Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Conditionals". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
condition, wish, conditional, could, clause, conditionals, happen, express, come, refer, real, possible, conditions, situations, call, able, likely, simple, something, case, here, unreal, happened, result, present, verb, perfect, tomorrow, phone, might, refers, linking, words, first, continuous, party, hear, automatic, both, cannot, enjoy, sometimesConditionals Sentences with if are used to express possibilities. 0 Zero conditional If-clause present (past) simple Main clause present (past) simple Sometimes sentences with if express certainty rather than possibility. The zero conditional is used to talk about sth. that is always true (such as a scientific fact), or that was always true in the past. In this type of conditional we can use when instead of if. E.g., If/When you mix blue and red, you get purple. If/When you don't water flowers, they die. (present simple in both parts of the sentence) If/When I asked her to come with us, she always said no. (past simple in both parts of the sentence) 1 First conditional If-clause present simple; Main clause future tense (or: can, must, may, etc., + bare infinitive) Used to talk about the consequences of a possible action (a real or very probable situation in the
First Conditional: A real possibility in the future A First Conditional sentence is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. Formation: if + present simple, + will For example: If she gets good grades, she will go to university. We are talking about the future, but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result. In this case, the person is sure about going to university. We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence. For example: I Condition Result Possibility F she gets good she will go to If the condition is met, then she definitely If grades, university. will go he gets good he may go to
CONDITIONALS ZERO CONDITIONAL If you don't water flowers, they die. If you have a headache, stop watching TV. If clause: Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE or IMPERATIVE With zero conditional we express a general truth or we give advice. FIRST CONDITIONAL If the weather is nice, we will go for a walk. If you don't apologize, she will never trust you again. If clause: Main clause: PRESENT SIMPLE FUTURE SIMPLE The first conditional refers to the present and future. It expresses a possible condition and its probable result in the future. SECOND CONDITIONAL Jack wants to buy a house but he can't do this because he doesn't have any money. If I had a lo t o f m o ne y, I would buy a b ig h o us e . SECOND CONDITIONAL Susan wants to phone Paul but she can't do this
I am going to a He will carry this The train leaves at fly to Leeds in playing football on party tonight. bag for you. 6.45. summer. Sunday afternoon. 8. Modal verbs: Write all the modals: (be) able to can can't could don't have to may as well/might as don't need to had better have (got) to may well might must must not need needn't ought to shall shan't should will
(hetkeotsused) Future Simple "Will you help me if I forget my moves?" "Don't worry! I will take care of everything." · requests, promises (palved, lubadused) Future Simple "Don't move yourself! I will hurt you if you do." · threats, warnings (ähvardused, hoiatused) Future Simple "Somebody will win Eurovision next year as well." · future facts - actions, situations, events which will definitely happen and which we cannot control (tulevikus toimuv, mille üle kõnelejal puudub kontroll) Be going to · "We are going to buy a lot of food." · plans, intentions (isiklikud plaanid, kavatsused) Be going to · "I am going to become a professional basketball player." · Ambitions (ambitsioonid) Be going to "Look! The cat is going to yawn!" · prediction based on evidence (ennustused tõendite põhjal)
.) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT SIMPLE: usually, often, always, every day/week etc, in the morning/evening etc, at night/the weekend, on Fridays etc. Present Continuous · Actions taking place at or arount the moment of speaking (The kids are watching TV..) · Fixed arrangements in the near future (I'm going to the dentist tomorrow) · Currently changing ang developing situations (The number of burgularies is increasing) · With ,,Always" to express anger or irritation at a repeated action (You're always forgetting..) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT CONTINUOUS: now, at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight etc. Present Perfect · Action happened at an unstated time in the past. Emphasis on the action, time is unimportant or unknown. (I have washed the car) · Action started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with stative verbs (I have known her for six years)
ga-ciux `He did it some time ago' ni-cíux `He did it long ago.' na-ciúxw-a `He did it recently.' i-cíux `He just did it.' - aspect: He was writing a letter to Tom. He has written a letter to Tom. - mood: He goes to Tallinn tomorrow. He would go to Tallinn tomorrow if he had time. German: the subjunctive Wenn du Zucker hättest, könnten wir jetzt Tee trinken. `If you had sugar, we could drink tea now.' English: They demanded that he leave the room. If I were you, I wouldn't buy this car. - transitivity: sleep, kiss Manam (a Kairiru-Manam language; Malalyo-Polynesian) dang i- aka- gita i water be hot `he heated the water' II. Relational categories for verbs: voice The workers painted the house. The house was painted by the workers. Das Buch wird von zwei Autoren geschrieben. `The book is being written by two authors.'
