About 2/3 of the way back on the body is an irregularly shaped dorsal fin. Its flippers are very long, between 1/4 and 1/3 the length of its body, and have large knobs on the leading edge. The flukes, which can be 5.5 m wide, is serrated and pointed at the tips. Adult males measure 12.2-14.6 m, adult females measure 13.7-15.2 m. They weigh 25 to 40 tons. Feeding Feed on krill, small shrimp-like crustaceans, and various kinds of small fish. Each whale eats up to 1 and 1/2 tons of food a day. Mating and breeding Humpback whales reach sexual maturity at 6- 10 years of age or when males reach the length of 11.6 m and females reach 12 m. Each female typically bears a calf every 2-3 years and the gestation period is 12 months. The calf is between 3-4.5 m long at birth, and weighs up to 907 kg. Distribution and migration Is found in all the world's oceans. Most populations of humpback whales
Whale There are 13 species of great whale and several species of smaller whales. Whales are large, intelligent, aquatic mammals. Whales have many features that we- other mammals have. Such as four-chambered heart,hair, they are warm- blooded. They are the only mammals, other than seacows , that live their entire life in the water, and the only mammals that have adapted to life in the open oceans. Whales are not fish, because they have lungs and they breath air with them.What is special about the whales is their size. They are enormous. Whales are about 29 m long, height is the 9 sotry building. Many whales exhibit behaviors such as breaching and tail slapping that expose large parts of their bodies to the air. These mammals communicate with one another using whale songs, which often sound very high-pitched to the human ear. These songs are unique and fascinating even may be scary.
and the surrounding ocean. The total land mass is almost 8,000 sq. km. Highest peak is Wolf Volcano reaching 1707m. The present islands are all younger than 4 million years and were formed separately from other land masses as a result of volcanic eruptions. The Galapagos were discovered in 1535 by Fray Toms de Berlanga, the Bishop of Panama. He was sailing from Panama to Peru when he accidentally discovered the islands. Islands became a favorite hideout for Pirates and the favorite location for whale hunters. After whales were locally cleared the whalers went there for tortoises, an estimated 200 000 or more adults had been removed. The island of Floreana was populated with a group of convicts' in October 1832. Charls Darwin visited the island in 1835, he spent there 5 weeks. Nowadays five of the islands are populated with about 40 000 inhabitants. The name Island of Galapagos means island of tortoises. Every animal or plant had to cross about 1000 km of open ocean to arrive on Galapagos
No trees grow in the tundra so houses can not be made from wood unless it is transported from elsewhere. However, during a large part of the year, the cold part, there is a lot of snow in the tundra. And it turns out that snow can be a very good construction material. In the winter, Inuit lived in round houses made from blocks of snow called "igloos". In the summer, when the snow melted, Inuit lived in tent-like huts made of animal skins stretched over a frame. Although most Inuit people today live in the same community year-round, and live in homes built of other construction materials that have to be imported, in the past Inuit would migrate between a summer and winter camp which was shared by several families. Getting Around To travel from one place to another, Inuit used sleds made of animal bones and skins pulled over the snow and ice by dogs. Strong dogs with thick fur like huskies, bred by Inuit, were used. On
east coast, the Atlantic Ocean, is farther than from North America to Europe. Canada's total land area includes thousands of adjacent islands, notably Newfoundland in the east and those of the Arctic Archipelago in the north. In longitude Canada extends from approximately 52° to 141° W, a distance that spans six time zones. In latitude it extends from approximately 42° to 83° N. With its vast Arctic and subarctic territories, Canada is often considered a country only of the far north; however, the peninsula of southern Ontario juts deeply south into the heartland of the United States, and its southernmost point, Middle Island in Lake Erie, is at the same latitude as northern California. The country also includes several major islands, including Baffin, Ellesmere, Victoria, Newfoundland, and Melville, and many small ones. Its border with the U.S., the longest border in the world not patrolled by military forces, extends 8,890 km. 3
· The landscapes of the northern part of the country, with their tropical climate, consist of woodland, grassland and desert. · At the northwest corner of the continent is the sandstone cliffs and gorges of The Kimberley · Australia has the longest coral reef - The Great Barrier Reef. · At 2,228 metres Mount Kosciuszko on the Great Dividing Range is the highest mountain on the Australian mainland. http://www.youtube.com/watch? v=avLWMHZR5dk Australian animals · Although most of Australia is semi-arid or desert, it includes a diverse range of habitats from alpine heaths to tropical rainforests. · The wildlife in Australia has evolved in isolation and so has a unique and individual appearance. This also means that the animals have adapted well to the varying and often harsh climatic differences around Australia. · About 85% of flowering plants, 84% of mammals, more than 45% of birds, and 89% of in-shore, temperate-zone fish are endemic
