Adjectives WB 3/7; 3/8; p29; 5/5; 5/6: 10/2 Omadussõna võrdlusastmed: 1. algvõrre positive 2. keskvõrre comparative 3. ülivõrre superlative ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Ühesilbilised omadussõnad: long longer longest 2. Kahesilbilised omadussõnad: a) sõna lõpus -er; -ow; -y clever cleverer the cleverest narrow narrower the narrowest
POSITIVE generous - suuremeelne, helde creative - loov, loominguline faithful - ustav, truu Jovial - lustlik Dynamic - dünaamiline, jõuline, liikuv Compassionate - kaastundlik sociable- seltskondlik, seltsiv, sõbralik charming- võluv urbane- suurlinlik, lihvitud kommetega pleasant- meeldiv artistic- kunstipärane Genial- südamlik, lahke, leebe Humanitarian-Abivalmis, Hooldav. Ethereal-Rahuline, Õnnelik. Dry humor-Teeb hääli ja nägusi et nalja paremini väljendada. Humorous- humoorikas, naljakas Careful- hoolas, tähelepanelik Practical- praktiline Prudent- mõistlik Magnanimous- suuremeelne Exuberant- ülevoolav Warmhearted- südamlik Broad-minded- avatud mõtlemisega, uuenduslik Caring- hooliv affectionate- hell intuitive-terviklikult nägev, intuitiivne unworldly- ebamaine receptive- vastuvõtlik selfless- isetu, omakasupüüdmatu Straight- forward- otsekohene Ethical- eetiline, moraalne Intellectual- mõistuslik challenging- väljakutusv pr...
Negative intolerant - sallimatu Reckless - hoolimatu, kergemeelne Superficial - pealiskaudne Irresponsible - vastutustundetu Restless rahutu indecisive- kõhklev, ebakindel, otsustusvõimetu shallow- pealiskaudne aloof- endassesulgunud gullible- kergeusklik, lihtsameelne Contrary-vastandlik Perverse- paheline, jonnakas Unpredictable- Ettearvamatu. Unemotional-mitte emotsionaalne Rigid- kangekaelne, jäik Grudging- kade, ihne Pessimistic- pessimistlik Dull- tuim, igav, nüri Interfering- oma nina teiste asjadesse toppiv, sekkuv Lazy- laisk Dogmatic- dogmaatiline Cold- külm, kalk exaggerative-liialdav fickle- püsimatu weak-willed - tahtetu, iseloomult nõrk vague- ebamäärane, selgusetu to be easily led- kergesti eksitav Tactless- taktitundetu Kiddish- lapsik detached- eraklik, erapooletu rebellious- mässumeelne Intractable - allumatu, juhtimatu, tõrges Erratic - ettearvamatu, mittenõustuv, tujukas quick-tempered - äkilise iselo...
Languages: · English; Chinese Ballgames: · volleyball Of- forms: · The Republic of Estonia Meals: · Lunch; dinner Air, sky, earth, moon: · The moon Musical instruments: · The violin; the guitar Academic subjects: · Biology; history Go to------ school, university, sea, bed, work, hospital: · - Nationalities: · Dutch; Spanish 4. Comparison of adjectives: Adjectives with one syllable: clean cleaner cleanest new newer newest cheap cheaper cheapest Adjectives with two syllables and the following endings: Adjectives with two syllables, ending in -y dirty dirtier dirtiest easy easier easiest happy happier happiest
"people, places, or things". Nouns also denote abstract and intangible concepts such as birth, happiness, evolution, technology, management, imagination, revenge, politics, hope, cookery, sport... Determiners are followed by the noun. Determiners are the, a or an. The determiner the is known as the definite article and a is indefinite article. Verbs have traditionally been defined as „action“ words or „doing“ words. Travels, sings, walked, cooked... Adjectives typically describe an attribute of a noun. Cold, large, violent, beautiful... Adverbs are used to modify a verb, and adjective, or another adverb. Slowly, quickly, softly, suddenly, gradually... Prepositions typically come before a noun. Across, after, at, before, by, during, from, into, in... Conjunctions are used to express a connection between words. And, but, or... Formulaic expressions are used to express greetings, farewells, thanks, or apologies. Bye, excuse me, thanks...
