have tried to make this report as understandable as possible. By the end of this report I want to come to a conclusion whether biogas is the best source of future energy or are there any other sources that are better. What is biogas? Typically it refers to the gas produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter including manure, sewage sludge, municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste. If opportunely refined it can be used for electricity production. Also for space-, water- or process heating. Unintentional production of biogases has been an ongoing issue in many regions of
We get natural resources from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Renewable resources: Some natural resources can be reproduced within a few years or decades. These are called renewable resources. Solar radiation, wind and hydroelectricity, are perpetual resources that are in no danger of a lack of long-term availability. Some natural renewable resources such as geothermal power, fresh water, timber, and biomass must be carefully managed to avoid exceeding the worlds capability to displace them. Solar energy is the energy derived directly from the Sun. Along with nuclear energy, it is the most important source of energy on Earth. People usually use solar energy to produce electricity and heat. Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as electricity, using wind turbines
Water creates energy Eduard Kamenski 11a form The world uses energy from many different sources, such as: hydroelectric power, nuclear power plants, solar energy, and wind generated power. There are positive and negative aspects of each source, but which source of energy is best? My opinion is that the best source of energy is water and I'll bring up some facts why do I think so. Hydroelectric power is currently the world's largest renewable source of electricity. It accounts for six percent of the worldwide energy supply or about fifteen percent of the world's electricity. Water has been found to be a major source of energy. Water power is utilized at present mainly as hydro-electricity. It is produced from moving water and from falls with the help of turbines and dynamos. Hydro-electricity has acquired great significance as a source of energy in the country in the present times and is being put to different uses
1 Wave energy Introduction to wave energy There are several possibilities to harvest different forms of energy from the sea. One of these options is the usage of waves for the generation of electricity. The devices needed to perform this task are called wave energy converters. Wave energy is indirect solar energy in twice. At first there is the wind, which is caused by variations in atmospheric pressure due to a differential solar heating of earth's surface by the sun. Different regions of pressure drives a force which rises a movement of atmospheric air masses that causes the earths wind system. If wind strikes over the surface of an open water, waves are induced. First they are very flat with only a low level of energy. When there is a long distance over
Canada 8a Teacher: Merike Sisask Composer: Kärt Kalvet 2010 Canada, Kärt Kalvet 8a Canada General Information Canada is in North America. It's area is 9220970 sq km. Canada's population is 313.612.000 people. Canada is divided into 10 provinces and 3 territories. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Canada has constitutional monarchy. The head of state in Canada's government is the Queen of England. There are two main languages in Canada: English and French. Canada's curreny is Canadian dollar (1 dollar=100 cents[Can$]). The highest peak of Canada is Mount Logan, 5959 metres. The lowest point is sea level. The longest river is the Mackenzie. The climate and geography of Canada vary greatly from temperate in the south to arctic in the north and from islands and plains in the east to mountains in the west. Location Canada is located in the northern-most region of North America
decimating. Another example is the destruction of coral reefs in the various oceans, which support the rich marine life. FIND OUT 5 WAYS HOW TO HALT THE LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY 6. Deforestation: Our forests produce fresh oxygen and help in regulating temperature and rainfall. At present forests cover 30% of the land but every year tree cover is lost amounting to the country of Panama due to growing population demand for more food, shelter and cloth. Deforestation simply means clearing of green cover and making that land available for residential, industrial or commercial purpose. FIND OUT 5 WAYS HOW TO STOP DEFORESTATION. 7. Ocean Acidification: It is a direct impact of excessive production of CO2. 25% of CO2 produced by humans. The ocean acidity has increased by the last 250 years but by 2100, it may shoot up by 150%. The main impact is on shellfish and plankton.
