Tundra animals Reindeer Reindeer were first domesticated in Norway and northern Asia. When it was seen how valuable they were, they were brought to Alaska in 1887 and later to parts of Canada. These North American reindeer became known as caribou. Although they are called by different names, they are both considered to be a single species. Unlike deer, both the male and female have antlers. The antlers of the male are long, branched and massive, and they are a little flattened at the ends. The antlers of the female are much shorter, simpler and more slender and irregular. Their large, spreading hooves support the animal in snow in the winter and marshy tundra in the summer. Reindeer are also great swimmers and use their feet as paddles. They can also lower their metabolic rate and go into a semi-hibernation when conditions get very harsh.
exposed, acting like cleats when the cheetah is running. The tail is also designed to help maintain balance at high speeds and during quick turns. Other features of the cheetah include its tan coat with many small, round black spots and black tear- shaped marks around the eyes. In fact, the name "cheetah" has its origins in the Hindu word "chita", meaning "the spotted one." The cheetah eats gazelles, young antelope, young calves, warthogs, hares, and game birds. They typically stalk their prey until they are only 30 to 90 feet away. They then burst into a chase that lasts about 20 seconds. The cheetah successfully catches its prey in about half of the chases. Cheetahs prefer grasslands where they have plenty of room to chase and capture their prey. They once roamed in most of the open area of Africa, in the grasslands of India, southern Russia, Iran, and Pakistan. Today, however, most cheetahs are found natively only in eastern and southern Africa. In fact, almost all are raised on
Species on the brink of extinction affect us more than we realize. Sure, pandas are cute, and rhinos are fun to look at, but is there anything more to that? All animals and plants form a very important part of our ecosystem that also includes our lands and waters. Remove one part from the environment and damage will be done. For example, after the last wolves were killed in Yellowstone Park in 1926, problems began to emerge. During the 70 years before wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone Park there were many problems with the rise in deer population, conditions of the park were impaired by erosionding land and eradicating all kind of greenery. In 1995, the reintroduction of the wolves fixed the problems. The natural situation was restoredadvanced, new species appeared and the deer population was got under the control. Therefore, all animals are important to our environment and if one of the species goesis going to extinct, then the whole natural ecosystem will be disheveled
T Ü T üri C o lle g e Liina Le inm e ts Introduction · Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a mammal classified in the bear family, native to centralwestern and southwestern China. It is easily recognized by its large, distinctive black patches around the eyes, over the ears, and across its round body. · The Giant Panda lives in a few mountain ranges in central China. · It once lived in lowland areas, but farming, forest clearing, and other development now restrict the Giant Panda to the mountains. In the wild · The Giant Panda is a · Pandas communicate terrestrial animal and through vocalization primarily spends its life and scent marking such roaming and feeding in as clawing trees or the bamboo forests. spraying urine. It is able · Though generally alone, to climb and take
Its name means ,,Southland". The official name of the country is the Commonwealth of Australia. It's capital is Canberra. Australia is the sixth largest country in the world but the smallest continent. Australia has 6 states and 2 territories (New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, Queensland, Western Australia , South Australia, The Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory). The Australian people are culturally the same as the Anglo Americans. There also live aborigines. Aborigines are the ancestors of the people. Like the US and Canada, Australia was an English speaking colony of Great Britain. Today Australia is a modern developed country with a diversified economy. Australia is an island continent of 7.7 million square kilometres, which makes it a little smaller than the USA. Located in south of Asia, between The Pacific and Indian Oceans, Australia is the World's driest continent
Temperate deciduous forests, woodlands and shrub Tartu 2008 Location: Temperate forests are typical of all European continent, the Eastern region of Asia (in special, Chinese and Japan) and North America. Also are finded in tempered areas of South America. Climate: The average temperature in temperate forests is 50° F. Summers are mild, and average about 70° F, while winter temperatures are often well blow freezing. The average yearly precipitation is 30-60 inches. This precipitation falls throughout the year, but in the winter it falls as snow. There are four seasons in this biome, with warm summers and cold winters, often snowy. In autumn, the leaves change color and fall from the trees