Location: My kinda town is located in the south of Europe on the westernmost tip of the country. The region it belongs to is bordering two seas, one in the west and another one to the southwest It is situated on the mainland about 20 km off the coast. It has mainly flat terrain with several hills. Climate: My kinda town has the Mediterranean climate. There are 4 seasons; however spring and autumn are very short. Usually summers are dry and very warm, winters are rainy and mild. Temperatures during winter only occasionally fall below the freezing point and snow generally is seldom seen. In the summer, the temperatures range from mild to very warm. Spring is relatively warm and autumn ...
Degrees of Comparison Table of Contents Degrees of Comparison ......................................................... 2 Formation of comparatives and superlatives from adjectives and adverbs:......................................................................... 2 Adjectives ................................................................. 2 Adverbs .................................................................... 4 Types of comparisons ........................................................... 4 Degrees of Comparison Degrees of Comparison are used to compare things (living beings, actions, phenomena, etc). We use the comparative degree to compare two things: She’s shorter than me. John works harder than Jim.
Read the rules Comparative(keskvõrre) We add err to one-syllable adjectives We change y to i and add er in two-syllable or longer adjectives We put more or less in front of two-syllable on longer adjectives For adjectives that end in one vowel + one consonant, we double final consonant and add er Superlative(ülivõrre) We add est to one-syllable adjectives We add est to two-syllable adjectives that end in y (-y changes to iest) We put most or least in front on two-syllable or longer adjectives We always put the in front on the superlative 1. Complete the table BASE FORM COPRATIVE SUPERLATIVE POPULAR MORE POPULAR THE MOST POPULAR worse better thin big
languages of Southeast Asia and the Philippines, and it is also found in some Native American languages. circumfixes morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and finally. Morphs: the concrete realisation of a morpheme (`was' be, past, singular) Allomorphs: a/an Types of affixes: Derivational and infelctional Derivational affixes: Derivational affixes may change the grammatical class of the root verbs into nouns, nouns into adjectives (boy, boyish), and so on. Derivation is a lexical process which actually forms a new word out of an existing one by adding affixes to stems or roots. consideration, considerate, inconsiderate, inconsiderateness Inflectional affixes: Inflectional affixes may be described as `relational markers' that fit words for use in a sentence (express a syntactic relation). Inflections do not change the grammatical class of a given item or produce new lexemes, just different word forms.
o mountain ranges (the Alps) o deserts (the Negev Desert) o oceans o canals o names or nouns with ''of'' (the Queen of Spain) · musical intruments (the piano) · dances (the samba) · names of families (the Browns) · nationalities ending in sh, -ch or ese (the Welsh). Othe plural nationalities are used with or without ''the'' (the Australians or Australians) · titles (the King, the Professor but: King Philip III) · adjectives used as plural nouns (the rich, the poor) and the superlative degree of adjectives/adverbs (the most successful) · historiacl references/events (the French revolution but: World War II) · only, last, first (used as adjectives) e.g. He was the last person to leave. · morning, afternoon, evening, night holiday (in the morning but: at night, at noon, ad midnight, by day/night, at 5 o'clock, on holiday etc) THE IS OMITTED BEFORE: · proper nouns e.g. Mary is my best friend
grammatical shape of the word, the meaning of the word stays the same. For example: consider, considered, considers. Open class words (content words) → These are the word classes that take in new words, for example by adding affixes to them or borrowing words from other languages. In English these words are most commonly nouns, verbs (not auxiliaries), adjectives and adverbs. Closed class words (function words) → These are words that do not take in any new words. In English the word classes are prepositions, pronouns, determiners and conjunctions. Syntax is the study of how sentences are formed in a language. For example what is the word order ( in English it’s usually subject, verb object) or how words relate to
series. The Constitution establishes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The candidate promised to lower taxes, protect the environment, reduce crime, and end unemployment. The prosecutor argued that the defendant, who was at the scene of the crime, who had a strong revenge motive, and who had access to the murder weapon, was guilty of homicide. 6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with non-coordinate adjectives. Coordinate adjectives are adjectives with equal ("co"-ordinate) status in describing the noun; neither adjective is subordinate to the other. You can decide if two adjectives in a row are coordinate by asking the following questions: · Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written in reverse order?
Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of grammar provided by SADDLEBACK'S BASIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR 1 and 2. Helpful marginal notes throughout the books have been provided to reinforce existing skills and call attention to common problem areas.
