Questions for the Second Philosophy Test A. Aristotle 1. According to Aristotle, what is the soul? Which are the three kinds of souls? Hing on elusolendi olemuslik vorm. Vegetatiivne, tajulik ja teadlik hing. 2. Where can we find truth and falsehood? Why? Oma teadvuses, kuna seal moodustame kontseptidest lauseid ja ideid, mida otsustamise käigus kõrvutades jõuame tõesuse ja vääruseni. 3. Which are the four causes? Aineline, vormiline, tegev ja lõplik põhjus. 4. What is the name that Aristotle gives to his god
and bad-ones (lawless rule). So, when one person rules de jure it is called Monarchy, but if he or she rules illegally, it is called Tyranny. When a few people rules de jure it is called Aristocracy and when they do not have the legal right to rule, it is called Oligarchy. If many people rule de jure it is called Good- or The Real - Democracy, but if they rule illegally, it is called "Bad" Democracy. (McLaughlin, 2010) Secondly, Aristotle Politics: His dividing is the same as Plato's, but there are one little difference. If Plato divided good- and bad-ones considering law, then Aristotle considers goodness (good the tule of common good, bad for good of rules). Aristotle says that when many people rule for common good, it should be named mixed formal government and the bad form of government when many people rules is, according to Aristotle, democracy. (McLaughlin, 2010)
THERE IS A FLOWER I WISH TO WEAR, BUT NOT UNTIL FIRST WORN BY YOU HEART'S EASE OF ALL EARTH'S FLOWERS MOST RARE BRING IT, AND BRING ENOUGH FOR TWO. Is it true that the flower is the earth's rarest flower? If we want to know about flowers hadn't we better listen to botanists than poets? Isn't it apparent that whatever value Landor's poem has is not in its botany? THE NATURE OF LITERATURE: THE IMITATIVE THEORY Art is an imitation of something. Poetics Aristotle (384322B.C.): A form is presented in a substance not natural to it: Michelangelo imitates Moses in stone Shakespeare imitated Caesar in an actor's words and gestures Although no one whistled at Waterloo, one might whistle waterloo. THE IMITATIVE THEORY The imitative instinct is not the artist's private possession A boy can play cops. This natural tendency to imitate is combined, Aristotle says, with a tendency toward rhythm
Baroksed tornikiivrid pärinevad 18.saj. Sofia peakirik Novgorodis. 1045-1050. Novgorodi kreml linnulennult Kullatud keskkupliga kirik on Sofia peakirik. Püha Dmitri peakirik Vladimiris u. 1193-1197. Pokrovski kirik Nerli jõe ääres u. 1165.a. Vassili Blazennõi kirik Moskvas, Punasel Väljakul. u. 1555-1561. Aristotle Fioravanti Uspenski katedraal Moskva Kremlis. U. 1475-1479. Issanda Muutmise kirik Kizis 1714.a.
VANAVENE KUNST Sofia peakirik Kiievis. 1017-1031. Makett. Püha Sofja peakirik Kiievis kaasajal. Baroksed tornikiivrid pärinevad 18. sajandist Vladimiri Jumalaema. u. 1150. Püha Dmitri peakirik Vladimiris. u. 1193-1197. Pokrovski kirik Nerli jõe ääres. 1165. Novgorodi kreml linnulennult. Kullatud keskkupliga kirik on Sofia peakirik. Sofia peakirik Novgorodis. 1045-1050. Aristotle Fioravanti. Uspenski katedraal Moskva Kremlis. 1475-1479. Postnik ja Barma. Vassili Blazhennõi kirik Moskvas, Punasel Väljakul. u. 1555-1561. Vassili Blažennõi kirik Kiži puukirikud Oneega järve saarel Puusindlitega kaetud sibulkuplid Issanda Muutmise kirik Kizhis. 1714. Punane Väljak Moskvas. Tagaplaanil Kremli kindluse Spasski väravatorn (15. saj) ja Ivan Blazhennõi kirik (16. saj.) Pihkva kreml. 13.-15. sajand. Tagaplaanil Kolmainsuse peakirik Theophanes Kreeklane.