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) is largest and most known animal rights organization in the world. They mostly concentrate their attention on factory farms, clothing trade, animal testing and entertainment industry. When going to PETA webpage first thing to see was pop up window about stopping seal hunt in Canada. They are especially concerned about killing animals because they are considered pests. Such animals would be beavers, bats, geese, deer, pigeons, mice, raccoons, snakes, chipmunks, squirrels, bears, coyotes, ducks, foxes, mountain lions, prairie dogs, rabbits, and even wolves. So their view on hunting is negative. [9] Animal Aid is animal rights organization in United Kingdom, founded in 1977. They do campaigns against all forms of cruelty against animals. They lobby politicians, make undercover investigations into slaughterhouses, factory farms and horse racing industry. If
Australia is 1,800 miles from the mainland of Asia and almost half way round the world from Europe. More than 6,000 miles of ocean separate in from the America. Australia is the only continent except for Antarctica that lies all south of the equator. The natural zones of Australia are very various. There are deserts, semi deserts, grasslands, savannas, bushlands and rainforests. The wet forests occupy the narrow region in the east. Most of the animals, birds and insects live in that region, because there is enough food. The savannas which are grasslands with some trees are mostly in the west. Farther west are the bushlands. The real deserts occupy the centre of the Western Plateau. In the very south west there are thin forests of evergreens trees. Australia is the driest inhabited continent, the flattest, and has the oldest and least fertile soils. Only the south-east and south-west corners of the continent have a temperate climate. The
More than 30 specimens of T. rex have been identified, some of which are nearly complete skeletons. He became extinct 65 million years ago. *QUAGGA: One of Africa's most famous extinct animals, the quagga was a subspecies of the plain zebra. The quagga was hunted to extinction for meat. The last wild quagga was probably shot in the late 1870s, and the last specimen in captivity died on August 12, 1883 at the Artis Magistra zoo in Amsterdam. *IRISH DEAR: The Irish Elk or Giant Deer, was the largest deer that ever lived. It lived in Eurasia, from Ireland to east of Lake Baikal. The Giant Deer is famous for its size (2.1 meters tall+ antlers 3.65 meters) The cause of theis extinction is still unknown. Some say they died because of their large antlers(could not move in the forest), others say they were hunted down. Extinct about 7,700 years ago *CASPIAN TIGER: The Caspian tiger or Persian tiger was the westernmost subspecies of tiger,
Topic Canada Tallinn English College 2006 1. Introduction If you had to use two words to describe Canada, they might be large and diverse. Canada is the second largest country in the world with a territory of about 10 million square kilometers and it is bordered by three oceans: the Arctic, the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. The population of Canada is about 31 million people. About 77% of the people live in cities which lie in a band about 100 miles wide above the border of the United States. The capital of Canada is Ottawa. Other large cities are Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, Winnipeg and Quebec. 2. Geographical position Canada is a huge country in the continent of North America. It is bordered with the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the United States of America in the south and the Arctic Ocean in the north
................. 11 3 Introduction The United States of America is an enormous country. It is the third largest in the world after Russia and Canada. In the USA there are 50 states of which 48 lie together. The population of The USA is about 300 million people. The territory is about 10 million square kilometers. Its geography is very diverse ranging from moist rainforests to dry deserts and bald mountain peaks. There are two big mountain ranges, one of them is the Rocky Mountains and the other is The Appalachian Mountains. The Capital of The USA is Washington D.C. Other big and famous cities are New York, Los Angeles, Houston, Chicago and Las Vegas. The national anthem of the United States is "The Star-Spangled Banner", with lyrics written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key. There are 6 time zones. From east to west they are: Eastern Standard Time, which is 5