Informal letter Greeting Dear + first name, nickname, of family member's name Farewell Love, with love, best wishes, yours etc. depending on the style of the letter. In every type of letter: YOU MUST NOT USE ANY SLANG! aint conna wanna etc. Grammar Formal and semiformal letters: Impersonal style Complex sentence structure Passive Voice Single word verbs Noncolloquial English Formal language Only facts Few adjectives No use of short forms Few pronouns Informal letters: Personal style Short Use of colloquial English Use of idioms and literature expressions Phrasal verbs Pronouns Chatty Wide use of descriptive adjectives Short forms
Look up the words you do not know, and add any others you have come across. Action film / adventure film / animated film / a box-office success / children's film / classic / comedy detective film / dialogue / director / documentary / epic / extra /flop / horror film / leading man / modern / musical / science fiction / screenplay / scriptwriter / sound / special effects / star / stunt man / supporting cast / thriller / track / war film / western. Exercise 3 The following adjectives are often found in reviews. Decide which of them a) are positive and which are negative b) can be used to describe the films you discussed earlier: amateurish / amazing / amusing / atmospheric / attractive / awful / boring / brilliant / clichéd / disappointing / entertaining / exciting / extraordinary / fascinating / funny / heavy-handed / hopeless / humourless / informative / interesting / moving / original / predictable / sentimental / sophisticated /
Billy and the other two dead men were Ground floor Was sitting room; guestbook lying open on the piano 15. Find information about the second character: how she is referred to and what it means, age, physical description, perfume, she’s compared to, when she meet visitors she is (2 adjectives), the man thinks she is (3 adjectives). She is referred to landlady, it means a woman, who is paid rent by people for the use of a room, building, or piece of land that she owns; AGE: 45 or 50 years old; PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: pink face, gentle blue eyes; PERFUME: ? SHE IS COMPARED TO mother of one’s best schoolfriend welcoming one into the house to
The is used before: · Nouns which unique · Names of cinemas, hotels, theatres, museums, newspapers/magazines, ships, institutions, galleries · Names of rivers, seas, groups of islands/states, mountain ranges, deserts, oceans, canals, and names or nouns with ,,of" · Musical instruments, dances · Names of families, nationalities ending in -sh, -ch or -ese, other plural nationalities are used with or without ,,the" · Titles , ,,The" is ommited before titles with proper names · Adjectives used as plural nouns and the superlative degree of adjectives/adverbs · Ülivõrre- the most beautiful · Seasons, beach, cinema, city, coast, country(side), earth, ground, jungle, radio, pub, sea(side), sku, stadion, shop, theatre, village, weather, world · Morning, afternoon, evening, night · Historical reference/events · Only, last, first
of Strong Verbs and Weak Verbs. These verbs take what would normally be a Strong Verb past tense and transfer it to the present. They then build a Weak Verb paradigm upon that Strong Verb present tense. This sounds confusing, but makes sense when you see it applied to an actual verb. The basic idea is that preterite-present verbs are Strong Verbs that have their past tenses and present tenses swapped. STRONG NOUNS AND WEAK NOUNS Like adjectives and pronouns, Old English nouns are declined: different endings are attached to the stem of a word, and these endings indicate what case a word belongs to (and therefore, what grammatical function that word is fulfilling in a sentence. Old English nouns are divided into three main groups, strong, weak, and "minor," based on the noun's stem and the endings that each noun takes in different grammatical cases.
evenings, 5. What the man decides to do: Billy decides to walk on and take a look around at the Bell and Dragon before making up his mind 6. What he does in fact: In fact he started at the small notice “Bed and Breakfast” and involuntarily he moved to the front door and press the bell. 7. Is this normal? Justify with two adjectives from the text: No. 2 ADJ. FROM THE TEXT: queer, 8. The bed & breakfast: a) Looks lovely and comfortable + b) Has too much furniture and too many animals c) Does not appeal to Billy 9. Billy decides: a) That a pub is better than a B&B b) That this B&B is better c) That he must see the Bell and Dragon before deciding + 10. Billy reaches the bell of the B&B because:
1) Describe the photo!! · Describe what you can see and what is happening in the photos. · Say where it's happening: ie on the left/right, at the bottom/top, in the middle,behind, in front · Use Present Continuous. What are they doing? · What clothes are they wearing? · What's the weather like? · Are they inside or outside? · Use adjectives. Do they look happy, sad, angry bored, tired? · How does the photo make you feel? · Would you like to be there? Why/Why not? 2)Comparing and contrasting photos!! · Similarities; all, most, some, both..also, as well, too · Differences; ..but/however/whereas/while/on the other hand.. Although.. 3)Speculate about the situation!! Use may/might/must/could/can't be... He seems to/appears to be.. 4)Give your reaction!! I'd love/hate do to that!