selle loojasse (Demiurg). Maailma peab Platon hingestatud elusolendiks. 35. What does it mean that a term is “univocal”? And “ambiguous”? Univoval - 1 word 1 meaning, only one explanation Ambiguous - 1 word 2 meanings, several possible explenations 36. What does it mean that a term is “analogous”? Why “being” is an analogous term? Analagous - 1 word, meanings are partly the same, partly different. Being is said in many ways. 37. How does Aristotle defines movement? The realisation of the possible in so far as it is possible. Movement can be explained because the potential and the actual being exist. (ma ei saa ise ka selles lausest aru, aga see oli pedro slaidides) 38. What is “being in actuality”? What the thing is at the moment. (Having a certain perfection?) 39. What is “being in potency”? The thing’s potency of moving towards perfection. Being in potency means that even if you don’t have now a certain
Kuplid ise aga on kaetud puusindlitega nagu soomustega. Kuni tänapäevani on väga hästi säilinud Kizi puukirikud Oneega järve ääres. Väikesteks vürstiriikideks jagunenud Venemaa oli kerge saak 13. sajandil idast pealetungi alustanud rändrahvastele. Umbes kaheks ja pooleks sajandiks jäi maa ränga tatari-mongoli ikke alla. Loomulikult lõi see raskesti parandatava haava vene kultuurile ja kunstile. Moskva Kreml ja Punane Aristotle Fioravanti. Vassili Blazennõi Väljak Uspenski peakirik peakirik Kremlis Venemaa vabanemine algas Moskvast. Sealne suurvürst Ivan III allutas Moskvale ka teised ümberkaudsed vürstiriigid ning ühendatud jõududega vabastati end tatari-mongoli ikkest (1480). Pärast seda algas Moskvas innukas ehitustegevus. Eeskuju pakkusid Vladimiri ehitised.
Friendship Everyone has many acquaintances, but not all of them are friends. What is that something that makes people call someone a friend? People value different characteristics of others, but it is certain, that a true friend has to be reliable, honest and understanding. Aristotle has said that without friends no one would choose to live, though he had all other goods. I agree with him. I think everyone needs a friend. What is the benefit of money and all other goods if you have no one to share it with? A friend can be your family member, your neighbour, classmate or even your dog. It may be weird to consider an animal as a friend, but people who have a dog or a cat should understand what I mean. Whoever tells
Issanda Muutmise kirik Kizis. 1714.a. Vanavene arhitektuur ja maalikunst Punane Väljak Moskvas. Tagaplaanil Kremli kindluse Spasski väravatorn (15. saj) ja Ivan Blazennõi kirik (16. saj.) Vanavene arhitektuur ja maalikunst Aristotle Fioravanti. Uspenski katedraal Moskva Kremlis. 1475 1479. Vanavene arhitektuur ja maalikunst Vassili Blazennõi kirik Moskvas, Punasel Väljakul. u. 15551561. Maalikunst: Bütsants mosaiigid ja freskod kirikute siseruumides tehnilised võtted ja seinamaalide süsteem Kreeka meistrid ikoonimaalid ( "Vladimir jumalaema")
TuviPüha Vaimu. Kapitoolumi emahunt. Pronks Poseidon Artemisioni neemelt. BÜTSANTSI KUNST VANAVENE KUNST *toretsev, külluslik *kuld, kalliskivid *prokaat-riie, kuhu oli põimitud hõbe ja kuldniidid *tsentraal ehitis-igasse külgeon keskpunktist vürdselt ulatuv ehitis. Aristotle Fioravanti. katedraal Moskva Kremlis. Punane Väljak Moskvas. Tagaplaanil Ristkuppelkiriku skeem. Kremli kindluse Spasski väravatorn ja Ivan Blazhennõi kirik RAHVASTERÄNDA-MINE S küüdid, kledid, vikingid Hagia Sophia katedraal praeguses Istanbulis
Enamik neist on oma diameetrilt 1000 - 100 000 parsekit ning asuvad üksteisest miljonite parsekite kaugusel. Galaktikate vaheline ruum on väga hõre, selle tihedus on vähem kui 1 aatom. Tume aine on meile veel väga kehvasti arusaadav, kuigi ollakse kindlad, et see moodustab umbes 90% galaktikate massist. Linnuteele viidates kirjutatakse sõna Galaktika suure algustähega, muudel juhtudel mitte. Linnutee vaatlejad ja ajaloolased Kreeka filosoof Democritus Aristotle Neoplatonistlik filosoof Olympiodorus noorem Araabia astronoom Alhazen Pärsia astronoom Al-Andalusi astronoom Faktiline Galileo Galilei William Herschel. Kapteyn Harlow Shapley Udukogude uurimine ja eristamine Kümnendal sajandil vaatles Pärsia astronoom Abd al- Rahman al-Sufi esimest korda Andromeeda galaktikat. Thomas Wright spekuleeris õigesti 1750. aastal avaldatud raamatus, et Linnutee on lame ketas ning mõned öötaevas