(NOT This needs to be thought some more.) 6. Don't use a present tense after It's time. It's time you went home. (NOT It's time you go home.) It's time we invited Bill and Sonia. (NOT It's time we invite Bill and Sonia.) 7. Use was/were born to give dates of birth. I was born in 1975. (NOT I am born in 1975.) Shakespeare was born in 1564. 8. Police is a plural noun. The police are looking for him. (NOT The police is looking for him.) I called the police, but they were too busy to come. 9. Don't use the to talk about things in general. Books are expensive. (NOT The books are expensive.) I love music. (NOT I love the music.) 10. Use had better, not have better. I think you'd better see the doctor. (NOT I think you have better see the doctor.) We'd better ask John to help us. 11. Use the present progressive am playing, is raining etc to talk about things that are continuing at the time of speaking. I'm playing very badly today. (NOT I play very badly today.) Look
This is Jane Smith. I'm Jane Smith. My name's John Smith. Informal introduction Hi. John. Jane. Hello. Titles: Mr Mrs Miss Ms Ms is a modern form of address for women. It replaces the traditional forms of Mrs and Miss. Greetings Good morning/afternoon/evening! 'How are you?' Very often people expect you to say something positive. Here's a breakdown of how you can express how you really are without complaining too much. · Fine, thanks. / On top of the world, thanks. · OK, thanks · Not so bad, thanks. / Can't complain, thanks. · So so, thanks. / So and so, thanks. · Not so good, actually 1 The English alphabet Spelling Work with your partner and spell out first your name and then some
Real conditions (Type I) These sentences describe what the speaker thinks will possibly happen as a result of a real situation. If you train hard, you will succeed in sport. If you don’t train hard, you won’t succeed in sport. We can also use modal verbs (can, may, must, should) instead of verbs in the main clause. If i have enough time, i can visit you. Unreal conditions (Type II) These sentences describe what the speaker thinks would possibly happen in an imaginary situation. If I saw a ghost, I would be scared. If I had wings, I could fly. We can give advice with If I were you. If I were you wouldn’t do that NOTE We normally use were instead of was in conditional sentences.
.............................. 3 Making offers........................................................................ 5 Making requests ................................................................... 6 Expressing possibility/probability......................................... 7 Asking about possibilities ..................................................... 7 Infinitives ............................................................................. 8 Introduction Modal Verbs are can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should, ought to. They are known as modal auxiliary verbs because they ‘help’ another verb, i.e. they are always used with another verb in its base form. e.g. I can swim. Do you think I should go? Characteristics of Modal Verbs • There is no -s in the third person singular: She can ski. He must be tired. It might rain. • They are used to form questions and negatives: Shall we go for a walk? What should I do?
· only facts, infrequent use of descriptive Best wishes / Love / Yours / Regards. adjectives · no use of short forms Name: Steve Name: Yours faithfully/Yours sincerely, Steven Hill TASK 2 Put an - for formal and an I for informal language. Give reasons . 1 In reply to your query about ... 2 I trust that this is the information you require .... 3 Hope this information helps you ... 4 I would like to express my dissatisfaction with the item I purchased ... 5 I'm afraid I won't be able to make it on Friday ... 6 Why don't you come and visit us ... 7 I'm looking forward to hearing from you ... 8 I look forward to meeting you. 9 I am writing with regard to the advertisement ... 10 How about getting together next Friday instead? 11 Pop in for a chat some time soon ... 12 You've been very helpful ... 13 Well, I must leave now ... 14 By the way, I've got to tell you ...
