Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Articles - konspekt". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
talk, thing, particular, south, place, talking, glass, english, specific, piano, something, first, person, took, drink, hotel, nice, someone, adjective, animal, crocodile, river, money, mount, places, ocean, canal, north, east, west, location, greece, europe, southern, articles, suit, elephant, there, clear, started, glasses, nearest, things, often(not I want orange.) •Where is my bottle? (not Where is bottle?) When a countable noun is plural, we can use it alone: •I like oranges. •Bottles can break. We can use some and any with countable nouns: •I've got some dollars. •Have you got any pens? We can use a few and many with countable nouns: •I've got a few dollars. •I haven't got many pens. definite article The definite article the is the most frequent word in English. We use the definite article in front of a noun when we believe the hearer/reader knows exactly what we are referring to. • because there is only one: The Pope is visiting Russia. The moon is very bright tonight. The Shah of Iran was deposed in 1979. This is why we use the definite article with a superlative adjective: He is the tallest boy in the class. It is the oldest building in the town. • because there is only one in that place or in those surroundings:
General Rules....................................................................... 2 The Definite Article ............................................................... 5 Names that take the Definite Article...................................... 6 No article.............................................................................. 7 Countable and uncountable nouns ....................................... 9 General Rules There are two articles in the English language – the Indefinite Article and the Definite Article. The Indefinite Article has two forms – a and an (a precedes words beginning with a consonant sound and an precedes words beginning with a vowel sound). It comes from the Old English word ãn, which meant one. The Definite Article is the. It comes from the Old English word ţis, which meant this. Thus, in most general terms, a and an cannot be used with countable nouns in the plural and with uncountable nouns
Book 1 BASIC ENGLISH BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR GRAMMAR BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR Book 1 Book 1 Younger students at beginning to intermediate levels will greatly benefit from this step-by-step approach to English grammar basics. This is the ideal supplement to your language arts program whether your students are native
Golden Grammar rules 1. Don't use an with own. Sue needs her own room. (NOT Sue needs an own room.) I'd like a phone line of my own. (NOT ... an own phone line.) 2. Use or rather to correct yourself. She's German or rather, Austrian. (NOT She's German or better, Austrian.) I'll see you on Friday or rather, Saturday. 3. Use the simple present play(s), rain(s) etc to talk about habits and repeated actions. I play tennis every Saturday. (NOT I am playing tennis every Saturday.) It usually rains a lot in November. 4. Use will ..., not the present, for offers and promises. I'll cook you supper this evening. (NOT I cook you supper this evening.) I promise I'll phone you tomorrow. (NOT I promise I phone you tomorrow.) 5. Don't drop prepositions with passive verbs. I don't like to be shouted at. (NOT I don't like to be shouted.)
http://www.english-4u.de/a_an_some_ex1.htm ◦ *some bananas *some cats *some monkeys *some 2. http://www.english-4u.de/a_an_some_ex3.htm balls ◦ *some eggs*some oranges *some umbrellas *some 3. http://www.english-4u.de/a_an_some_ex6.htm eagles We us the • when we talk about a specific thing. • when it is clear which thing or person we mean. A – AN - THE • when there is only one of something. Examples:
'How are you?' Very often people expect you to say something positive. Here's a breakdown of how you can express how you really are without complaining too much. · Fine, thanks. / On top of the world, thanks. · OK, thanks · Not so bad, thanks. / Can't complain, thanks. · So so, thanks. / So and so, thanks. · Not so good, actually 1 The English alphabet Spelling Work with your partner and spell out first your name and then some names of places. Write down each letter as you hear it, and then say the word. The English alphabet on the phone: You might find the following alphabet (used by international airlines) useful when trying to spell a word on the telephone. A Alpha O Oscar Ä Alpha-Echo Ö Oscar-Echo
ARTICLES INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A/AN) 1.The indefinite article a/an is only used in front of a singular countable noun mentioned for the first time.The is used when it is mentioned.The is used when it is mentioned a second time, e.g. I bought a jacket and a dress. The jacket was quite cheap 2.Other uses: -to talk about someone's job, e.g. She's an architect. -with numbers and fractions, e.g. a hundred, a million, a third -to mean every with expressions of time, e.g. once a week, five times a year -with What...! exclamations, e.g. What a strange person! ZERO ARTICLE (NO ARTICLE) There is no article: -in front of plural countable nouns when making general statements, e.g. Apples are good for you. -in front of an uncountable noun when making general statements, e.g. Coffee keeps me awake.