Philosophy Aristotle - four causes or better "becauses" because they are the 4 ways in which we use the word "because" or answer the question "why?" 1. Material cause: - what it is made of - why is the bridge strong? because made of steel 2. Formal cause: - what form, definition or property it has - why is this salt? because made of sodium and chloride 3. Efficient cause:
A standard simile is a comparison using "like" or "as." An epic or Homeric simile is a more involved, ornate comparison, extended in great detail. 7. Heavy use of repetition and stock phrases. The poet repeats passages that consist of several lines in various sections of the epic and uses homeric epithets, short, recurrent phrases used to describe people, places, or things. Both made the poem easier to memorize. Aristotle described six characteristics: "fable, action, characters, sentiments, diction, and meter." Since then, critics have used these criteria to describe two kinds of epics: Serious epic Comic epic · fable and action are grave and solemn · fable and action are light and ridiculous · characterrs are the highest · characters are inferior
on väga hästi säilinud Kizi puukirikud Oneega järve ääres. Väikesteks vürstiriikideks jagunenud Venemaa ol kerge saak 13. sajandil idast pealetungi alustanud rändrahvastele. Umbes kaheks ja pooleks sajandiks jäi maa ränga tatari-mongoli ikke alla. Loomulikult lõi see raskesti parandatava haava vene kultuurile ja kunstile. Punane Väljak Moskvas. Tagaplaanil Kremli kindluse Spasski väravatorn (15. saj) ja Ivan Blazhennõi kirik (16. saj.) Aristotle Fioravanti. Uspenski katedraal Moskva Kremlis. Vassili Blazhennõi kirik Moskvas, Punasel Väljakul. Venemaa vabanemine algas Moskvast. Sealne suurvürst Ivan III allutas Moskvale ka teised ümberkaudsed vürstiriigid ning ühendatud jõududega vabastati end tatari-mongoli ikkest (1480). Pärast seda algas Moskvas innukas ehitustegevus. Eeskuju pakkusid Vladimiri ehitised. Otsesidemed Bütsantsiga
French philosopher René Descartes(15961650) and the British mathematician Isaac Newton(16421727) overturned the authority of the Middle Ages and the classical world. And by authority I am not referring specifically to that of the Church the demise of its authority was already well under way even before the Lutheran Reformation had begun. The authority I am speaking of is intellectual in nature and consisted of the triad of Aristotle(384322) and Ptolemy (c.90168). The revolutionaries of the new science had to escape their intellectual heritage [ pärandus ]. With this in mind, the revolution in science which emerged [ kerkis esile ] in the 16th and 17th centuries has appeared as a watershed in world history. The long term effects of both the Scientific Revolution and the modern acceptance and dependence upon science can be felt today in our daily lives. And not with standing some
Sophist: · Sophistication · Sophistry (false reasoning) Relativism- no truth only opinions. The problem is that, it does not work for me. Socrates 469-399 BC · Poor (taught for free) · Ugly (in a culture that highly prized physical beauty) Four sources for his life and philosophy: - Xenophon (Conversations with Socrates); - Plato (Dialogues); - Aristophanes (The Clouds); - Aristotle (various references in his philosophical works) · Irony: originally referred to lying, only after Socrates did it come to have the meaning that it has today. Xanthippe- bad temper, Socrates wife · Taught in the Agora (marketplace) · Taught in the aristocratic youths of Athens including Plato and Alcibiades · Claimed to consult his daimon when he needed the answer to some question Was put on trial for introducing new gods and corrupting the young