NewYork (1801). Letters from an American Farmer is an excellent example of how a New World American thinks about the many changes occurring and that have occurred during the era of Enlightenment. Crevecoeur's essay is an enlightened perspective that shows how the people of that time are feeling about being a part of the new world and its current workings. Although the writer is originally from Normandy, and later Canada, he seems to truly grasp the changes in American society and how vastly different it is from Europe. Crevecoeur explains that America is a literal melting pot for people of all religions. He states that "the Americans become as to religion what they are as a country, allied to all". When Crevecoeur describes the
Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. At surface conditions these will condense out of the gas to form natural gas condensate, often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles petrol in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils. The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies greatly among different oil fields, ranging from as much as 97 percent by weight in the lighter oils to as little as 50 percent in the heavier oils and bitumens. The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly alkanes, cycloalkanes and various aromatic
There also live aborigines. Aborigines are the ancestors of the people. Like the US and Canada, Australia was an English speaking colony of Great Britain. Today Australia is a modern developed country with a diversified economy. Australia is an island continent of 7.7 million square kilometres, which makes it a little smaller than the USA. Located in south of Asia, between The Pacific and Indian Oceans, Australia is the World's driest continent. Although large areas of the centre are desert, Australia has a wide range of climate from tropical in the north to temperate in the south east, where it frequently snows in winter. Geographical position The coasts of Australia are surrounded by the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Southern Ocean. Four seas are surrounding Australia, which are the Timor Sea and Arafura Sea in the north of Australia, the Coral Sea in the north-east of Australia and the Tasman Sea, near the island of
Australia is an island continent and it is located between the Indian and South Pacific oceans south east of Asia. From the north it is bordered by the Timor Sea and the Torres Strait. From the east by the Coral Sea and the Tasman Sea. Australia's coastline is about 37,000 km long. The Great Australian Bight washes the southern coast. The Gulf of Carpenteria and the Cape York Peninsula surround it in the south. 3. Relief Australia is the smallest continent in the world It is often called the island continent because is too big for an island but rather small for a continent. Australia is 1,800 miles from the mainland of Asia and almost half way round the world from Europe. More than 6,000 miles of ocean separate in from the America. Australia is the only continent except for Antarctica that lies all south of the equator. The natural zones of Australia are very various. There are deserts, semi deserts, grasslands, savannas, bushlands and rainforests.
Tundra animals Reindeer Reindeer were first domesticated in Norway and northern Asia. When it was seen how valuable they were, they were brought to Alaska in 1887 and later to parts of Canada. These North American reindeer became known as caribou. Although they are called by different names, they are both considered to be a single species. Unlike deer, both the male and female have antlers. The antlers of the male are long, branched and massive, and they are a little flattened at the ends. The antlers of the female are much shorter, simpler and more slender and irregular. Their large, spreading hooves support the animal in snow in the winter and marshy tundra in the summer. Reindeer are also great swimmers and use their feet as paddles. They can also lower their metabolic rate and go into a semi-hibernation when conditions get very harsh.
of other females in their hibernate, which is range. similar to other subtropical mammals. Eating and food · It has a diet which is 99% bamboo. · Giant Panda must have at least two different species of bamboo available in its range to avoid starvation. · The Giant Panda may eat other foods such as honey, eggs, yams, shrub leaves, oranges, bananas and even meat and fish when available. · The average Giant Panda eats as much as 9 to 14 kg of bamboo shoots a day. · Pandas eat for up to 14 hours a day. Size · At birth, the Giant Panda is only about the size of a stick of butter (150 grams) which is about 1/900 of the mother's weight. · Adults measure around 1.5 m long and around 75 cm tall, at the shoulder. Males are 10-20% larger than females. Males can weigh up to 115 kg.
The dominant version of the gene produces normal black pigment in the coat while the recessive version produces red pigment. The name comes from the effect of black or brown pigment not being extended throughout the whole coat, but being restricted to the skin of the extremities and to the eyes (for example in bay horses). This Norwegian Forest Cat was bred by Yve Hamilton Bruce from a silver mackerel tabby female (imported from Denmark) and a classic red tabby and white male. The result was 1 silver tabbies and 2 silver tabbies with white. At just over 3 months old, this silver and white tabby male developed a large patch of bright red hair on his back which continued to spread. Eventually the whole fur will become amber. The effect of amber during the colour-change stage depends on the original colour - solid black or blue, bicolour or tabby. The cat pictured is not a typical amber as it has the silver gene so the amber effect is overlaid on silver.