On 24 April, I purchased a Canon digital SLR camera from a duty-free shop at Freetown Airport on my way from Freetown to Wondercity. The camera cost $599, and I paid for it by credit card. When I arrived at my hotel in Wondercity almost 24 hours later, I discovered that the box which contained the camera did not include the battery, and the space in the box for the charger was empty. I am now in Wondercity, and I am not returning to Freetown, so I need to get the missing parts here. I would be grateful if you could arrange for the parts to be sent to me. I attach a copy of the receipt for your information. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully, Introduction This report looks at the dietary habits of twenty students in their final year at Freedonian Secondary School. The report is based on the students' responses to the questionnaire administered by the school's doctor. Meals The survey have revealed that the students do not have enough meals
and natural radioactivity are all among the natural causes of air pollution. Usually, natural air pollution does not occur in abundance in particular locations. The pollution is spread around throughout the world, and as a result, poses little threat to the health of people and ecosystems. Though some pollution comes from these natural sources, most pollution is the result of human activity. The biggest causes are the operation of fossil fuel-burning power plants and automobiles that combust fuel. Combined, these two sources are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States. Some cities suffer severely because of heavy industrial use of chemicals that cause air pollution. Places like Mexico City and Sao Paulo have some of the most deadly pollution levels in the world. EFFECTS Air pollution is responsible for major health effects. Every year, the health of countless people is ruined or endangered by air pollution.
Name at least 3 renewable energy sources. What consequence might there be if we use non-renewable energy too much? Which energy technology is the world's fastest growing? With what name is renewable energy also known as? Light Heat Electricity Generated from natural resources. Doesn't harm the environment. Can't be replenished Most of our energy. May cause global warming. Wind energy is the fastest growing. Most renewable energy comes from the sun. Hydroelectric energy is the oldest and largest source. Renewable energy a.k.a "green" energy. Thank you for listening! We use energy every day. It surrounds us in different forms, such as light, heat, and electricity. Our bodies
These are air pollution, water pollution, endangered animals, deforestation and rubbish. Air pollution Firstly, lets talk about air pollution, which endangeres our life in cities and also the forests near by. Cars and factories blow poisoned gas in the air and it mixes with the oxygen, so the air that we breathe, becomes dangerous to our health. The ozone layer around the Earth, there is a special type of oxygen called ,,ozone". Ozone is important because it stops ultraviolett radiation from the sun. Many aerosol sprays and factories destroy ozone and they have made a very big hole in the ozone layer. This means that too much ultraviolet radiation now enters the Earth. This is very dangerous because it can cause cancer. Poisonous chemicals also cause acid rain, that destroyes plants, rivers, lakes and buildings. Acid rain can travel
Wind power is very old power source, sailing ships have been using wind power for at least 5,500 years. The first practical windmills were built in Afghanistan, from the 7th century to grind corn and draw up water. The first windmill for electricity production was built in Scotland in 1887 to power the lighting in the cottage, thus making it the first house in the world to have its electricity supplied by wind power. During the Second World War, small wind generators were to recharge submarine batteries. In the 1990s, wind power became more important, because fossil fuels pollute the atmosphere and humanity needed alternative fuels. That's because wind power is so necessary. Wind power is also renewable energy and it doesn't cause greenhouse gases. Building windmills is actually quite expensive and they need repairing or replacing about every 12-15 years
On some ships, the machinery space may comprise more than one engine room, such as forward and aft, or port or starboard engine rooms, or may be simply numbered. 1.1)Main engine The engine room of a motor vessel typically contains several engines for different purposes. Main, or propulsion engines are used to turn the ship's propeller and move the ship through the water. They typically burn diesel oil or heavy fuel oil, and may be able to switch between the two. There are many propulsion arrangements for motor vessels, some including multiple engines, propellers, and gearboxes. Large engines drive electrical generators that provide power for the ship's electrical systems. Large ships typically have three or more synchronized generators to ensure smooth operation. The combined output of a ship's generators is well above the actual power requirement to accommodate maintenance or the loss of one generator. 1.1.1)Diesel engine