Western Plateau. In the centre of Australia are lowlands which are covered with sedimentary rocks. Deserts cover most of the land in Australia. Most of the deserts lie in the central and north-western part of the country. The deserts in Australia occupy 18% of the continent. The biggest deserts are the Great Victory Desert, the Great Sandy Desert, the Tanami Desert, the Simpson Desert and the Gibson Desert. Although Australia is a low continent, there are a few mountain rangers there, too. The biggest is the Great Dividing Range. It stretches more than 3500 km from the north-eastern tip of Queensland, running the entire length of the eastern coastline through New South Wales, then into Victoria and turning west, before finally fading into the central plain at the Grampians in western Victoria. It consists of a complex of mountain ranges, plateaus, upland areas and escarpments. One part of the Great Dividing Range is the Australian Alps
The dominant version of the gene produces normal black pigment in the coat while the recessive version produces red pigment. The name comes from the effect of black or brown pigment not being extended throughout the whole coat, but being restricted to the skin of the extremities and to the eyes (for example in bay horses). This Norwegian Forest Cat was bred by Yve Hamilton Bruce from a silver mackerel tabby female (imported from Denmark) and a classic red tabby and white male. The result was 1 silver tabbies and 2 silver tabbies with white. At just over 3 months old, this silver and white tabby male developed a large patch of bright red hair on his back which continued to spread. Eventually the whole fur will become amber. The effect of amber during the colour-change stage depends on the original colour - solid black or blue, bicolour or tabby. The cat pictured is not a typical amber as it has the silver gene so the amber effect is overlaid on silver.
The United States of America Form Tallinn 2005 Introduction The United States of America is a very big country. Its territory is about 9.4 million square kilometres and its population is more than 260 million people, 12% of them are the Afro-Americans. It is the world's third-largest country by size and by population. The population density is about 27 people per square kilometre. Most of the people live in towns. There are 50 states in America. The biggest of the state is Texas, next by size are California, Alaska and Montana. Six states - Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut ,Rhode Island and Massachusetts are called New England. They are all small states in the U.S. that lie in the north-east. The first colony of immigrants settled down in Virginia, in the eastern part of the U.S.A. The biggest cities are New York, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, etc.
Water Pollution: Clean drinking water is becoming a rare commodity. Water is becoming an economic and political issue as the human population fights for this resource. One of the options suggested is using the process of desalinization. Industrial development is filling our rivers, seas and oceans with toxic pollutants which are a major threat to human health. FIND OUT 5 WAYS HOW TO REDUCE WATER POLLUTION. 9. Urban Sprawl: Urban sprawl refers to migration of population from high density urban areas to low density rural areas which results in spreading of city over more and more rural land. Urban sprawl results in land degradation, increased traffic, environmental issues and health issues. FIND OUT 5 WAYS HOW TO FIX URBAN SPRAWL. 10. Genetic Engineering: Genetic modification of food using biotechnology is called genetic engineering. Genetic modification of food results in increased toxins and diseases as genes from an allergic plant can transfer to target plant
In the summer there is lots of rain. The savanna has a large range of highly specialized plants and animals. RainforestThe tropical rain forest is a forest of tall trees in a region of year-round warmth. Rain forests belong to the tropical wet climate group. The temperature in a rain forest rarely gets higher than 34 °C or drops below 20 °C. Rainfall is often more than 100 inches a year. There is usually a brief season of less rain. In monsoonal areas, there is a real dry season. Almost all rain forests lie near the equator. Rainforests now cover less than 6% of Earth's land surface. AlpineCold, snowy, windy. In the summer average temperatures range from 10 to 15° C . In the winter the temperatures are below freezing. The winter season can last from October to May. The summer season may last from June to September. The temperatures in the Alpine biome can also change from warm to freezing in one day