As the bud stage ends, the stem(tüvi) stiffens(kangestuma, jäigastuma) and the blooming stage is reached. Sunflowers in the blooming stage are not heliotropic anymore. The stem has frozen, typically in an eastward orientation. The stem and leaves lose their green color. The wild sunflower typically does not turn toward the sun; its flowering heads may face many directions when mature. However, the leaves typically exhibit some heliotropism. Cultivation and uses A sunflower farm near Mysore, India. Sunflower heads solds as snacks in China. Sunflowers are native(pärit) to the Americas. The earliest known examples of a fully domesticated sunflower were found at the Olmec site of San Andrés dating some time before 2500 B.C.[1] The Incas used the sunflower as an image of their sun god. Gold images of the flower, as well as seeds, were taken back to Europe early in the 16th century. The Giant sunflower (Hlianthus giganteus) is native to Connecticut. They can grow to be
My name is Siiri Paurson. And I will be speaking today about OVERFISHING. I will be speaking for about 10 minutes. I’ll be pleased to answer any questions you may have at the end of the presentation. INTRODUCTION: What is overfishing? What is causing overfishing? Why is overfishing a problem? Fishing down the food web. What can we do to help? WHAT IS OVERFISHING?: Overfishing can be defined in a number of ways. However, everything comes down to one simple point: Catching too much fish for the system to support leads to an overall degradation (degrödašon) to the system. Overfishing is a non-sustainable use of the oceans. WHAT IS CAUSING OVERFISHING?: Worldwide, fishing fleets are two to three times as large as needed to take present day catches of fish and other marine species (spiišis) and as what our oceans can sustainably support. On a global scale we have enough fishing capacity (cäpaseti) to cover at least four Earth like planets.
An adaptable species, the cougar is found in every major North American habitat. The Mountain lions of Yellowstone region were significantly reduced by predator control measures during the early 1900s. It is reported that 121 lions were removed from the park between the years 1904 and 1925. Then, the remaining population was estimated to be 12 individuals. Mountain lions apparently existed at very low numbers between 1925 and 1940. They maintain a secretive profile in the Yellowstone region. Although the cougar population numbered in the hundreds during the early 1900s, controlled hunts between 1904 and 1925 decimated the population. Today, twenty to thirty-five mountain lions reportedly inhabit Yellowstone Park, but sightings are rare. Shy and elusive, mountain lions live solitary lives and practice mutual avoidance. Males and females interact for breeding when females are about 2 1/2 years old. Giving birth throughout the
aborigines can prove they have always used particular land, it has not been sold, or changed by government acts, then the land could be claimed as aboriginal land. Religion The Aboriginal religion is based heavily on the Dreaming. The Dreaming is the Aboriginal creation story. Aborigines believe that at the beginning of time the world was a shapeless mass of nothing, waiting to be transformed into what we see today. The mythic beings called the ancestors arrived, the ancestors took many shapes, although most commonly they were great serpants. The ancestors began to travel across the world shaping the landscape and creating new life as they went. Every major geographical feature in Australia has an aboriginal story to explain it. The Dreaming gets very abstract, it turns almost into another dimension. Aborigines believe that they are constantly living in the Dreaming and that every time they do something they leave an impression on the other reality. The
Australia Australia is the smallest continent in the world. It is 7.6 million square kilometres big. It is often called the island continent because it is rather small for a continent and very big for an island. There are only five countries bigger than Australia in the World. There are five states in the mainland. Tasmania is also considered as a state so there are six states. The Northern Territory and Canberra are also independent but they are not states. Canberra is the capital of Australia and it is situated between Sydney and Melbourne because both of these cities wanted to be the capital.