and many property owners have elevated their structures in low-lying areas. As a result of the erosion and ruin of properties by large storms on coastal lands, governments have looked into buying land and having residents relocate further inland. How to help prevent global warming GREEN JOBS AND CLEAN ENERGY Choose renewable energy. Pick a Green-e-certified energy supplier that generates at least half of its power from wind, solar energy and other clean sources. If you don't have that option, look at your current electricity bill to see if you are able to support renewable energy in another way. DRIVE SMARTER CARS Choose an efficient vehicle: High-mileage cars such as hybrids and plug-in hybrids use less gas and save money. Over its lifetime, a 40-mpg car will save roughly $3,000 in fuel costs compared with a 20-mpg car. Compare fuel economy performance before you buy. Drive smart
Manual For Biofuels Koostas: Margus Mäe Introduction This book told me a lot of practical uses of solid biofuels and peat compustion technologies in estonia and baltic sea countries. The hole technological chain from production to flue gas cleaning is brought to reader ´s. Also the energy policy and reguierment for users is shown. Properties of boifuels and peat In the boiler plants of Baltic Sea countries a wide range of various woodbased fuels are burned. To some extent also straw and other biomass based fuels are used. All these fuels are considered as renewables and according to the international agreement the CO2 emitted by the combustion of these fuels is not listed as a greenhouse gas. Wood, in particular the shell of wood cells, consists mainly from cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose. Due to the high carbon and hydrogen content, the lignin has higher
It is also important to note that the pH scale is logarithmic and each whole number on the scale represents a 10-fold change. Causes and History of Acid Rain Acid deposition can occur via natural sources like volcanoes and rotting vegetation but it is mainly caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide during fossil fuel combustion. When these gases are discharged into the atmosphere they react with the water, oxygen, and other gases already present there to form sulfuric acid, ammonium nitrate, and nitric acid. These acids then disperse over large areas because of wind patterns and fall back to the ground as acid rain or other forms of precipitation. The gases responsible for acid deposition are normally a byproduct of electric power generation and the burning of coal. As such, it began entering the atmosphere in large amounts during the Industrial Revolution and was first discovered by a Scottish chemist, Robert Angus Smith, in 1852
The sunflower (Helianthus annuus) is an annual(iga aastane) plant in the family Asteraceae, with a large flower head (inflorescence(õiekobar, õisik, õitseaeg, õidumine)). The stem(tüvi) of the flower can grow up to 3 metres tall, with the flower head reaching 30 cm in diameter. The term "sunflower" is also used to refer(nimetama, viitama, üle andma) to all plants of the genus(perekond, sugu) Helianthus, many of which are perennial(alaline, aastaringne) plants. What is usually called the flower is actually a head (formally(ametlikult) composite(liit-, komposiit- ; korvõieline, komposiit) flower) of numerous flowers (florets) crowded(täistuubitud, tunglev, rahvarohke) together. The outer flowers are the ray florets(pähik (õisiku osa) and can be yellow, maroon, orange, or other colors, and are sterile(steriilne, viljatu). The florets inside the circular head are called disc florets.
Other ethnic groups have arrived from Polynesia (Tonga, Samoa, Cook Islands) with Auckland now being the Polynesia capital of the South Pacific. People from China, Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam, etc have also settled in New Zealand making for a diverse population mix. History : New Zealand was one of the last corners of the planet to be inhabited by people. Around 950AD the Maori arrived from Polynesia (Tonga and Hawaii) to the northern part of the North Island. There is however evidence of earlier settlement by other more peaceful Polynesian people. After the dutch sailor Abel Tasman visited New Zealand and named it Zeeland, more and more settlers arrived, conflicts over land led to several wars between the British and Maori in the North Island. The South island remained rather peaceful until gold was found there and thousand of people hurried there to look for gold.