Conditionals: 0 and I What is a conditional sentence? • Conditional sentences have at least two clauses: IF clauses and THEN clauses • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow, then I will see a movie. If he spoke Chinese, then he would work as a guide in China. If they had been faster, then they would have won the race. IF Clauses (the condition) • IF clauses present the condition. • Examples: If I go into town tomorrow… If he spoke Chinese… If they had been faster… THEN Clauses (the results) • THEN clauses present the results. • Examples: … then I will see a movie. …. then he would work as a guide in China. … then they would have won the race. IF and THEN Clauses • The word “then” is optional, but the clause is still the result of the condition. So it is a “THEN” clause, without the word “then.” 0 CONDITIONAL
have the issues begun to appear in high resolution. One crucial development in the past forty years is the attention of philoso- phers of language to formal grammar or syntax as articulated by theoretical linguists. I personally believe that such attention is vital to success in phi- losophizing about language, and in my own work I pay as much of it as I am able. With regret, however, I have not made that a theme of this book. Under severe space limitations, I could not expend as many pages as would be needed to explain the basics of formal syntax, without having to omit presentation of some philosophical issues I consider essential to competence in the field. Since around 1980, some philosophers of language have taken a turn toward the philosophy of mind, and some have engaged in metaphysical exploration of the relation or lack thereof between language and reality. These adversions
9 The snow started this morning and it is still snowing. (been) It ________________________________________________ since this morning. 10 Tourists first started to visit Ibiza in the 60s. (coming) Tourists ________________________________________________ Ibiza since the 1960s. Marks: /10 2 Choose the correct word in these sentences. 1 They have only just/already come back from holiday. ________________________________ 2 She has been a teacher since/for the year 2000. ________________________________ 3 They have still/already been to Mexico but want to go again. ________________________________ 4 He yet/still hasn't found his keys. ________________________________ 5 I've ever/never eaten goulash but I'd like to
use which can be characterized as ‘linguistic’. Abstract sets of rules that help us to form and understand grammatical sentences. Linguistic performance → According to Chomsky linguistic performance is the production of actual utterances which rely on our mental reality of language. The way people actually speak with mistakes and stops and unfinished sentences. What is grammar? → Grammar is the system of a language, could also be described as rules in how to form new sentences constitute (tervik) the grammar of a language. Although you don’t need to know grammar to learn a language (children for example start speaking before they learn grammar), it makes studying a foreign language easier because it helps to understand the system of a specific language. Grammar divides into two: Prescriptive grammar → Prescribes rules that tell to the
document. If this stage of the production process is done properly all you really need are the language control techniques to connect your ideas logically and effectively. If you have a well documented list of techniques to connect your ideas effectively the writing process is less formidable. You will want to know how to join similarities, compare and contrast certain facts, introduce the next topic, offer a supporting idea, or refer to previously presented facts. You will also need to know how to present different shades of argument to produce logically a recommendation you wish to make. This requires an ability to emphasise certain facts and 'bury' others. However, all facts need to be linked to give a logical flow. This unit will give you language practice in this important aspect of producing written documents. Evaluation Exercise 1 Connectives Study the following two versions of the same text and decide
...... 4 Future Perfect....................................................................... 6 Other ways of referring to the future ..................................... 7 Other future references......................................................... 8 Future Simple In Future Simple we use the modal verb will + the verb. It is the same in all persons. I will work I’ll work you will study you’ll study he will come he’ll come Negative I/you/he/we/they will not write I/you/he/we/they won’t write Question Will you/he/she/we/they come? 1. We often use will as a neutral way of expressing the future. We use will to say what we know or think about the future. It is known as the predictive future, and describes known facts, or what we suppose is true. I’ll be late home this evening. The company will make a profit next year.