Word order: positive sentences subjects verb(s) object I speak English. I can speak English. Negative sentences subject verbs Indirect object Direct object place time I will not you the story at Tomorro tell school w. Subordinate Clauses conjunction subject verb(s) Indirec Direct place time t object object
tense Affirmative/Negative/Question Use Signal Words always, every ..., action in the present Simple Present A: He speaks. never, normally, N: He does not speak. taking place once, never or often, seldom, Q: Does he speak? several times sometimes, usually if sentences type I facts (If I talk, ...)
........................................................5 Word Order in Negative Sentences......................................................6 Word Order in General Questions.........................................................7 Word Order in Special Questions ..........................................................8 Word Order in Subject Questions ..........................................................9 Types of Sentences There are four basic types of sentences in English. AFFIRMATIVE and NEGATIVE sentences both end with a full stop ( ) : . I live in Tallinn. I do not live in Tallinn. I never watch soap operas. INTERROGATIVE sentences end with a question mark ( ? ) : Do you live in Tallinn? Why do you never watch soap operas? EXCLAMATORY and IMPERATIVE sentences end with an exclamation mark ( ! ) : What a beautiful day! Do your homework at once! Parts of the Sentence The basic parts of the sentence are: THE SUBJECT (WHO? WHAT?) ,
.) · Laws of nature and general truths (The sun sets in the west) · Timetables and programmes · Sporting commentaries, rewiews (Beckham wins the ball, crosses and Owen scores) · Feelings and emotions (I love Tallinn..) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT SIMPLE: usually, often, always, every day/week etc, in the morning/evening etc, at night/the weekend, on Fridays etc. Present Continuous · Actions taking place at or arount the moment of speaking (The kids are watching TV..) · Fixed arrangements in the near future (I'm going to the dentist tomorrow) · Currently changing ang developing situations (The number of burgularies is increasing) · With ,,Always" to express anger or irritation at a repeated action (You're always forgetting..) TIME EXPRESSIONS USED WITH PRESENT CONTINUOUS: now, at the moment, at present, these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight etc. Present Perfect
Read the following description I am from Seattle, Washington. Seattle is a city in the United States. It is near the border of Canada in the northwest corner of the USA. I live in a town called Olympia which is on the Puget Sound. I live in a house in a street in the countryside. The street is called "Bear Street" and the house is old - more than 100 years old! I am an English teacher at a school in the center of the town. I like books and taking photographs. I usually have lunch at school. I usually go home by car. We have all kinds of food in Olympia. I like Italian food very much. Sometimes, I go to an Italian restaurant in Seattle. The restaurant is called "Luigi's". Italian food is great! Here are the rules for when to use "A, An or The": · a = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with consonants
LEXICOLOGY 1. Size of English vocabulary 1) Old English – 50,000 to 60,000 words Vocabulary of Shakespeare OE – homogeneous; 1/3 of the vocabulary has survived • 884,647 words of running text About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot, cosmopolitan language
consideration, considerate, inconsiderate, inconsiderateness Inflectional affixes: Inflectional affixes may be described as `relational markers' that fit words for use in a sentence (express a syntactic relation). Inflections do not change the grammatical class of a given item or produce new lexemes, just different word forms. Inflection is a general grammatical process that combines words and affixes to produce alternative grammatical forms of words. Inflectional affixes are always suffixes in English. consider, considers, considered Open vs. Closed class words: In linguistics, a closed class (or closed word class) is a word class to which no new items can normally be added, and that usually contains a relatively small number of items. Typical closed classes found in many languages are adpositions (prepositions and postpositions), determiners, conjunctions, and pronouns.[1] Contrastingly, an open class offers possibilities for expansion. Typical open classes such
Style The term style is a polysemantic one. The latin word ,,stilus" meant a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Already, in classical latin the meaning of style was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. One of the abts/the best was given by Jonathan Swift: ,,Proper words in proper places." In present- day english, the world style is used in about half a dozen basic meanings. 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas. Some speak about the style of Hemingway, Dickens etc. 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period. Style of symbolism, romanticism 3. the use of language to pick a literary genre-comedy, novel, drama, O.D (poetic form) etc. 4
In particular, I doubt that any of the objections to any of the theories is fatal; champions of theories are remarkably good at avoiding or refuting objec- tions. The real theorizing begins where this book leaves off. x Preface I have used some notation of formal logic, specifically the predicate calcu- lus, for those who are familiar with it and will find points made clearer by it. But in each case I have also explained the meaning in English. Many of the writings to be discussed in this book can be found in the following anthologies: T. Olshewsky (ed.), Problems in the Philosophy of Language (Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969); J. F. Rosenberg and C. Travis (eds.) Readings in the Philosophy of Language (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1971); D. Davidson and G. Harman (eds.), The Logic of Grammar (Encino, CA: Dickenson, 1975); R. M. Harnish (ed.) Basic
although there are certain similarities fast in the town. 2 fall through 6 go down with in our physical build. I also seem to 4 Well, he would keep misbehaving 3 tip off 7 come to have inherited his big feet, unluckily in class. 4 come up with 8 mistake for for me. It was the first thing my parents 5 Well, you would keep eating too noticed when I was born! 3 1 Laura was offered a place at much. Personality-wise, I've got a lot of my Manchester University but she dad's traits in me. We're both quite bubbly and friendly (or so people
Tests Superstar 1 Luke Prodromou Test 1 Name____________________ Class_______ Use your English 1 Complete these sentences using the correct form (present simple or present continuous) of the verb in brackets. _ 1 She is in a band and she _________________________________ (record) a CD at the moment. _ 2 She is an actress and often _________________________________ (appear) on television. _ 3 At the moment she _________________________________ (have) a rest because she is tired. _ 4 Mike is a doctor and he _________________________________ (live) in Manchester.
