) I'll see you on Friday or rather, Saturday. 3. Use the simple present play(s), rain(s) etc to talk about habits and repeated actions. I play tennis every Saturday. (NOT I am playing tennis every Saturday.) It usually rains a lot in November. 4. Use will ..., not the present, for offers and promises. I'll cook you supper this evening. (NOT I cook you supper this evening.) I promise I'll phone you tomorrow. (NOT I promise I phone you tomorrow.) 5. Don't drop prepositions with passive verbs. I don't like to be shouted at. (NOT I don't like to be shouted.) This needs to be thought about some more. (NOT This needs to be thought some more.) 6. Don't use a present tense after It's time. It's time you went home. (NOT It's time you go home.) It's time we invited Bill and Sonia. (NOT It's time we invite Bill and Sonia.) 7. Use was/were born to give dates of birth. I was born in 1975. (NOT I am born in 1975.) Shakespeare was born in 1564. 8
A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example ‘We flew over the mountains at dawn'. countable nouns Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns: •dog, cat, animal, man, person •bottle, box, litre •coin, note, dollar •cup, plate, fork •table, chair, suitcase, bag Countable nouns can be singular or plural:
Peter will visit us tomorrow. Continuous Tenses (kestvad ajad) are used when talking about a particular point in time · We were sleeping when the storm began. What were you doing at five o'clock? When I came, the children were sleeping. Perfect Tenses are used when an action or situation in the present is linked to a moment in the past often used to show things that have happened up to now but aren't finished yet to emphasize that something happened but is not true anymore Mary was tired. She had worked hard all day. Perfect Continuous Tenses Tegevus, mis mingil kindlaksmääratud momendil toimub (või toimus) ja mille alguse kohta on meil andmeid. · The child has been sleeping for six hours already. It has been raining for hours. Irregular verbs Here is a HUGE table about · irregular verbs · that you have to know by heart. · http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwesl/egw/verbs.htm
Word order: positive sentences subjects verb(s) object I speak English. I can speak English. Negative sentences subject verbs Indirect object Direct object place time I will not you the story at Tomorro tell school w. Subordinate Clauses conjunction subject verb(s) Indirec Direct place time t object object
PREPOSITIONS (eessõnad) Prepositions of place: KUS? WHERE? AT ON IN at 10 High Street on Fifth Avenue in the world at 224 Fifth Avenue on the street(AmE) in High Street at the corner of the street on the plane in the east of Europe at a hotel on a bus in London at a store on a boat/ship in Trafalgar Square at the concert on the floor in America at the cinema on the wall in a village at the theatre on the shelf in the country at the station on the table in (the) town
I want you to meet John Smith. I'm so pleased to meet you. This is Jane Smith. I'm Jane Smith. My name's John Smith. Informal introduction Hi. John. Jane. Hello. Titles: Mr Mrs Miss Ms Ms is a modern form of address for women. It replaces the traditional forms of Mrs and Miss. Greetings Good morning/afternoon/evening! 'How are you?' Very often people expect you to say something positive. Here's a breakdown of how you can express how you really are without complaining too much. · Fine, thanks. / On top of the world, thanks. · OK, thanks · Not so bad, thanks. / Can't complain, thanks. · So so, thanks. / So and so, thanks. · Not so good, actually 1 The English alphabet Spelling
english-4u.de/a_an_some_ex6.htm eagles We us the • when we talk about a specific thing. • when it is clear which thing or person we mean. A – AN - THE • when there is only one of something. Examples: What is the highest building in the world? Washington is the capital of the United States.
Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills and call attention to common problem areas.
Ermo Altmäe 011PK Time Prepositions Multiple Choice Exercise Correct! Well done. Your score is 60%. 1. Jane is arriving on January 26 at 2 o'clock in the afternoon. 2. It snows here every year in December. We always go outside and play in the snow on Christmas day. 3. Michael is leaving on Friday at noon. 4. Frankie started working for her law firm in 1995. 5. Franklin began working on the project NO PREP yesterday. 6. Normally, on New Year's Eve, it's tradition to kiss the one you love at midnight. 7 Don't be ridiculous; there were no telephones in the seventeenth century! The telephone was invented in the 1870s. 8
a bonus for Christmas. *The plane's going to leave in ten In many situations when we talk minutes (= prediction based on about future plans we can use present situation, meaning "...and if either the present continuous or you don't hurry up you're going to the 'going to' future. However, miss it!") when we use the present continuous, there is more of a suggestion that an arrangement has already been made. •I'm going to see him./I'm seeing him. •I'm going to do it./I'm doing it. FUTURE CONTINUOUS WILL BE + ING (WILL BE GOING) The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later than now. It is used: 1)To project ourselves into the future and see something happening:
I don't know what the word means. Look it up in a dictionary. 10 ____________________________________________________________________________________________ No, I don't like the Spice Girls. Marks: /10 Words, words, words 4 Complete these sentences using the correct form of the words below. There is one extra word which you do not need to use. aggressive nervous dull funny easy-going ambitious expensive usual experienced successful practical 1 She told a very ________________________ joke and everyone laughed. 2 She's a very ________________________ person. She will do anything to become famous. 3 They didn't give him the job because he was ________________________. He had never done anything like that before.