Example: I remembered the fun I had with them. · Is used when you have mentioned something/somebody before. Example: I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms. · Is used with nouns when talking about something specific. Example: Bob has got a car and a bike. The car is green and the bike is blue. · Is used with nouns that are unique. Example: The sky was a brilliant blue. They all sat in the sun. · Is used with superlative adjectives. Example: He was the cleverest man I ever knew. · Is used with the names of families. Example: the Browns · Is used with the names of newspapers, organisations, buildings, titles and art works. Examples: the United Nations, the Taj Mahal, the Queen of England, the Times, the Mona Lisa · Is used with the names of rivers, groups of islands,seas , mountain ranges, canals and oceans. Examples: the Suez Canal, the Pacific Ocean, the Alps, the Bahamas
Adjectives which describe people`s character: Mature täiskasvanulik, küps Immature lapsik (childish) Shy häbelik Warm soe Loving armastav Serious tõsine Sociable seltskondlik Happy rõõmsameelne (cheerful) Lively elav Enthusiastic entusiastlik Lazy laisk Interesting huvitav Nervous närviline Decisive otsustusvõimeline Arrogant ülbe (bossy) Energetic energiline Ambitious auahne Self-centred enesekeskne Reserved tagasihoidlik Mean õel Sensitive tundlik Secretive salalik Intelligent intelligentne Careful hoolas Polite viisakas Rude ebaviisakas Responsible vastutusvõimeline Quick-tempered äkiline Generous helde, lahke (kind) Determined tahtejõuline Funny naljakas Unreliable ebausald...
Prepositional Pl. ? PLURAL FORMS OF ADJECTIVES Nominative and Accusative inanimate: -/ - , , . , , . , , ? , , , . Accusative animate and Genitive: -/ - , , . 1 1B Grammar Week 5 , , ? , , . Prepositional: -/ - , , . , , ? , , . Homework Points
Connotations vary when names of animals have synonyms. e.g pig (swine), donkey (ass), monkey (ape) these words have some positive yet ironic connotations. And there are synonyms which have a rude and negative connotations. Negative connotation becomes stronger in the following emphatic instruction. e.g You impudent pup!, You filthy swine!, You lazy dog! 7 Sometimes, adjectives are used as nouns and then they become expressive and often colloquial. e.g Listen, my sweet, come on, lovely. Abstract nouns may be used for concrete objects and then these nouns become emotional. e.g the old oddity instead of an odd old person, the litte eccentricity =>eccentric child The possessive case may be added to a phrase or sentence, the result is quite humorous. e.g She is the best boy I used to go to with's mother. Who is she? He is the niece I told you about's husband.
This is the case with hard, fast, late. Adjective Adverb Jack is a very fast runner. Jack can run very fast. Ann is a hard worker. Ann works hard. Ann hardly ever works hard. The train was late. Tom got up late this morning. NB! hardly means very little, nearly not; hard means very much 7. Many adverbs end in -ly, because many adjectives can be made into adverbs by adding –ly. E.g. quick/quickly, slow/slowly, brave/bravely, careful/carefully, bad/badly: They didn’t go out because it was raining heavily. Colin was disappointed to see how badly his son had done at the exam. NB! At the same time there are some adjectives which end in –ly as well. The most common are friendly, lively, lovely, ugly, silly, cowardly: Nobody has ever been so friendly to me. (adjective)
fatigue-väsimus ulcers-haavandid viral infections-viiruseinfektsioon circulate-ringlema digestive system-seedetrakt glucose-glükoos bloodstream-vereringe deprive of sleep/insomnia/overtired-unetus,-üleväsinud in tune with/in harmony with/synchronize-harmoonias,-sünkroonias asthma-astma flu-gripp acne-akne heat stroke-kuumarabandus hay fever-heinanohu black eye-sinisilm sprained wrist- nikastanud ranne pulled muscle-lihase streaming cold-külm implant-implantaat deaf-kurt Character adjectives: Optimistic-optimistlik Ambitious-ambitsioonikas sociable-seltskondlik sensitive-tundlik cheerful-rõõmsameelne easy-going-muretu reliable-usaldusväärne impatient-kärsitu sociable-seltskondlik sentimental-sentimentaalne conservative-konservatiivne perfectionist-perfektsionist arrogant-ülbe confident-kindel moody- reliable-usaldusväärne practical-praktiline impatient-kärsitu Feelings: Satisfied-rahul Disappointed-pettunud thrilled-elevil tired-väsinud embarrassed-piinlik
": • He came yesterday. (When did he come?) • I want it now. (When do I want it?) • Or they can answer the question "how often?": • They deliver the newspaper daily. (How often do they deliver the newspaper?) • We sometimes watch a movie. (How often do we watch a movie?) • Adverbs of Degree • Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens. They answer the question "how much?" or "to what degree?". Adverbs of Degree can modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. • She entirely agrees with him. (How much does she agree with him?) • Mary is very beautiful. (To what degree is Mary beautiful? How beautiful is Mary?) • He drove quite dangerously. (To what degree did he drive dangerously? How dangerously did he drive?)