The official name of the country is the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is an island country. It consists of the island of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Great Britain can be divided into three parts England, Wales and Scotland. Each of them has their own capital city. Glasgow in Scotland, Cardiff in Wales and London in England. The country is situated in the north-western Europe. The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244,000 square kilometres and about 60 million people live there. The UK contains a number of small islands. The largest islands that belong to the United Kingdom are the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea and the Isle of Wight which lies off of England's southern coast. The largest groups of islands are the Shetland Islands, the Orkney Islands and the Hebrides. Geographical Position The UK is situated in the Northern Hemisphere. The United Kingdom is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean in the west, the North
non-native speakers. Spanish is the second language. The largest city is the New York City. The Government is Federal constitutional republic and the president is George W. Bush. 2. Geographical position The United States of America is located on the continent of North America. It has borders with two countries Mexico and Canada. There are also the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico surrounding the big country. There are 50 states in America. Most of the people live in towns. The biggest state is Alaska; next by size are California, Alaska and Montana. Six states - Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Massachusetts are called New England. They are all small states in the USA that lie in the north- east. The first colony of immigrants settled down in Virginia, in the eastern part of the USA. 3. Relief The USA is situated in the central part of the North American continent. Its western coast is
14 198 hunting license oweners in Estonia. In order to have the right to hunt a person must be at least 16-years old. Hunting seasons and limits Bag limits are provisions under the law that control how many animals of a given species or group of species can be killed There are seasonal bag limits in Estonia Open and closed hunting season. Big game 1. Brown Bear Ursus arctos 2. Wolf Canis lupus 3. Lynx Lynx lynx 4. Wild boar Sus scrofa 5. Moose Alces alces 6. Roe deer Capreolus capreolus Brown Bear (Ursus arctos) Hunting season 01.08-31.10 Biggest predator in Klõpsake juhtslaidi teksti laadide redigee Estonian forest. Teine tase Average weight 200kg Kolmas tase Neljas tase Record 370kg Viies tase Life-span 30 years Multiplicity - 700 Last hunting season 55 bear were caught. Moose (Alces alces) Hunting season 15.09-15.12 Biggest animal in our
minutes. Moreover, the long twilight time makes the transition between day and night rather smooth and the nights around the Midsummer Day shorter still. 7. Flora & fauna Estonia's plants and animals aren't represented in great variety. The percent of forests is growing every year and the most common trees are pine, birch, spruce, aspen, oak and alder. Forests offer a habitat to different wild animals. Among 65 species of mammals, the most widespread are the elk, roe deer, wild boar, hare, hedgehog, squirrel, fox and marten. Some endangered species, such as the brown bear, lynx and wolf, are represented in small numbers. Estonia is believed to have 40,000 living species, but only about 23,500 have so far been discovered. Compared to more northern areas, Estonia has one of the richest diversities of flora and fauna. Estonia's meadows are very rich in different species and the colours of them are absolutely fantastic. 8. Population
a lot of each species. These consist of slightly modified shrews, hares, rodents, wolves, foxes, bears and deer. There are huge herds of reindeer in North America that feed on lichens and plants. There are also smaller herds of musk oxen. Wolves, wolverines, arctic foxes, and polar bears are the predators of the tundra. Smaller mammals are snowshoe rabbits and lemmings. There aren't many different species of insects in the tundra, but black flies, deer flies, mosquitoes and "no-see-ums" (tiny biting midges) can make the tundra a miserable place to be in the summer. Mosquitoes can keep themselves from freezing by replacing the water in their bodies with a chemical called glycerol. It works like an antifreeze and allows them to survive under the snow during the winter. The marshy tundra is a great place for migratory birds like the harlequin duck, sandpipers and plovers. The tundra is one of Earth's three major carbon dioxide sinks
to 30 °C with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40 °C 8. Animals and plantlife Canada has wide variety of animals that can be found in the mountains, plains, in rivers and lakes and even in people's back-yards. Some of the biggest and widespread are bears. Cougars are the largest cats in Canada. Wolves can be heard but not as easily seen as their cousin the coyote. Bison are now exclusively farmed but goats and sheep can still be seen in the wild. Moose, deer and caribou are also widespread as are the otter and beaver. Reptiles, amphibians and a large selection of snakes also call Canada home. Squirrels, chipmunks, racoons and skunks often found in and around cities. Some of the most common animals to spot in Canada are birds, including Canada Geese, Bald Eagles and the Great Blue Heron. Canada's varied climates allow for a large selection of spiders, bugs and insect while