suletud.Idaslaavlastel tihedad sidemed Bütsantsiga, sealsed kunstnikud arendasid kunsti ja vana-venes võeti vastu ka bütsantsi õigeusk. Sofia peakirik Kiievis(9-lööviline ja 9 absiidi) ja Sofia kirik novgorodis- ehitati 19.sajandi alguses. 12.saj lõpul tõuseb esile Vladimir Suzdalimaa. Sealsed kirikud on kaunistatud, keskse kirikukupliga tsentraalehitised, küllaltki pisikesed. 14.saj. lõpul tõuseb ehituskunsti keskuseks Moskva, seal töötasid Itaalia meistrid, kuulsaim oli Aristotle Fioravanti-> uspenski katedraal. ARHITEKTUUR: kreml ehk akropol.kindlus keset linna. Arhitektuurist on säilinud linnakindlustused( moskva ja pihkva kreml) Al 15.saj on säilinud telgitaolise katusega kõrged puukirikud , eriti kizi saarel. SKULPTUURI ei viljeletud , akrdeti nende paganlikku kumamrdamist, nagu bütsantsiski . MAALIKUNST: tehti ikoone, kuulsaim on Vladimiri Jumalaema. Kunsti ilmuvad rahvuslikud mustad jõud. Hakkab bütsantsist erinema, sest tatarlased vallutavad venemaa
6. Approaches Emphasizing the Philosophical or Scientific Literature. problems concern the concepts of space and time, and the foundations of mathematics. / Sixth, one may proceed to think critically about science primarily from a .../ Alternative analyses of the notions of space and time have been offered since the consideration of relevant philosophical literature and practice, or from relevant time of Plato and Aristotle, but they apparently have few implications outside of scientific literature and practice. Since the 1940s probably, and the 1950s certainly, it physics, metaphysics, and the philosophy of physics. /.../ has been possible for students to specialize in the philosophy of science within Recent work in the foundations of mathematics has tended to cluster about four traditional philosophy departments. Moreover, philosophers of science tend to read distinct views
Teost dateeritakse aastaisse 336-322 e.m.a. Oletamisi on võimalik seegi, et meie ees pole mitte Aristotelese enda tekst, vaid mõne tema kuulaja üleskirjutused või siis kellegi hilisema lugeja konspekt- resümee. Selge on igatahes see, et meieni jõudnud "Poeetika" on nii sisuliselt kui ka keeleliselt lõplikult redigeerimata, temas võib leida mõningat järjekindlusetust ja vasturääkivusi. Käesoleva tõlke aluseks on I. Bywateri väljaanne: "Aristotle on the Art of Poetry, a revised text with critical introduction, translation and commentary by I. Bywater" (Oxford, 1909). Peale selle on tõlkijal kasutada olnud S.H. Butcheri (New York, 1951, 4. tr.) ja R. Kasseli (Oxford, 1968, 2. tr.) väljaanded ning tõlgetest: R. Kleis, katkendid "Kreeka kirjanduse antoloogias", Tallinn, 1964, lk. 459-468; H. Stich, Leipzig, 1887; E.G. Schmidt, Leipzig, 1972; V. Appelrot, Moskva, 1957, 1. tr. 1893; N. Novosadski, Leningrad, 1927; M. Gasparov,
room and you can spend time in the reading room reading one of the 80 different periodicals that we have in our library. I love to go to the library in breaks, rest on the couches and read "Sporditäht". Famous libraries. The Library of Alexandria was one of the best-known libraries of the ancient world. It was built in 300 B.C. It had the most complete collection of books at that time. In about 650 A.D Alexandria surrendered in a war and all the books except the ones of Aristotle were used as fuel to heat the public baths. The Boston Public Library is the largest municipal public library in the United States and was established in 1848. It was the first publicly supported municipal library in the United States and the first public library to allow people to borrow books and other materials. The Bodleian Library, the main research library of the University of Oxford, is one of the oldest libraries in Europe, and in England is second in size only to the