1 Sorry. I ... (write) a report at the moment. I can't come with you. 2 When Peter arrived, his friends ... (play) football. 3 I ... (sleep) when the alarm went off in my sister's room. 4 Dad's mobile phone is switched off because he ... (fly) to Paris. He's on the plane at the moment. 5 I ... (read) an interesting book. It's a collection of memories. 6 Leo was late again. He ... (step) out of his father's car when the bell rang. 7 Helen ... (lie) on the sofa when an ambulance stopped in front of the house. 8 I ... (give) this report from inside the school radio studio. Right now, the two teams ... (take) their places on the football field. 9 Mrs Watson ... (make) her speech when the girls rushed in. --- 4 2. Write the verbs in the past simple, the future simple, or the present perfect tense. Do you remember? I started I'll start I've started / she's started I'm not interested in sport, but lots of my classmates are. Some of them ... (1 do) great things in sport. Lisa ..
.......................................... 2 Position of Adverbs.................................................................................. 4 Yet, still, already ....................................................................................... 6 Adverbs and Adverbial Phrases An adverb describes a verb, an adjective, another adverb or a whole sentence. Adverbs can be divided according to the information that they give. Types of Adverbs 1. Some adverbs tell us how somebody does something or how something happens. These are called Adverbs of Manner. Please speak quietly. Tom drove carefully along the narrow road. 2. Some adverbs tell us where. These are called Adverbs of Place: She put the book on the table. 3. Some adverbs tell us when. These are called Adverbs of Time. We met them at five o´clock. 4. Some adverbs tell us how often. These are called Adverbs of Frequency. E.g
· I play tennis. · She does not play tennis. USE 4 Now (Non-Continuous Verbs) · Does he play tennis? · The train leaves every morning at 8 AM. · The train does not leave at 9 AM. · When does the train usually leave? · She always forgets her purse. · He never forgets his wallet. Examples: · Every twelve months, the Earth circles the Sun. · I am here now. · Does the Sun circle the Earth? · She is not here now. · He needs help right now. USE 2 Facts or Generalizations · He does not need help now. · He has his passport in his hand. · Do you have your passport with you?
.) · Laws of nature and general truths (The sun sets in the west) · Timetables and programmes · Sporting commentaries, rewiews (Beckham wins the ball, crosses and Owen scores) · Feelings and emotions (I love Tallinn..) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT SIMPLE: usually, often, always, every day/week etc, in the morning/evening etc, at night/the weekend, on Fridays etc. Present Continuous · Actions taking place at or arount the moment of speaking (The kids are watching TV..) · Fixed arrangements in the near future (I'm going to the dentist tomorrow) · Currently changing ang developing situations (The number of burgularies is increasing) · With ,,Always" to express anger or irritation at a repeated action (You're always forgetting..) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT CONTINUOUS: now, at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight etc. Present Perfect
widow/ the roundabout/ table/ her nose/ a page/ an garden/ a town/ a country/ the reception/ the church/ the next island/ the wall/ the floor/ on city centre/ a pool/ the sea/ a stop. page seven. river/ Italy/ the mountains. At the shop. In the shop. Go along this road, then turn There is some water in the There were a lot of people in left at the shop. bottle. the shop. I'll meet you at the entrance to There is a notice on the door. I'll meet you in the hotel. the hotel. There is a label on the bottle. There is somebody at the door. At the top/ the bottom/ the On the left/ the right/ the In a line/ a queue/ a row/ the end/ the top of the page
Yours sincerely, Lee Jones 5. ... I would appreciate a reply at your earliest convenience. I look forward to meeting you to discuss employment opportunities. Yours faithfully, Nicole Porter Paragraph Plan for Letters · salutation · Paragraph 1 reasons for writing · Paragraphs 2, 3 development · Final paragraph closing remarks · Name · Letters are divided into two categories, formal and informal. There are various types of formal and informal letters . · It is important to think about the person who you are writing to before you begin writing a letter. If the wrong style is used, the letter will look impolite, silly or odd. For example, if you used formal language to write to a close friend, the letter would look odd, or if you used informal language to write a letter to a company, the letter would look impolite.