Facts and figures 3 Geography 3 Climate 3 Nature 4 History 5 Economy 6 Culture 6 Biggest towns 7 Language 8 3 Facts and figures The Republic of Estonia is a small country. Covering only 45, 228 sq km it is slightly bigger than Denmark, Belgium or Switzerland. Estonia's population is under 1.4 million. The official language is Estonian but since very many Russians live here Russian is also wide spread. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn. The currency used in Estonia is Eesti kroon. The Estonian national flag is blue-black-white. It was originally the flag of the Estonian Students' Society. The flag was first consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884. For a while, during the Soviet occupation, the flag was banned but it was again seen in public in Tartu in May 1988. The national flower is cornflower, the national bird is barn swallow and the national stone is
experience rainforests firsthand. o Animal products - Rainforests provide numerous animal products including honey, game meat, hides and ivory. o Ecosystem services - Rainforests play an important role in maintaining biological diversity, modulating precipitation infiltration and flooding, increasing scientific knowledge and in the spiritual well-being of humans. Boreal forests Boreal forests are also known by name Taiga. The largest areas of boreal forest are located in Russia and Canada, but also in the extreme northern continental United States, in Eurasia (most of Sweden, Finland, inland Norway), northern Kazakhstan, northern Mongolia and northern Japan. These forests are occupying about 17% of the land and make up 27% of the world's forest cover. Temperature in these forests is usually low, as the canopy allows very low sunlight to penetrate.
the year, is 17 degrees Celsius. Estonia is located in a humid zone in which the amount of precipitation outnumbers total evaporation. There are about 160 to 180 rainy days a year, and average precipitation is biggest on the western slopes of the Sakala and Haanja Uplands. Snow cover, which is deepest in the south-eastern part of Estonia, usually lasts from mid-December to late March. Flora and fauna. Estonia is a small country and areas of unspoiled nature are very rare. Our plants and animals have been developing only for 10000 years, since the last Ice Age, and they are not represented in a great variety. Once Estonia was almost totally covered with forests. In the middle of the 20 th century only about 20% of the land was covered with forests but now the number has increased to 50%. The most common trees are pine, birch, spruce, aspen and oak. Some of the territory of the forests is protected.
Every animal or plant had to cross about 1000 km of open ocean to arrive on Galapagos. Despite the trials of arrival, over 560 species of native plants, over 55 species of native land vertebrates and 1700 species of native insect are found on Galapagos. There are no large mammals, the key herbivores are reptiles, and the top predators are birds and snakes. Mammals on the Galapagos include two species of bat, two endemic rice rat species and its most famous mammals - the Galapagos sea lion and fur seal. There can be identified four broad categories of habitat (the coastal zone, the dry lowlands, a transition zone and the moist uplands), each with its distinctive species. Lava Cactus: One of the first plants to colonize a new lava field, the Lava Cactus is found on barren black lava flows Iguanas on the Galapagos are either land or marine iguanas. Both are about the same size, growing up to about 1.5m, have stocky heads, a ridge of spiny scales along the neck and backbones
state is Elizabeth ll. The prime minister is Stephen Harpen. The important historical dates are: In 1608 Frenchman Chaplain established New France in Quebec. In 1759 Canada became part of the British Empire. In 1867 the Confederation of Canada was set up. In 1931 Canada became independent from Britain. Canada has a very high standard of living. It is also ranked number one on the UN ´Human Development Index´. The country is particularly advanced in areas of health, education, social protection and human rights. There are also many things that make Canada attractive for tourists. Many visitors to the country come for activity holidays. Outdoor sports like skiing, hiking, riding, swimming, boating, rafting, tennis, golf and fishing are encouraged across Canada. A half- or full-day fishing trip with a guide, which end up with cooking a meal from the catch, has recently become popular.