kingdom (see part one in this two-part series). So, what exactly makes us special? The list might be smaller than it once was, but there are some traits of ours that no other creature on Earth can match. No animal can get close to the devastation humans can cause (Credit: Thinkstock) No animal can get close to the devastation humans can cause (Credit: Thinkstock) Ever since we learned to write, we have documented how special we are. The philosopher Aristotle marked out our differences over 2,000 years ago. We are "rational animals" pursuing knowledge for its own sake. We live by art and reasoning, he wrote. Much of what he said stills stands. Yes, we see the roots of many behaviours once considered uniquely human in our closest relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos. But we are the only ones who peer into their world and write books about it. We see the roots of many behaviours once considered uniquely human in our closest relatives
Question: 1. ‘Does the conclusion follow from the premises?’ can be rephrased as: 1. Is the argument valid? An argument is valid if it is impossible for its premise(s) to be (all of them) true and its conditions false. In a valid argument, if the premises are all true, then the conclusion is necessarily true. Soundness An argument might be valid even when some or all its premises are false and/or its conclusion is false. No Human is mortal Aristotle is a human Therefore, Aristotle is not mortal. The validity of an argument does not guarantee the truth of its conclusion. An argument is Sound if it is valid and has (all non-superflous) true premises. Sound = Valid + (all) true premises It is important to remember the difference between valid and sound argument. A sound argument must have a true conclusion! Typology of deductive arguments The form of an argument The form of an argument is its structure of pattern of reasoning
heita · Pelk nägemine tõstab kinnisvara hinda · Võtame sisse iga päev Mpemba Effect · 1960 märkas Tanzaania õpilane kokandustunnis, et kuum jäätisesegu külmub kiiremini kui külm S.t. kuum vesi jäätub kiiremini kui külm · Miks?! · ,,Why does boiling water freeze faster than cold? 20,000 replies but still no Erasto Mpemba, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, Aristotle solution . . ." The Times 2012 Vesi ja vesi! · 97% asub ookeanites 51.6 % Vaikne ookean 23.6% Atlandi ookean 21.2% India ookean Ülejäänud "mered" 3.6 % · 3% joogivett: Pea kõik paikneb igijääs (90% jääst asub Antarktikas, ~ülejäänud Gröönimaal) 0.0365% jõgedes ja järvedes 0.001% pilvedes Janu ja merevesi · Ilma veeta laguneb keha kiires tempos · Mõne päevaga:
Tribes in modernday Scotland and Northern England repeatedly rebelled against Roman rule and two military bases were established in Britannia to protect against rebellion and incursions from the north, from which Roman troops built and manned Hadrian's Scotland had been inhabited for thousands of years before the Romans arrived. However, it is only towards the Roman period that Scotland is recorded in writing. In the 4th century BC Aristotle knew of "Albinn" and "Ierne" (the islands of Great Britain and Ireland). The Greek explorer Pytheas visited Britain sometime between 322 and 285 BC and may have circumnavigated the mainland, which he describes as being triangular in shape. In his On the Ocean Pytheas refers to the most northerly point as Orcas, conceivably a reference to Orkney. The earliest written record of a formal connection between Rome and Scotland is the attendance of the "King of
*The sovereign has the right to ban books in the intrest of peace *The sovereign has the right to make laws regarding property and reward or punish according to the law and act as a final arbiter *he can make war and raise taxes for it XIX The king has the right to kill you but has no right to make you kill yourself XXI *Nothing the soveregin can do can be considered injustice. *Individual freedom, considered as birth right, is a misguided notion of aristotle and Cicero *A person may protect his property by law but not if the soveregin demands it. *A soveregin is obligated to protect the people from disorder and can be removed only if he does not. political sience is based on logical observation (empirical knowledge) Part IV: Of the kingdom of darkness Churches are misinterpreting the bible to make profit of it. Church condemned Galileo for no good reason and is not a institution what helps to create an ideal society.