A few and few, a little and little A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity in a positive way: · "I've got a few friends" (= maybe not many, but enough) · "I've got a little money" (= I've got enough to live on) Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way: · Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors) · He had little money (= almost no money) Some adjectives and adjectival phrases can only go with uncountable nouns (salt, rice, money, advice), and some can only go with countable nouns (friends, bags, people). With Uncountable Nouns With Both With Countable Nouns How much? How much? or How many? How many? a little no/none a few a bit (of) not any a number (of)
! Do not use occupation to talk about your own job · I am an accountant. (NOT My occupation is an accountant). A profession is a kind of work for which you need special training and a good education, for example teaching, law, or medicine · The legal profession Your career is the type of work that you do or hope to do for most of your life · I'm interested in a career in television. · His career is more important to him than his family. ADJECTIVES DESCRIBING JOBS 1.contemptible põlastusväärne 2.dangerous ohtlik 3.dead-end perspektiivne 4.demanding nõudlik, paljunõudev 5.dirty räpane,must 6.essential hädavajalik, oluline 7.exciting põnev 8.exhilarating meeliülendav, vaimustav 9.fascinating kütkestav, paeluv 10.glamorous suurilmalik 11.hectic pöörane, palavikuline 12.indispensable asendamatu (hädavajalik) 13.intense pingeline 14.intensive intensiivne 15.low-paid madalapalgaline 16
Sie ist in ein fantastisches Restaurant gegangen und hat einen tollen Film gesehen. 5. This new chapter has hard grammar and bad sentences. Dieses neue Kapitel hat schwere (schwierige) Grammatik und schlechte Sätze. H. Schon genug? If you've had enough practice, feel free to stop here. But if you have time and enough stamina, try filling in the endings in the following paragraphs on articles as well as adjectives. As you do this, see if you can move away from following your flow chart directly at some point, we hope you'll be able to know the correct adjective ending without having to work through every single question. Note: you may need no ending at all on some articles or adjectives. If no ending is needed, place an X in the blank. Nominativ: Der schnelle Zug (m) fährt nach Lübeck. (Das ist eine schöne Stadt (f)!) Das moderne Hotel (n) liegt am Hafen
I can't stand walking int the rain Liz felt like bursting into tears when she found out that her frined had lied to her. I'ts nor worth dealing with that problem Jake wanted to convince me to take up scuba diving but i didn't feel like trying it . You seem to be worried.I think you should ask someone for advise . I'd like to experience something really exciting during my holiday. Complete the sentences with ed or- ing adjectives The students were excited ( excite) about the Christmas party . This 15-kilometre hike was really tiring ( tire) . Lan was embarrassed (embarrass)about his Scottish accent. I'm not interested (interest) in watching that film. Little Liz was frightend (frighten) by a strange sound in the corridor. Jake was disappointed (disappoint) with the result of the test. Wendy and Lucy is a moving ( move) story about a girl and her dog. Have you had any challenging (challenge) experiences in your life?