Negative I am not going to work I’m not going to work he/she is not going to fly he/she isn’t going to fly we/you/they are not going to walk we/you/they aren’t going to walk Question Is he/she going to leave? Are we/you/they going to finish? 1. Be going to describes intentions or plans. By the moment of speaking the plans have already been made. I’m going to wait here until Carol gets back. 2. Going to is also used for a prediction when we see from the present situation what is going to happen in the future. Look at that tree! It’s going to fall. Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future. Present Continuous Present Continuous describes fixed arrangements, especially social and travel arrangements. A time reference is usually included. I’m meeting Mary at 5 o’clock. John’s seeing his dentist tomorrow.
2 The Definite Article – the, can be used with both singular and plural countable and uncountable nouns. By the time we got to the bus stop, the bus had already left. The children I saw in the playground were my brother's friends. The weather is awful today! Another general rule about the use of the Indefinite and Definite Article is that the Indefinite Article is used when mentioning someone or something for the first time and the Definite Article is used when referring to someone/something that has been mentioned before. We passed a beautiful house on our way to Birmingham. – Was the house for sale? I saw a man standing near the house. The man was well-dressed and looked like a businessman. In case of plural countable nouns and uncountable nouns, in ordinary situations, when something is mentioned for the first time, some is used.
5) particular / nothing / have / at / tell / you / to / moment / the 4. Give the comparative and the superlative of the following adjectives: ( 5 points ) e.g. tall taller the tallest lucky difficult soft good interesting 5. Put these sentences into the Reported Speech. ( 5 points ) e.g. She said:"I will call you from London." She said that she would call me from London. 1) Eric said:"Jack has gone out." 2) Frank said:"The car is waiting at the front door." 3) Tommy asked:"Is there anybody at home?" 4) I asked my friend:"Why do you come so late?" 5) Jane said:"Think before you answer!" 6. Use the correct Prepositions. ( 20 points ) 1) Jane started learning English two years........ 2) ........Monday Steve asked me to dine with him 3) Mary was born........the second of May........1964. 4) We worked........ ten hours without stopping. 5) They left........seven o`clock........the evening.
EXCLAMATORY and IMPERATIVE sentences end with an exclamation mark ( ! ) : What a beautiful day! Do your homework at once! Parts of the Sentence The basic parts of the sentence are: THE SUBJECT (WHO? WHAT?) , THE PREDICATE (does, is doing, has done, etc – action/statement), THE OBJECT (WHO/WHAT is the action/statement directed at?) : Marion (who?) has a boy-friend (who?). She (who?) likes to read books (what?). The earth (what?) is a planet (what?). Besides, there are: THE ATTRIBUTE (WHAT?/WHAT KIND?) and THE ADVERBIAL (WHEN? - adverbial modifier of time/WHERE? – adverbial modifier of place/ HOW? – adverbial modifier of manner) Attributes modify nouns and stand in front of them. Adverbials modify verbs and usually stand behind them: This girl has a beautiful smile. This girl smiles beautifully. Attributes are usually adjectives but sometimes nouns as well: This is an interesting (adjective) story. The kitchen ( noun) door is locked.
The basic ingredients, when fresh, are so full of flavour that British haven't had to invent sauces to disguise their natural taste. What can compare with fresh pees or new potatoes just boiled and served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in wine or cream and spices, when with just one or two herbs it is absolutely delicious? If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say "Fish and chips" then stop. It is disappointing, but true that, there is no tradition in England of eating in restaurants, because the food doesn't lend itself to such preparation. English cooking is found at home. So it is difficult to a good English restaurant with a reasonable prices. In most cities in Britain you'll find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian restaurants. In London you'll also find Indonesian, Mexican, Greek... Cynics will say that this is because English have no "cuisine" themselves, but this is not quite the true. Vocabulary:
pöördsõna, verb central element. It denotes actions, events, processes and states. Verbs are either regular (cough, coughs, coughing, coughed) or irregular (speak, speaks, spoke, speaking, spoken). There are three main grammatical classes of verb: lexical (walk, put, love), auxiliary (do, be, have) and modal (can, must, will). Lexical and auxiliary verbs indicate contrasts of tense, person and number.