As the saying goes, "a picture is worth a thousand words" 4 Uses of the Photographic Camera (SEBA) Camera obscura, the first camera was first mentioned by Chinese philosopher Mo-Ti in the 5th century before Christ. He formally recorded the creation of an inverted image formed by light rays passing through a pinhole into a darkened room. He called this darkened room a "collecting place" or the "locked treasure room." in 384-322 before Christ the optical illusion was understood by Aristotle. The crescent shape of a partially eclipsed sun projected on the ground through the holes in a sieve, and the gaps between leaves of a plane tree was viewed by him. Full account of the principle including experiments with five lanterns outside a room with a small hole was given by The Islamic scholar and scientist Alhazen (Abu Ali al-Hasan Ibn al-Haitham) (c.965 - 1039) Two clear descriptions of the camera obscura were given (1490) in the notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci
sõltumatute püüdluste sündis semiootika. Küllap võiks olla uute kriitiliste uurimuste teemaks, mil määral minu poolt käesolevas töös kirjeldatu mõjutas Saussure'i ja mil määral Peirce'i. Mina pean siinkohal targemaks lõpetada Einsteini tsitaadiga: The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources. 22 Kasutatud kirjandus · Aristotle. Nicomachean Ethics. Hackett Publishing Company 1985 · Bentham, J. The Book of Fallacies. London: Hunt, 1824 · Borges, Jorge Luis ja Adolfo Bioy Casares. ,,Of Exactitude in Science". -- http://www.kyb.tuebingen.mpg.de/bu/people/bs/borges.html (05.06.2006) · Deely, John 2001. Four ages of understanding. The first postmodern survey of philosophy from ancient times to the turn of the Twenty-first century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
In the century that preceded the beginning of the ,,witch-craze" 13th century European medicine became firmly established as a secular science and a profession. The medical profession was actively engaged in the elimination of female healers their exclusion from the universitiess, for example long before the witch-hunts began. There was nothing in late medieval medical training that conflicted with church doctrine. Medical students spent years studying Plato, Aristotle and Christian theology and a doctor rarely saw any patients at all, and no experimentation of any kind was taught. Medicine was sharply differentiated from surgery, which was almost everywhere considered a degrading, menial craft, and the dissection of bodies was almost unheard of. It was witches who developed an extensive understanding of bonnes and muscles, herbs and drugs. By the 14th century,the medical profession's campaign against urban, educated women
international status either. [1, p. 9] There could be many various reasons for the language to become lingua franca but most often, a language is accepted from outside the community, such as English or French, because of the political, economic, or religious influence of a foreign power. For instance, Greek was a language of international communication in the Middle East over 2.000 years ago, not because of the intellects of Plato and Aristotle, but the swords and spears of Alexander the Great’s army. [1, p. 9] But international language dominance is not solely the result of military might. It may take a militarily powerful nation to establish a language, but it takes an economically powerful one to maintain and expand it. Economical developments of Britain and the USA, supported by the new communication technologies, fostered the emergence of massive
mean that no human eye had been cast on America before Columbus arrived. It does mean that Columbus brought America to the attention of the civilized world, i.e., to the growing, scientific civilizations of Western Europe. The result, ultimately, was the United States of America. It was Columbus' discovery for Western Europe that led to the influx of ideas and people on which this nation was founded--and on which it still rests. The opening of America brought the ideas and achievements of Aristotle, Galileo, Newton, and the thousands of thinkers, writers, and inventors who followed. Queen Isabella pawning her jewels to finance Columbus' trip. This myth of the pawned jewels obscures the true and more sinister story of how Columbus financed his trip. The Spanish monarch invested in his excursion, but only on the condition that Columbus would repay this investment with profit by bringing back gold, spices, and other tribute from Asia
he is able to accept love. At the end of the story Conrad's girlfriend offers to make 91 T H E W R I T E R ' S JOURNEY ~ T H I R D EDITION Christopher Vogler h i m breakfast, and this time he finds he has an appetite. In symbolic language, his appetite for life has returned. TRAGIC FLAWS T h e Greek theory of tragedy, expressed twenty-four centuries ago by Aristotle, describes a common fault of tragic heroes. T h e y may possess many admirable qualities, but among them is one tragic flaw or hamartia that puts them at odds with their destiny, their fellow men, or the gods. Ultimately it leads to their destruction. M o s t commonly this tragic flaw was a k i n d of pride or arrogance called hubris. Tragic heroes are often superior people with extraordinary powers but they tend to see themselves as equal to or better than the gods
In fact, nothing is referred to or denoted by the name, but the sense is "expressed" by it. For Frege, the "sense" was, roughly, a particular "way of presenting" the term's putative referent. Though itself an abstract entity rather than a men- tal or psychological one, the sense reflects a person's conception or way of thinking of the referent. Frege sometimes expressed senses in the form of definite descriptions; for example, the sense of the name "Aristotle" might be "Plato's disciple and the teacher of Alexander the Great," or "the Stagirite teacher of Alexander" (Frege 1892/1952b: 58n). A sense determines a unique referent, but multiple senses may determine the same referent. Let us now see how Frege attacked the other three puzzles. Negative Existentials (2) Pegasus never existed. As before, (2) seems to be true and seems to be about Pegasus, but if (2) is true, (2) cannot be about Pegasus . . .