1 Grammatical Terminology PRACTICAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR FLGR.01.042 Grammatical Terminology analytic analüütiline (= uninflected - grammar is focused in the sentence , e.g. English) synthetic sünteetiline (= inflected - grammar is focused in the word, e.g. Estonian, Latin, Russian, Old English) ending lõpp (käände- ja pöördelõpud)
1. STYLE The term "style" is polysemantic (has many meanings): a Latin word "stilus" originally meant a writing instrument used by ancient people. Already in classical Latin the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift defined style as "proper words in proper places". In present day English the word "style" is used in about a dozen of principle meanings: 1. the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his/her ideas (e.g. style of Byron) 2. the manner of expressing ideas, characteristic of a literary movement or period 3. the use of language typical of a literary genre (e.g. the style of a comedy, drama, novel). 4. the selective use of language that depends on spheres / areas of human activity (e.g. style of fiction, scientific prose,
I don’t think there is any petrol in the tank. 2 Some or any can be used with singular, countable nouns: Some here usually means ’an unspecified or unknown’: Some idiot parked his car outside my garage. Or other can be added to emphasize that the speaker isn’t very interested: He doesn’t believe in conventional medicine; he has some remedy or other of his own. Any can mean ’practically every’, ‘no particular (one)’: Any book about writing will tell you how to saddle a horse. Any dictionary will give you the meaning of these words. No (+ Noun) and none (+ Pronoun) No and none can be used with affirmative verbs to express a negative: I have no cherries in my garden, I had some last year but I have none this year. No + Noun can be the subject of a sentence: No work was done. No letter(s) have arrived. None as the subject is possible but not very usual:
Phonetic SD ("Rhythm And Style") 8. Lexical SD* 9. Syntactic SD* Use lecture notes 10. Graphical means and devices 11. Common literary and common colloquial vocabulary 12. Special literary vocabulary 13. Special colloquial vocabulary 14. Metre in English poetry. Modifications of metre ("Rhythm and Text") 15. Typically English stanzas ("Rhythm and Text") 16. Rhythm in poetry and in prose ("Rhythm and Text") Study independently 17. Varieties of language (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 18. Emotive prose (I. Galperin "Stylistics") 19. Scientific prose style (I. Galperin "Stylistics")
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related).
They say it's unimaginable, boring, tasteless, it's chips with everything and totally overcooked vegetables. The basic ingredients, when fresh, are so full of flavour that British haven't had to invent sauces to disguise their natural taste. What can compare with fresh pees or new potatoes just boiled and served with butter? Why drown spring lamb in wine or cream and spices, when with just one or two herbs it is absolutely delicious? If you ask foreigners to name some typically English dishes, they will probably say "Fish and chips" then stop. It is disappointing, but true that, there is no tradition in England of eating in restaurants, because the food doesn't lend itself to such preparation. English cooking is found at home. So it is difficult to a good English restaurant with a reasonable prices. In most cities in Britain you'll find Indian, Chinese, French and Italian restaurants. In London you'll also find Indonesian, Mexican, Greek..