the verb She had been driving around the city for three hours before she finally found the right office. The Future Will and be + going + to are often used to describe future actions. Thomas will graduate in June. Maria is going to go to Mexico next week. The Future The simple present and present continuous are also used to express future time. These are often used used in connection with schedules. She is meeting a new client at eleven o'clock. The train leaves at 6:00 a.m. tomorrow. The Future Continuous This tense is used to describe an event or action that will occur over a period of time at a specific point in the future. Formed by adding at 10 a.m. tomorrow [will have]+ing by the time you arrive
adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills and call attention to common problem areas. We wish you every success in your pursuit of English proficiency. 1 What is Grammar? 5 The Simple Past Tense 98 Regular and Irregular Verbs 99 Was and Were 104 2 The Capital Letter 6 The Past Progressive Tense 106 The Future Tense 108
Foreword If you are ready to leverage yourself to greatness and achieve giant results, you have the right road map in your hands.You have before you the DNA of your future. All you need to create a wonderful fu- ture for yourself is to read this book, decide how you are going to apply it to your own life, write out a plan, and then go forth with en- thusiasm and make it happen. I have a confession to make. I am one of Brian’s raving fans. I have studied him, his brilliant work, and the extraordinary results he has achieved. I am also one of his close colleagues and friends. We have worked together on many platforms, and met and talked with each other on numerous occasions. Brian is one of the finest thinkers and writers on inner develop-
You take delight in vexing me. You have no compassion for my poor nerves." "You mistake me, my dear. I have a high respect for your nerves. They are my old friends. I have heard you mention them with consideration these last twenty years at least." "Ah, you do not know what I suffer." "But I hope you will get over it, and live to see many young men of four thousand a year come into the neighbourhood." "It will be no use to us, if twenty such should come, since you will not visit them." "Depend upon it, my dear, that when there are twenty, I will visit them all." Mr. Bennet was so odd a mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humour, reserve, and caprice, that the experience of three-and-twenty years had been insufficient to make his wife understand his character. Her mind was less difficult to develop. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. When she was discontented, she fancied herself nervous
Grammar point Made by Nikolai Hodosevich Conditional mood The conditional mood is the form of the verb used in conditional sentences to refer to a hypothetical state of affairs. Conditional verb forms can also have temporal uses, often for expressing "future in the past" tense. Condition sentences are often entered with conjunction IF Real events Structure: Additional clause Present Indefinite Main clause Future Indefinite If I have a lot of money, I will buy a car , Almost unreal events *In additional and main clauses usually use Subjunctive I and II *When you translate into Russian these sentences, you should use conjunction * This type of unreal conditional sentence use, when speaker wants to underline small probability of condition realization Almost unreal events Structure: Additional clause Past Simple
and learn from then how to live. The Buddha is said to have given a “silent sermon” once during which he held up a flower and gazed at it. After a while, one of those present, a monk called Mahakasyapa, began to smile. He is said to have been the only one who had understood the sermon. According to legend, that smile (that is to say, realization) was handed down by twenty- eight successive masters and much later became the origin of Zen. Seeing beauty in a flower could awaken humans, however briefly, to the beauty that is an essential part of their own innermost being, their true nature. The first recognition of beauty was one of the most significant events in the evolution of human consciousness. The feelings of joy and love are intrinsically connected to that recognition. Without our fully realizing it, flowers would become for us an expression in form of that which is most high, most sacred, and ultimately formless within ourselves. Flowers, more
I suppose. Our facial features are pretty similar same eyes, same-shaped 14 borrowed forehead. I've seen photos of her when 1E Phrasal verbs page 8 5 (possible answers) she was my age and apart from the 1 1 go ahead 5 come to eighties hairstyle we're the spitting 1 Well, you will go to bed late every night. 2 fall through 6 bring about image of each other! Some people 2 Well, you will refuse to wear a 3 tip off 7 go down with say that they can see a strong family
Past C Past P.C. Fut. S Fut. S. In past Fut. C Fut. C. In past Fut. P Fut. P. In past Possibility in the past that didn’t happen: might/could have+III Need Don’t need- настоящее Didn’t need- не ясно в прошлом Needn’t have+III- прошлое Past hypothetical situations I wish/If only+obj+Past Perf/P.C If → Had+obj+III Should have+III– regret/critisiz. III conditional Present II conditional If+were to+inf– more likely I wish/If only+Past S(stative) /would (dynam) It’s time+Past s (should have) /past c (already) It’s time for smb to+inf Future forms: 1
2 been meaning 9 came 2 A 4 B 6 E old-fashioned-looking uniform, so 3 got 10 grew 5 1 at first hand 5 maiden voyage I would guess that it's a private 4 fell 11 were chatting 2 tuberculosis 6 mine school, but it could be a state 5 seen 12 walked school. It's hard to say. 6 were waiting 13 didn't admit 3 stewardess 7 retirement 7 was looking 4 wonderful 2 1 I reckon they are about 17 years old.