national colours are the colours of its flag red, white and blue. Head of state Head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who is queen of United Kingdom and also queen is Australia. In practice, Governor General performs her functions in queen's absence. Since 1989 Bill Hayden has been the Governor General Government Australia is constitutional monarchy, based on liberal democratic tradition. In practice Australia is parliamentary democracy. The power in the country is put to life by Parliament. Parliament is consists of The House Of Representatives and The Senat. The House of Representatives consists of 150 members. The party with the majority provides the Prime Minister, who also forms the Government. Today the power is divided by three parties: The Australian Labour Party, the Liberal Party and National Party. The Senat's membership is wider, it comprises 12 senators from each state and 2 from each territory
It is caused by airborne acidic pollutants and has highly destructive results. Scientists first discovered acid rain in 1852, when the English chemist Robert Agnus invented the term. From then until now, acid rain has been an issue of intense debate among scientists and policy makers. Acid rain, one of the most important environmental problems of all, cannot be seen. The invisible gases that cause acid rain usually come from automobiles or coal-burning power plants. Acid rain moves easily, affecting locations far beyond those that let out the pollution. As a result, this global pollution issue causes great debates between countries that fight over polluting each other's environments. For years, science studied the true causes of acid rain. Some scientists concluded that human production was primarily responsible, while others cited natural causes as well. Recently, more
Since the invention of the internal combustion engine, automotive engineers, speed junkies and racecar designers have been searching for ways to boost its power. One way to add power is to build a bigger engine. But bigger engines, which weigh more and cost more to build and maintain, are not always better. Another way to add power is to make a normal-sized engine more efficient. You can accomplish this by forcing more air into the combustion chamber. More air means more fuel can be added, and more fuel means a bigger explosion and greater horsepower. A turbo/supercharged engine produces more power overall than the same engine without the charging
The environment in realtion to mobility/transport in Europe Air pollution is problem all over the world. Through some pollution comes from these natural sources, most pollution is the result of human activity. The biggest causes are the operation of fossil fuel- burning power plants and automobiles that combust fuel. Combined, these two sources are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States. All kind of pollutions can lead us to serious health problems. For example, air pollution is increasingly being cited as the main cause of lung conditions such as asthma - twice as many people suffer from asthma today compared to 20 years ago. Every year, 3.2m Europeans are diagnosed with cancer - the most common cause of death after heart disease. Most
ions; form microhabitat / reduce exposure / provide shelter / reduce erosion; max 3 (c) any two from following: grazing; burning; mowing / application of fertilizer / application of selective herbicide; exposure to wind; grass able to continue to grow (linked to a statement above); 2 (d) increases; plants at later stages are large / plants in early stages are small; trees / shrubs. are woody, appear later in succession; 2 [9] 15. max 1 mark from following: 1 economic definition of sustainable; e.g. similar quantities of timber can be harvested year on year 2 grants for planting forests / management schemes; 3 planting to ensure sustainable harvest rate;
considerably. Humus being defined as an organic residue in the soil resulting from decomposition of plant and animal residues in soil, or it is the highly complex organic residual matter in soil which is not readily degraded by microorganism (Kausadikari). There are several other variables that impact the soil microflora. For instance, a study by Canbolat et al. (2007) showed that root length, root and shoot weight of plants were decreased by soil compaction, which suggests that microfloral activity in compact soil is lower. Cultural practices The mankind has and will have a major influence on changing the microflora of soils. There are countless activites that have and minor effect, but change the soil composition in the long term as a whole. Although, some activites like agriculture, waste management and forestry carried out to satisfy the needs of the people have major impact on in areas of action.
although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and firm to firm. Unlike commercial manufacturing supplies, services such as clinical supplies planning are very dynamic and can often have last minute changes. Availability of patient kit when patient arrives at investigator site is very important for clinical trial success. This results in overproduction of drug products to take care of last minute change in demand. R&D manufacturing is very expensive and overproduction of patient kits adds significant cost to the total cost of clinical trials. An integrated supply chain can reduce the overproduction of drug products by efficient demand management, planning, and inventory management. Traditionally, marketing, distribution, planning, manufacturing, and the purchasing organizations along the supply chain operated independently.
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