Broadleaf trees tend to be nutrient-demanding and their leaves bind the major nutrient bases. The autumn leaf fall provides for an abundant and rich humus which begins to decay rapidly in spring just as the growing season begins. The humus content gives soil horizons a brown colour. Temperate rainforest: This forest has nutrient-rich soil because there is a lot of dead organic matter on the ground. This dead material is being slowly digested by the fungi, insects, and bacteria that live here. Temperate Grasslands: Calcification is the dominant soil-forming process in semiarid regions. When this process works on a loess that itself is rich in calcium, the world's most fertile soils are created, the chernozems (A Russian term meaning black soil). Taiga: The low temperatures inhibit bacterial and fungal action, so the decomposition rate is low and the leaf litter relatively deep.The soil in the taiga is thin, acidic and not very nutrient rich. It also is rocky. 6
spiralled horns, which are relatively straight. In males the horns form a wide "V" and can grow to 120 cm (4 ft) in length, slightly longer than on females. Ontogeny and Reproduction Gestation Period: 9 months Young per Birth: 1 Weaning: After 6 months. Sexual Maturity: Females at 15-36 months, males at 4-5 years. Life span: Up to 25 years. Primarily nocturnal, Giant Elands are highly nomadic, with large home ranges and seasonal migration patterns. During the day, herds often rest in sheltered areas. A gregarious species, Giant Eland herds usually consist of twenty or more animals and do not disband during the wet season, suggesting that social rather than ecological factors are responsible for herding. There is no evidence of territoriality, and males rarely display aggression, even during the breeding season. Giant Eland are alert and wary, making them difficult to approach and observe. They move quickly, running at over 70 km/h (42 mph), and despite their size are exceptional
adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills and call attention to common problem areas. We wish you every success in your pursuit of English proficiency. 1 What is Grammar? 5 The Simple Past Tense 98 Regular and Irregular Verbs 99 Was and Were 104 2 The Capital Letter 6 The Past Progressive Tense 106 The Future Tense 108
most successful families of plants. Within the structure we think of as the "flower", it actually has two different types of flowers - ray and disk flowers. The ray flowers have the big, straplike structures that we see around the edge of the "flower" while the disk flowers occupy the middle of it. Within the Asteraceae, many confusing combinations of the two are possible along with the total absence of one or the other in some species! Individual ray or disk flowers may be male, female or both and either fertile or infertile (do or don't produce seeds). In sunflowers, the ray flowers are usually female and infertile. The disk flowers are both male and female and are fertile. If you look closely at the center of a sunflower you can see that the disk flowers grow in a mesmerizing pattern of two opposite spirals. This is most easily seen either before the disk flowers open up or after the seed has set and all the accessory flower parts have fallen off
Geography Papua New Guinea consists of over 600 islands and lies in the middle of the long chain of islands stretching from mainland South-East Asia. The mainland and larger islands are mountainous and rugged, divided by large fertile upland valleys. Fast- flowing rivers from the highlands descend to the coastal plains. A line of active volcanoes stretches along the north coast of the mainland and continues on the island of New Britain. To the north and south of this central mountain range on the main island lie vast stretches of mangrove swamps and coastal river deltas. /1/ Volcanoes and thermal pools are also found in the southeast of other islands. Papua New Guinea offers the greatest variety of terrestrial ecosystems in the South Pacific, including five types of lowland rainforest, 13 types of montane rainforest, five varieties of palm and swamp forest and three different mangrove forests. Two-thirds of the world's species of orchids come from New Guinea. /1/
And its a popular place for winter holidays in the sun. Western has dry, hot, deser climate. Eastern has temperate, wet, and rainfall occurs all year round. Mountains, Rivers and Lakes The Great Barrier Reef, the world's largest coral reef, lies a short distance off the north-east coast and extends for over 2,000 kilometres. Mount Augustus, claimed to be the world's largest monolith, is located in Western Australia. At 2,228 metres, Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland, although Mawson Peak on the remote Australian territory of Heard Island is taller at 2,745 metres. The highest mountain ranges are The Macdonnal Mountains, The Musqrave Mountains, The Hamersley Mountains and The Darling Mountains. Australia's longest river is the Darling, which flows into Southern Ocean and is 2,700 kilometers long. The other long river is The Murray River. Australia's only large permanent lakes have been artificially created
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