century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia. · The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. Grammar · Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language, the canonical word order is SVO. (subject-verb-object) · In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender, but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative, genitive, partitive, illative, inessive, elative, allative, adessive, ablative, translative, terminative, essive, abessive, and comitative, with the case and number of the adjective(s) always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative) Vocabulary · Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English
Literary (renaissance) o Democratic, juvenile, sophisticated, aberration, enthusiasm, pernicious, imaginary, allusion, anachronism, dexterity Scientific (17.-18. century) o Nucleus, formula, vertebra, corpuscle, atomic, carnivorous, incubate, aqueous, molecule Latin abbreviations o i.e – id est – that is to say Latin adjectives for english nouns o Nasal, oral, solar, paternal, maternal, lithic, lunar, filial Actual inflected Latin verbs used as nouns o Audio, audit, caveat, video. Endings dropped or adapted, often through French o add, addition, additive, agent, agentive, aqueduct, candle, colo(u)r, colossal, consider, contemplate, decide, decision, erupt, eruption, general, generic, hono(u)r, hono(u)rable,
., It is no good I+ing.., It is no use I+ing.., can not bear I+ing.., can not help I+ing.., worth I+ing..) 2) After prepositions (before I+ing.., of I+ing.., for I+ing.., by I+ing.., at I+ing..) 3) After verbs (enjoy, admit, consider, can`t stand/ help/ bear, deny, avoid, mind, suggest, understand) 4) With from and to with some verbs (He prevented her from leaving. Look forward to I+ing.., Get used to I+ing..) Forming: to+ verb I (to+v) USING: 1) After some adjectives (happy to+v.., wrong to+v..) 2) To express purpose (She went to Spain to meet her friend.) 3) After some nouns ( decision to+v.., time to+v.., wish to+v..) 4) After some main verbs ( appear, agree, ask, begin, choose, decide, expect, happen, help, hope, learn, like, love, mean, offer, prepare, promise, refuse, remember, start, try, want..) USING 1) After some main verbs (let,make, hear, see, watch, feel, notice, help...)
The car is red.) · Unique nouns (The Earth) · Newspapers, cinemas, theaters, museums, ships, organisations (The United Nations) · Rivers, groups of islands, mountain ranges, deserts, oceans, countries (with States, Republic, Kingdom), names/nouns with of, geographical terms (the North) · Musical instruments, dances (the piano) · Families, nationalities (The Chinese) · Titles (the President) NB! NOT with real names (Prince Charles) · With adjectives/adverbs in superlative form (Most mustn't be followed by a noun!) · With words day, afternoon, morning, evening NB! At night, at noon etc · Historical periods/events · With Only, last, first · Words station, cinema, theatre, library, coast, shop, sea, beach, country, city, jungle, world, ground, weather We don't use ,,The": · Uncountable an plural nouns when talking about sth general (Coffee is a popular drink) · Proper nouns (Harry works in a bookshop)
The huge vocabulary is due to the free admission of words from other languages and the easy creation of compounds and derivaties. English vocabulary numbers at least 750,000 words. Educated English speakers use approximately 5,000 words in speech and up to 10,000 in written communication. Shakespeare used a vocabulary of 33,000 words. Old English, had several inflections to show singular and plural, tense, person, but over the centuries words have been simplified. Adjectives do not change according to the noun and gender is not a problem in English. The loss of inflections has made English very flexible language where the same word can operate as many different parts of speech. That is why word order is crucial! At present English is one of the major languages in the world. It started ti spread in the 17th century, when Englishmen sailed to faraway lands. It has become a world language thanks to its establishment as a mother tounge outside England,
foto (photo). Words that end in -a are generally feminine, with a few exceptions: el mapa (map), el problema (problem). Other feminine words end in -ción, -tad, -dad, or -tud. Use the ese forms to mean that when what you are talking about is near the person you are addressing. Use the aquel forms when what you are talking about is far from both you and the person you are addressing. Esto and eso are the neuter forms of this and that. They can be used in general and abstract ways. Demonstrative adjectives (listed above) are used before a noun; if you want to use the demonstrative pronouns, which are used before a verb, add an accent on all of the first e's: éste, ésta, éstos, éstas, ése, ésa, ésos, ésas, aquél, aquélla, aquéllos, aquéllas. 5. Subject Pronouns nosotros / noh-soh-trohs / yo yoh I we
g. "The Wind laughed his evil laugh." "wind" is combined with typically human aspects). Another case of transposition is zoonymic metaphor. Names of animals, birds, fantastic beings when applied to people become emotionally coloured and often offensive: donkey, duck, mule, snake, wolf, angel, devil, etc. Negative colouring is made stronger by constant epithets and emphatic constructions (e.g. "You filthy swine", "You lazy dog"). Adjectives when used as nouns become colloquial (e.g. "come on, lovely (noun)"). When abstract nouns begin to stand for people they become emotional (metonymy) (e.g. "The little eccentricity." an eccentric child). Possessive case the suffix apostrophe "`s" may be added to a phrase or sentence and the result is humor or colloquial touch. The ending of the plural may be added to the sentence with the same effect. Abstract nouns when used with the plural become very expressive.