drowns. The golden wattle was proclaimed the official national floral emblem in 1988. It is a spreading shrub or a small tree, which grows in the under storey of open forest, woodland and open scrub in South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. Green and gold were proclaimed Australia's national colour by the Governor-General in 1984. Before the proclamation, Australia had no official colour, although three colour combinations traditionally had a claim to be Australia's national colours: red, white and blue; blue and gold; and green and gold. Head of State: The Head of State is the Queen of United Kingdom, who is also the Queen of Australia. In practise, Governor-General performs her functions in queen's absence (now, Governor-General is Quentin Pryce and she is the 25th.) Government:
would be able to see something in a tree. There was a research about sheep recognising faces and genders. Pictures of sheep and humans were shown. Sheep was supposed to choose between face images in order to gain access to the real individuaal whose face-picture had been seen. The sheep chose sheep faces over human ones and familiar sheep faces over unfamiliar ones. For the studies was used only female sheep. So when they were sexually interested they chose male faces every time. Color perception Contrary to previous thought, sheep and other livestock perceive colors, though their color vision is not as well-developed as it is in humans. Sheep will react with fear to new colors. Hearing Sheep have excellent hearing. They can direct their ears in the direction of a sound. Sound arrives at each ear at slightly different times, with a small difference in amplitude. Sheep are frightened by high-pitched and loud noises, such as barking dogs or firecrackers
barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago containing some of the world's largest islands. Average winter and summer high temperatures across the country vary depending on the location. Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the Prairie provinces, where daily average temperatures are near -15°C (5°F), but can drop below 40°C (40°F) with severe wind chills. Coastal British Columbia is an exception and enjoys a temperate climate with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coast average high temperatures are generally in the low 20°C, while between the coasts the average summer high temperature range between 25°C to 30°C with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40°C.
tropical hardwood trees, such as merbau. Vast quantities are being exported illegally from both Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. Some of the plants here are more than 100 million years old. Canopy trees can reach over 50 m and have straight trunks, which often are supported by buttress roots. /4/ Species of plants Species groups have their comfort zones. Take plants for example. In New Guinea, the greatest diversity is seen in lowland forests. For birds, it's the opposite - diversity increases as we go up in altitude. /2/ Between 15,000 and 20,000 plant species thrive in New Guinea, many in the island's forests. This extraordinary diversity has been brought about by the favourable soil types, the climate and species migration from other areas
This is especially true because water is able to transport pollution from one location to another. For many years, chemicals were dumped into bodies of water without concern. While many countries have now banned such behavior, it continues to go on today. As the world has industrialized and its population has grown, the problem of water pollution has intensified. The simple fact that millions of people live along coastlines and near rivers means that these bodies of water are likely candidates for heavy and destructive pollution. It is hard to know now what our oceans will look like in the future. Just how damaged they will be by pollution is uncertain. Acid rain The term acid rain refers to what scientists call acid deposition. It is caused by airborne acidic pollutants and has highly destructive results. Scientists first discovered acid rain in 1852, when the English chemist Robert Agnus invented the term
transfer to target plant. Genetically modified crops can cause serious environmental problems as an engineered gene may prove toxic to wildlife. Another drawback is that increased use of toxins to make insect resistant plant can cause resultant organisms to become resistant to antibiotics. FIND OUT 5 REASONS TO AVOID GM FOOD. If humans continue moving forward in such a harmful way towards the future, then there will be no future to consider. Although it’s true that we cannot physically stop our ozone layer from thinning there are still so many things we can do. Sustainability is the key to prevent or reduce the effect of environmental issues. There is now clear scientific evidence that humanity is living unsustainably, and that an unprecedented collective effort is needed to return human use of natural resources to within sustainable limits
Argentina has made claims to the Falkland Islands and Spain to Gibraltar. History When the glaciers retreated from Britain about 10,000 years ago, Stone-Age men started to inhabit the isles. The early Britons came across the land bridge which joined Britain to the continent. They were cave-dwellers at first. This way of life was replaced by the invaders from the Mediterranean lands. These men were the first farmers. In about 500 BC came the people whose homeland was near the Rhine River. These were the Celts. The Roman invasion began in 43AD. The Romans were highly organized conquerors. They built good roads, baths and bridges. The Romans stayed in the British Isles up to the 5th century. The remarkable thing about the Romans is that, despite their long occupation of Britain, they left very little behind. Most of the villas and temples the impressive network of roads and the cities they founded, including Londinium,
Canada stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west. To the north lies the Arctic Ocean. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor in the east. This part is thinly soiled, rich in minerals, and dotted with lakes and rivers--over 60% of the world's lakes are in Canada. Canada is rich in lakes and rivers. The largest lake is the Great Bear Lake (31,153 km²). The Great Lakes are a group of five large lakes on or near the United States- Canadian border. They are the largest group of fresh water lakes on the earth and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence system is the largest fresh-water system in the world. They are sometimes referred to as inland seas. Rivers in Canada flow into five major ocean drainage basins: the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans and Hudson Bay. The St. Lawrence is Canada's most important river, providing a seaway for ships from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