The majority of so-called Africans leaders want to stay in power until the day their bodies are put in the grave. Through buffoonery, utter mismanagement and downright stealing of the wealth of the masses, these leaders have so impoverished Africa that we are now nothing but a beggar continent. We beg for everything; we are more dependent on our colonial masters than when we received our independence from them. Africa owes the West more money than we and our generations to come can pay. I arrived in America in December of 1967as an official of what we believed was going to be a dynamic African nation – the young Republic of Biafra. But Biafra was defeated and Nigeria remained one, as a giant of Africa. In the last 32 years, I have watched with horror and outright helplessness as the downward slide of the African race continues to escalate. But rather than address the problems, we resort to blaming the Caucasians, Asians and others for our misfortune
1.- Choose the most suitable verb form in each sentence. a) If only Peter doesn't live / didn't live / wouldn't live so far away from the town centre. We'll have to take a taxi. b) I feel rather cold. I wish I brought / had brought my pullover with me. c) What a pity. I wish we don't have to / didn't have to / wouldn't have to leave. d) If only you tell / told / had told me about the test. I haven't done any revision. e) I wish the people next door hadn't made / wouldn't make / couldn't make so much noise. I can't hear myself think! f) Darling, I love you so much! I wish we are / had been / would be / could be together always! g) I'm sorry I missed your birthday party. I really wish I come / came / had come / would come. h) I like my new boss but I wish she gave / would give / could give me some more responsibility. i) Having a lovely time in Brighton. I wish you are / were / had been here
"Always" · You are not swimming now. · Are you sleeping? · I am sitting. · I am not standing. · Is he sitting or standing? · They are reading their books. Examples: · They are not watching television. · What are you doing? · She is always coming to class late. · Why aren't you doing your homework? · He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now · I don't like them because they are always complaining. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while Examples:
Singer, Connecticut College; and Sandi W. Smith, Michigan State University. Thanks to the following reviewers of this new edition: Amy M. Buddie, Kennesaw State University; Maria Czyzewska, Texas State Univer- sity; A. Celeste Farr, North Carolina State University; Arthur Frankel, Salve Regina University; and Brian Smith, Graceland University. Finally, throughout the project, no one was more on my side than Bobette Gor- den, who lived every word with me. I wish to thank the following individuals who-either directly or through their course instructors-contributed the "Reader's Reports" used in past editions: Pat Bobbs, Annie Carto, William Cooper, Alicia Friedman, William Graziano, Mark Hastings, Endayehu Kendie, Danuta Lubnicka, James Michaels, Steven Moysey, Paul Nail, Alan J. Resnik, Daryl Retzlaff, Geofrey Rosenberger, Dan Swift, and Karla Vasks. Special thanks are due to those who provided new Reader's Reports for this
vosotras boh-soh-trahs él / ella / ail / ay-yah / he / she / it / you ellos / ellas / ay-yohs / ay-yahs / they / they / you usted oo-sted (formal) ustedes oo-sted-ays (plural) Vosotros is used only in Spain when speaking to more than one person with whom you know well. Nosotras and vosotras refer to a group of all females, as well as ellas. Ustedes is almost always used for saying "you all" in all Spanish speaking countries. Usted can be abbreviated to Ud. Ustedes can also be abbreviated to Uds. Please note that the subject pronouns are rarely used before verbs. 6. To Be & to Have ser - to be present past future
infinitive, Example: She shouln`t stay Interrogative: (Wh) Modal + Subject + Infinitive, Example: Why should she stay? Can Ability to do something in the present-I can speak English. Permission to do something in the present-Can I go to the cinema? Request - Can you wait a moment, please? Offer- I can lend you my car till tomorrow. Suggestion- Can we visit Grandma at the weekend? Possibility- It can get very hot in Arizona. Could Ability to do something in the past- I could speak English. Permission to do something in the past- I could go to the cinema. Polite question- Could I go to the cinema, please? Polite request- Could you wait a moment, please? Polite offer- I could lend you my car till tomorrow. Polite suggestion- Could we visit Grandma at the weekend? Possibility- It could get very hot in Montana. May/Might May Possibility- It may rain today. Permission to do something in the present-
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