g. The water from the bathroom tap is not very nice to drink 2.Other uses of the: -when there is only one of something, e.g. the sun, the Prime Minister, the Pacific Ocean -before cinema/theatre/radio, e.g. We went to the cinema last night.(But you cannot say We watched the television.) -when reffering to a species or an invention, e.g. The whale is almost extinct. Alexander Bell invented the telephone. -in front of nationality words, e.g. the Canadians, the Japanese -with some adjectives when reffering to the group in general, e.g. the old, the rich, The poor, the sick, the unemployed. -with superlatives, e.g. It's the biggest cinema in London. -with names of newspapers, e.g. The Guardian, The Times, The Daily Mail -with countries, regions or groups of islands which are plural e.g. the USA, the Bahamas, the Middle East, The Netherlands -with names of oceans, seas, rivers and canals, e.g. the Atlantic Ocean, the River Danube, the Corinth Canal .(BUT NO LAKES).
But the man on the picture is young again. I think the book is good an excellent way of extending our vocabulary by reading. Two educational things combined. But it's also bad- it is a bad book choice for a first-time English reader. It is full with descriptions in such details, so many complexed word and expressions. Those made reading very complicated. Most of the time it wasn't reading, it was translating the words or googelling for the meanings of the fictional expressions. Adjectives are good, but when there are so many of them combined and in a foreign language..it made it painful. Also, the book was in older English, which made it even more difficult. I would recommend this book for a more experienced reader.
She was very naive in a way. Jack, on the other hand, was a very masculine type. He was a hunter and had a very strong character. He was responsible for the survival. They both completed each other. In my opinion the book was very enchanting and beautiful. The way the author describes Alaska, is very magical, because she has lived there her whole life. When I was reading the book I felt like I had been to Alaska, the writer really knows how to use the right adjectives to make the reader feel the cold and dark Alaskan winter. In my view, the book achieved its goal perfectly. The author knew exactly what kind of a message she wanted to bring to the reader and I believe that she succeeded. One specific point, which left me a bit confused was Fauna, the snow girl. I still can not understand how and why she woke up and became a real person. I guess this is the fact, which makes this book special, but I would have liked the book more if the
Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I. Ladusseva "A Guide to Punctuation" EXAMINATION TOPICS: 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies 2. Inherent connotations. Phonesthemes Use lecture notes 3. Adherent connotations 4. Stylistic morphology: articles, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, number * 5. Expressiveness on the level of word-building 6. Phonetic expressive means Study independen tly 7. Phonetic SD ("Rhythm And Style") 8. Lexical SD* 9. Syntactic SD* Use lecture notes 10. Graphical means and devices 11
Fred is ............... 7) The key belongs to my sister. It´s....................... 8) These skis belong to Uncle Thomas. They are....................... 9) This camera belongs to her parents. It´s.................. Answers: 1) George´s car 2) Ken and Chris`s friend 3) her children´s dog 4) yesterday´s newspaper 5) his parents´ house 6) Ted and Nancy´s son 7) my sister´s key 8) Uncle Thomas´s skis 9) her parents´ camera 2) NUMBER + NOUN ADJECTIVES Numbrist ja nimisõnast koosnevad omadussõnad Reeglid ja näited TV lk 30 WB p 34 ex 5a tee see harjutus! Vastused harjutusele 5a: 2) a five-week holiday 3) a hundred-year-old house 4) a ten-day trip 5) a half-hour bus ride 6) a three-star hotel 7) a 20-minute queue 8) a four-page letter 9) a 1,000-piece puzzle 10) a 15-member team 3) PASSIVE VOICE AM/IS/ARE + III PÕHIVORM WAS/WERE + III PÕHIVORM Tee TV lk 36 h 8! Vastused:
· Verbs--hope, wish, and want (clever people everywhere. I wish to goodness we had a few fools left) · Repeated words (German art, G science and G culture) · Character's voice may be specified (hatred, she said with he voice trembling with pleasure) · Words with inherent connotation may change it in context, that is, pos may become negative and vice versa 4. Stylistic morphology: articles, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, numerals Articles: · Article with proper names adds a colloquial touch (The Hardys, a Miss Smith) · The indefinite article (a) with a family name creates an evaluative meaning (a Caruso) · A+names of common, undistinguished names suggests contempt (a Malone, a Smith) · A may convey the meaning of belonging to a famous or aristocratic family (a Tudor) · In enumeration adj