Personal vehicles (like cars and light trucks) consume 63 percent of the total energy used for transportation, while commercial vehicles (like large trucks and construction vehicles), mass transit (like airplanes, trains, and buses), and pipelines account for the rest. Picture 2.13. Energy use by type of vehicle RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable energy sources can be replenished in a short period of time. The five renewable sources used most often are: · biomass - including wood and wood waste, municipal solid waste, landfill and biogas, ethanol, and biodiesel; · water (hydropower); · geothermal; · wind; · solar. 3.1 What Role Does Renewable Energy Play in the United States? The use of renewable energy is not new. More than 150 years ago, wood, which is one form of biomass, supplied up to 90 percent of our energy needs. As the use of coal,
dioxide to the atmosphere. The tundra is a very fragile and difficult environment to survive in during the winter, and plants and animals have a hard time coping with any extra disturbances. The smallest stresses can bring about their destruction. More people moving to the tundra to work in the mines and oil rigs have created towns and more roads. These obstacles have disrupted some animal's movements to traditional feeding and denning grounds. When they try to pass through a town they are often scared away or shot. With their feeding patterns disrupted, many polar bears have starved. The Alaskan oil pipeline was built across a caribou migration route. In some places the pipeline has been raised above the ground so the caribou can pass under it. Pesticides have been used to control the hordes of insects. Thousands of migrating birds come to the tundra because of the abundant insects. Through the food chain the pesticides reach many of the animals that live on the tundra
impression that all that the past European forefathers have passed on all their acquired traits to the younger generations following them. The reasoning powers of the great philosophers, the valour of Crusading knights should have been endowed in all rather than a meagre few. According to this theory of evolution descendants could one day attain the heights Europeans had already scaled. The Lamarckian evolution had only one crucial defect, it was entirely untrue. One could cut off a rat's tail, but its offspring would have normal tails. The rules of genetics were not known in Lamarck's day, and were not known until long after Darwin's, when the pioneering work of Mendel was rediscovered at the turn of the twentieth century. But animal breeders had long since discovered certain principles of breeding for desired characteristics, and acquired characteristics played no part in this process. Only through proper training could one find out if a hunting dog had favourable qualities
Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea in the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu in the northeast, and New Zealand in the southeast. Its capital is Canberra. Other big cities are Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. National language in Australia is English. Monetary unit is Australian dollar. Their national holiday is on the 26th of January. In 1788 on the 26th of January the first fleet arrived at Botany Bay and established a penal colony near modern-day Sydney. Geographical Position Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere. It’s the only continent except for Antarctica that is all south of equator. Sometimes Australia is called the island continent. There is a great reason why. It really is an island. It is 2880 km from the mainland of Asia and is almost half way round the world from Europe. More than 9 600 km separates it from America. Australia lies between the Pacific and Indian oceans.
It is the only country in the world that occupies an entire continent. The mainland covers an area of 7.7 million km² and it is about 3700 km from the most northern point to its most southern point and about 4000 km from east to west. There are also many different seas around Australia, like the Coral and the Tasman Seas in the west or the Timor and the Arafura Seas in the north, where the Indian and the Pacific Oceans meet. Because all seas and oceans near Australia are warm, surfing is a very popular hobby. Political subdivision Australia is divided into six states, which are: · New South Wales · Victoria · Queensland · South Australia · Western Australia · Tasmania New South Wales is the most populous state in Australia. Its capital is Sydney. Victoria is one of the most densely populated states in Australia. Its capital city is Melbourne and it was named after the British Prime Minister Lord Melbourne
many years. Gum tree leaves are full of oils, which evaporate easily. That why the Blue Mountains are called like that, because the evaporateing eucalypt oils, which make the air blue. Another big family of native plants is acacias. They are also known as wattles. There are about 900 species of wattles. The golden wattle is Australia's native flower. Its gold flowers and green leaves have inspired the colours worn by many Australian sporting teams. In Australia bushfires are very often to happen. Because the trees and shrubs do not lose their leaves in winter, but grow throughout the year. But when the dry leaves and branches fall down, then there is a lot of dry material and theat helps busfires to burn. Animals Scientists estimate that the continent is home to more that one million animal and plant species. Many of these are found nowhere else on the planet. Among these animals are kangaroos, wombats and koalas. They carry their babies in pouches
combined area of 18.7 million sq km and a population of 140 million. The vast majority of the population live in the six most populous realms: the UK, Canada, Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, and Jamaica. A Commonwealth realm is a country which shares Queen Elizabeth II as monarch. 8. Crown dependency- consist of the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea and thee Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel. Although internationally, the dependencies are recognised as "territories for which the United Kingdom is responsible", the relationship between the Crown dependencies and the UK is "one of mutual respect and support, i.e. a partnership". In 2007-2008, each Crown Dependency and the UK signed agreements that established frameworks for the development of the international identity of each Crown Dependency. 9. Devolution- the statutory granting of powers from the central government of a sovereign
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