colonies and across Europe. Main Ideas of the American Enlightenment: The Enlightenment caused a shift in the cultural and social attitudes of the people, bringing in some new and radical ideas. Republicanism: The doctrine of republicanism asserts a system of a government that is elected by the people of the nation. The roots of this ideology go back to ancient Greece, when the concept of a democratic government was examined by philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Individual Liberty: "Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness" developed as the motto of this era, which forms the cornerstone of the U.S. Constitution today. Since the colonies had very few individual rights, they declared certain fundamental rights that they deemed "inalienable." Democracy: The colonies had no say in the formation of the government, and had no representation in the lawmaking process
6 subtle 3 glory 10A Farewell page 83 7 ambiguous 4 avenging 1 1 must D 3 Be, Till B 8 baffling 5 a rampage 2 do A 4 shortly, let C 6 remorse 2 Aristotle, Syd Field 2 1 terminate 6 wind up Challenge! Students' own answers 3 1 left 8 finally 2 ceased 7 concluded 2 coming 9 seventies 3 culminated 8 closes 10E Complex sentences 3 Being 10 better page 88
son comes into the world with no thoughts or ideas at all, and everything that a person thinks and feels is learned from infancy on- ward. It is as though the child’s mind is a blank slate that every passing person and experience leaves a mark on. The adult becomes the sum total of everything he or she learns, feels, and experiences growing up. What the adult does and becomes later is the result of this early conditioning. As Aristotle wrote, “Whatever is impressed is expressed.” Perhaps the greatest breakthrough in the field of human poten- tial in the twentieth century was the discovery of the self-concept. This is the idea that each person develops a bundle of beliefs re- garding oneself, starting at birth. Your self-concept then becomes ccc_tracy_1_1-17.qxd 6/23/03 2:46 PM Page 3
rational and indifferent men should be brought over to their opinion, because this their great doctor of it, in a discourse made on purpose, to set up the absolute monarchical power of Adam, in opposition to the natural freedom of mankind, has said so little to prove it, from whence it is rather naturally to be concluded, that there is little to be said. But that I might omit no care to inform myself in our author's full sense, I consulted his Observations on Aristotle, Hobbes, to see whether in disputing with others he made use of any arguments for this his darling tenet of Adam's sovereignty; since in his treatise of the Natural Power of Kings, he hath been so sparing of them. In his Observations on Mr.Hobbes's Leviathan, I think he has put, in short, all those arguments for it together, which in his writings I find him any where to make use of: his words
In the experience of the brilliant Nike+ team, and in the experience of their users, more than 1.2 million runners who have tracked more than 130 million miles, that magic number is five: If someone uploads only a couple of runs to the site, they might just be trying it out. But once they hit ve runs, they're massively more likely to keep running and uploading data. At five runs, they've gotten hooked on what their data tells them about themselves. Aristotle had it right, but he was missing a number: "We are what we do repeatedly." A mere five times (five workouts, five meals, five of whatever we want) will be our goal. When in doubt, "take five" is the rule. 3. MAKE IT COMPETITIVE: FEAR OF LOSS AND THE BENEFITS OF COMPARISON Would you work harder to earn $100 or to avoid losing $100? If research from the Center for Experimental Social Science at New York University is any indication, fear of loss is the winner.
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