.......................................... 3 Prepositions of Time – during & while ................................................................. 4 Prepositions of Time – by & by the time .............................................................. 4 Prepositions of Time – until & from ... till / to ... ................................................. 4 Prepositions of Time - ago................................................................................... 5 Prepositions of Place – in .................................................................................... 5 Prepositions of Place – at .................................................................................... 5 Prepositions of Place – on ................................................................................... 6 Prepositions of Place - in & at with towns & villages............................................ 6
including all foreign books distributed in the UK. It also purchases many items which are only printed abroad. The British Library adds some 3 million items every year. My book. I read Agatha Christie's "The Body in the Library". The story was 130 pages long. The book was first published in 1942 but my version was published in 1983 by Moscow Vyssaja Skola. The genre of the book is mystery novel. The story takes placed in an imaginary English village St Mary Mead where the body was found and the fashionable seaside resort Danemouth because most of the suspects were staying there at the Majestic Hotel. St Mary Mead seems to be a nice quiet village where strange things happen once in a while. Very different people live there from different social standings. And Miss Marple knows them all very well, like it's usual for a small village. The story takes place in the 1940's I think. The date is not mentioned in the
Simple Present · · New York is a small city. It is not important that this fact is untrue. [VERB] + s/es in third person USE 3 Scheduled Events in the Near Examples: Future · You speak English. · Do you speak English? · You do not speak English. USE 1 Repeated Actions Examples: · The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. · The bus does not arrive at 11 AM, it arrives at 11 PM. · When do we board the plane?
Whether you agree with me or not is immaterial. The only important point is that we must stop the blame game and accept responsibility for the present state of the Black Race. Truth shall set you free, it has set me free. RAPE OF A RACE Let’s take slavery for instance. We attribute everything that has happened to the Black race to slavery. We delude ourselves about African Kingdoms which had thrived before the onslaught of first the Arabs, and later the Caucasians. We talk about the Pyramids of Egypt, the great empire of Mali and the learning capital of Timbuktu. Yes, I am constrained to agree that these were great legacies that our ancestors left us, but one cannot deny the fact that in the middle Passage of the 19th century we stopped functioning as a people with intelligence and the instinct to defend ourselves. In the 17th century, more than 36 million African men and women were taken into slavery and to the shores of America
ELT Methodology (FLGR.01.041) 27.12.2012 Home Assignments. I Youtube clips: · A vision of K-12 students I personally think that Estonian learners are also digital learners. They spend more time at the computers or laptops or iPads etc. than read books or move outside. And another thing is that teachers are less capable in using technological appliances. But the latter mentioned fact is an advantage for us teachers as well. It gives us an opportunity to provide our students to experience success. They can help and assist us if we need some technological help. Another thing is that in schools, in classes generally students are not allowed to use their appliances, so it means they have to communicate verbally as well. I
Example: He comes to work by taxi. A/an Using a or an depends on the sound that begins the next word. · a is used before singular countable nouns which begin with a consonant sound. Examples: a boy, a car, a bike, a zoo, a union, a house · an is used before singular countable nouns which begin with a vowel sound. Examples: an elephant, an egg, an apple, an orphan, an army · Is used when referring to an unspecified thing. Exmaple: Mary really wants a dog for Christmas. "When I was at the zoo, I saw an elephant!" · Is used with singular countable nouns when we want to say what sombody/something is or what someone's job is. Example: It is a cat. Sue is an engineer. · Is used when something/somebody is mentioned first time. Example: She picked up a book. · Is used when you want to show how often you do something. Example: I go to the gym twice a week.
2 had known had been waiting singers and TV presenters 3 had enjoyed/had been enjoying 1A Talking about people 4 had thought/had been thinking page 3 3 1 F 3 F 5 T 5 had understood 2 F 4 T 6 F 1 1 unreliable 4 modest 6 had belonged 2 naive 5 thoughtless Challenge
I am _____ years old. How old are you? (formal) How old are you? (informal) ¿Hablas inglés? ¿Habla usted español? (No) Hablo... ah-blahs een-glehs ah-blah oo-sted eh-spahn-yol noh ah-bloh Do you speak English? Do you speak Spanish? (formal) I (don't) speak... (informal) ¿Entiende usted? / ¿Entiendes? (No) Entiendo. Yo (no lo) se. ehn-tyen-deh oo-sted / ehn-tyen- noh ehn-tyen-doh yoh noh loh seh dehs I (don't) understand. I (don't) know. Do you understand? (formal / informal)
In some cases could can be used with a past meaning: I could swim when I was six. (=general ability) • They have no infinitives and no –ing forms. Other expressions are used instead. I’d love to be able to ski. I hate having to get up early. • They are followed by an infinitive without -to. The exception is ought to. You must go. I’ll help you. You ought to see a doctor. • They can be used with perfect infinitives to talk about the past. You should have told me that you can’t swim. You might have drowned. 2 When to use the Modal Verbs • Each Modal Verb has at least two meanings: I must post this letter! (= obligation) You must be tired! (= deduction, probability) Could you help me? (= request) We could go to Spain for our holidays. (= possibility) May I go home now? (= permission) Where’s Anna
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