Test Name:............................................................ Mark:...................... 1.Complete the sentences with the prepositions . 1. The test consisted .................. two grammar exercises and a writing task. 2. I read a page .................. the book. 3. It is available .................. the internet. 4. Prices have risen .................. 10 percent. 5. I get a present .................. Jane. 6. Jane is standing ..................the car. 7. She likes a book .................. Mark Twain. 8. I go to school from Monday .................. Friday. 9. He was accused .................. the crime. 10
without whose enthusiasm this story might still be unfinished. But of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. Genesis 2:17 PREFACE I'd never given much thought to how I would die -- though I'd had reason enough in the last few months -- but even if I had, I would not have imagined it like this. I stared without breathing across the long room, into the dark eyes of the hunter, and he looked pleasantly back at me. Surely it was a good way to die, in the place of someone else, someone I loved. Noble, even. That ought to count for something. I knew that if I'd never gone to Forks, I wouldn't be facing death now. But, terrified as I was, I couldn't bring myself to regret the decision. When life offers you a dream so far beyond any of your expectations, it's not reasonable to grieve when it comes to an end. The hunter smiled in a friendly way as he sauntered forward to kill me. 1. FIRST SIGHT
do it) 4. Extension of 3rd person ending ,,s" to 1st and 2nd person forms ,,I/You wants" (used by the working class) 5. Regularisation of ,,be" ,,Me/You/They was" 6. Regularisation of some irregular verbs draw/drawed/have drawed; go/went/have went 7. Optional ,,-ly" ending on adverbs ,,He writes real quick." 8. Unmarked plurality on amounts of measurement after numerals 10 pound, 20 year 9. Different forms of the relative pronoun ,,The man what lives there."/ ,,The man as lives there." 10. Regularisation of reflexive pronouns myself; herself; hisself; theirselves 11. Distinction between main and auxiliary verb ,,do" ,,You done it, did you?" 2) The spread of English. The Inner / Outer / Expanding Circle THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH · 16-18th century the spread took place. · By the beginning of the 19th century English had spread to virtually every part of the world. · 19-20th century the number of speakers only grew.
Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). Syntax (concerned with the rules [grammar] and how sentences and words are formed).
Words that ADD information · also · and · another · besides first, second, third, ... · furthermore · in addition · moreover The little girl put on her yellow shirt and brown overalls. Chris is on the basketball team this semester at Indiana School for the Deaf. In addition, he is on the soccer team. We will be here for one more week so we can finish up our work. Another reason we are staying longer is because we do not want to miss the Deaf Way conference. First of all, pour a half-cup of milk in the bowl; second, add two eggs; and third, stir the mixture. I admire I. King Jordan because he is the first deaf president of Gallaudet. Besides that, I admire him because he is a great long distance runner. Furthermore, he is a dedicated family man. All in
What is your name? (formal) What is your name? (informal) My name is... Mucho gusto. / Encantado. Señor / Señora / Señorita Igualmente. moo-choh goo-stoh / en-cahn- sayn-yor / sayn-yor-ah / ee-guahl-mehn-tay tah-doh sayn-yor-ee-tah Same here. / Same to you. Nice to meet you. Mister / Mrs. / Miss ¿De dónde eres? ¿De dónde es usted? Yo soy de... day dohn-day eh-rehs day dohn-day ehs oo-sted yoh soy day Where are you from? Where are you from? (formal) I'm from..
must be in want of a wife. However little known the feelings or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood, this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families, that he is considered the rightful property of some one or other of their daughters. "My dear Mr. Bennet," said his lady to him one day, "have you heard that Netherfield Park is let at last?" Mr. Bennet replied that he had not. "But it is," returned she; "for Mrs. Long has just been here, and she told me all about it." Mr. Bennet made no answer. "Do you not want to know who has taken it?" cried his wife impatiently. "You want to tell me, and I have no objection to hearing it." This was invitation enough. "Why, my dear, you must know, Mrs. Long says that Netherfield is taken by a young man of large fortune from the north of England; that he came down on Monday in a chaise and four to see the place, and was so much delighted with it, that he agreed with Mr. Morris
Maturita Solutions Advanced Workbook Key stand bananas and coffee! It's a bit 3 1 to 8 of Unit 1 uncanny really. Is it something she's 2 about 9 century passed on to me genetically, or is it 3 like 10 assumed / 1A Memories page 3 learned behaviour? Who knows? 4 of thought / 1 See exercise 2 2 5
Future Perfect You will have walked You will have been walking. I will have run. I will have been running. The Simple Present Tense Expresses a habit or often repeated action. Adverbs of frequency such as, often, seldom, sometimes, never, etc. are used with this tense. She goes to work everyday. They always eat lunch together. On your handout, write one sentence that reflects SIMPLE PRESENT: something you do often, sometimes, never, seldom The Simple Present Tense This tense also expresses general truths or facts that are timeless. Snow falls in the December in Minnesota. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. The Present Continuous This tense is used to describe an action that is occurring right now (at this moment, today, this year, etc.). The action has begun and is still in progress. It can be occuring now, but is temporary
4 1 has/had just arrived 1 1 had been having hits since 1992 5 It looks as if one of them is asleep. 2 was she doing 2 had been writing songs since 1998 6 It's clear that the girl in the front 3 worked/was working 3 had been working as a DJ for six desk isn't interested. 4 travelled years 5 has she changed 4 had been studying psychology for Transcript 6 went five years
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