Compounds are spelt either as one word or with an hyphen. Compounds are completely motivated (nt, dining-room), partly motivated (nt, flower-bed), absent (nt, fiddle, viiul). Stress on the first part (nt, doorway); primary stress on the first part, secondary stress on the second part (nt, shop-keeper). The meaning comes from the meaning of its parts and also from the order (nt, life-boat, boat-life). The majority of compounds are nouns and adjectives. Adj: noun plus adj (nt, skin-deep) Noun plus numeral (nt, 7-day-vocation) Adj plus adj (nt, light blue dress) Noun plus participle 2 (nt, man-made) Nouns:noun plus noun (nt, ash-tray) Noun plus adj (nt, black board) 2 Noun plus gerund (nt, smoking room) Noun plus verb (nt, search light)
a hard mattress soft a hard exam easy a live animal dead live music recorded a light colour dark, deep a light sleeper heavy abused used cruelly or badly disused not used anymore unused not ever used misused used in the wrong way overused used too much underused not used enough not mitte no ei none inimestega, neither famous for written by belong to looking at spend money on interested in talking about afraid of who from angry with Adjectives Truthful Untruthful Dishonest Real Unreal Fake Credible Incredible Unbeliveable Usutav Plausible Implausible Ridiculous Usutav, tõenäoline Probable Improbable Unlikely Arvatav, tõenäoline Pleased Un/displeased Annoyed Rahuldatud, rõõmus Normal Abnormal Bizarre tavaline Professional Unprofessional Amateur
I can not afford to eat in that restaurant. After some main verbs Followed by object + infinitive with to (advise, allow, ask, cause, command, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, instruct, intend, invite, leave, like, mean, need, oblige, order, permit, persuade, prefer, press, recommend, remind, request, teach, tell, tempt, trouble, want, warn, wish) He asked me to help him. Her parents forbade her to see Tom again. After some adjectives I was happy to see her. They were wrong to refuse. After some nouns She never regretted her decision to be a teacher. It is time to leave. He has no wish to become involved in the matter. To express purpose I went to London to see my aunt. The infinitive without to The infinitive without to is used: After some main verbs Followed by an object + infinitive without to (let, make, hear, help, see)
At first he couldn't see anything in the darkness but after some time his eyes got used to it and he found a spade under the table. Suddnely he felt something moving around his leg. He thought it was his dog, who had been sleeping in the caravan, but then he understood that ot was ?something? more frightening. There were some snakes in the caravan and one of them was going to bite him. ( lünkades olev sõna ) 3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjectives. 1) Basketball is a very popular game in Europe. It is even more popular than volleyball. (popular) 2) Jack is tall but Tom is taller than Jack. Steve is the tallest boy in the group. (tall) 3) Did you know that the cheetah is the fastest animal in the world? (fast) 4) This is the most expensive dress I've ever seen. (expensive) 5) Tim passed his driving test last week. It was the happiest day of his life. (happy)
5.I often watch .............. TV but I seldom listen to ............. radio. 6........... youngest girl has just started going to ........ school and ........... oldest girl is at ........ university 7............. Pacific ocean is .......... largest ocean in the world 8.Estonia joined ............. European Union in ................ 2004. 9.Jenny's birthday is on ............ 21st of ............. May. 10. .............. Portugal is situated ............ western Estonia 6.Comparison of adjectives and adverbs 1. Los Angeles is............................................................. than Chicago. (LARGE) 2. Disneyland is............................................................ than any other amusement park. (INTERESTING) 3. The weather in Hollywood is............................................... than in New York or New Jersey. (GOOD) 4. But New York is ....................................................................city of the United States. (LARGE) 5. He worked............
(NOT I have big respect for her ideas.) We had great difficulty in understanding him. (NOT We had big difficulty in understanding him.) 33. Don't use the with a superlative when you are not comparing one person or thing with another. Compare: She's the nicest of the three teachers. She's nicest when she's working with small children. This is the best wine I've got. This wine is best when it's three or four years old. 34. Put enough after, not before, adjectives. This soup isn't hot enough. (NOT This soup isn't enough hot.) She's old enough to walk to school by herself. 35. Don't use a structure with that ... after want or would like. My parents want me to go to university. (NOT My parents want that I go to university.) I'd like everybody to leave. (NOT I'd like that everybody leaves.) 36. After link verbs like be, seem, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, we use adjectives, not adverbs. I feel happy today. (NOT I feel happily today.)
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