Names of town ● Lindanise - it was first used in 1219, derived from mythical Linda, the wife of Kalev and the mother of Kalevipoeg, national hero. ● Koluvan - found in old Russian chronicles, the name possibly deriving from the Estonian mythical hero Kalev ● Reval - used after 1219; comes from two german words ‘reh’ and ‘fall’, meaning the falling of the deer - as they fall down the Toompea hill, probably when escaping from the Danish occupation or just the hunters. ● Tallinn - used after Estonia gained its independence in 1918, origin is definitely estonian; meaning Taani-linn, tali- linn. Liberty Square ● The central square of Tallinn, it was renovated in 2008. There used to be Harju gate, which can now be seen through glass.
About 55% of them are Estonian, 37% Russians and the other 8% are from different nations. The people here are mostly engaged in industry- mainly the food industry (23%), trade (16%) and transport and communication (14%). History. Tallinn has a great history. It was first marked on a map of the world by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi in 1154, its name then being Kolyvan. In the 13 th- century chronicle of Henricus de Lettis the town was called Lyndanise. Then it was called Reval for some time and finally Estonians started to call the town Tallinn from Taanilinn (Danish town) after the Danish conquest in the 13th century. The Knights of the Sword took Tallinn from the Danes in 1227 and made Toompea their fortress. In the middle of the 14th century Denmark sold its possessions in Estonia to the German Teutonic Order; Toompea became the seat of German-born gentry. A fortified wall was built between the Toompea (the Upper Town) and the
2 Towns (Upper & Lower Town) Tallinn used to be divided into 2 parts - Upper Town where lived the aristocracy, gentry and the clergy; and Lower Town with traders, craftsmen and merchants. Legend says the Toompea Hill is actually the tumulus mound of the great Kalev. Linda carried rocks to his grave. It is a naturally- formed limestone hill. Lower Town was a merchantile centre, Tallinn also belonged to the Hansaetic League (1285). It is often referred to as the town of citizens. Any grown-up, married and economically independent person, born in a legal marriage between two free people and having lived in the town for at least 3 months, could apply to the Magistracy for citizenship. Serfs could escape from serdom after
Introduction Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, lies on the Baltic Sea. It is on almost the same latitude east St. Petersburg in Russia, Stockholm in Sweden and Stavanger in Norway, and covers 158 sq km. Tallinn was first marked on a map of the world by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi in 1154, its name then being Kolyvan (probably derived from the name Kalev). In the 13th-century Chronicle of Henricus de Lettis the town was called Lyndanise. Later came Reval (presumably after the old county of Rävala), the name used by the Germans who ruled the country for seven centuries. Russians then modified Reval to Revel. For Estonians, the town came to be called Tallinn from Taanilinn (Danish town) after Danish conquest in the 13th century. Over the course of time, Taanilinn was shortened to Tallinn The place is believed to have been settled by Finno-Ugric peoples about 2500 BC. The Danes, led by King Valdemar II, conquered northern Estonia in 1219
TOOMPEA Toompea (from German Domberg – Cathedral Hill ) is a limestone hill with an area of about 7 hectares in the central part of Tallinn. It towers about 30-40 m above the surrounding areas. According to the legend it´s the tumulus mound over the grave of the national hero Kalev, erected stone by stone in his memory by his grieving wife Linda. It is the birthplace of Tallinn - a place where in 1229 the Knights of the Sword built a fortress instead of the wooden Estonian stronghold. Toompea Castle is also one of the most potent symbols of the reigning power. Today Toompea is the seat of the Government of Estonia as well as the Riigikogu, both of which are often simply colloquially referred to as Toompea. For centuries there was only one access to Toompea - Pikk Jalg - but there is also
the north of Estonia in 1219. Legend has it that one day, when the Danes were about to lose a bloody battle, the sky suddenly opened and a red flag with a white cross on it dropped down upon them from the heaven. This is how the Danes obtained their national flag. In 1346 the Danish king sold his Estonian lands to the Teutonic Order, who a year later resold them to the Livonian Order. The Germans renamed Tallinn and called it Reval. Toompea became the seat of the German-born gentry. A fortified wall was built between Toompea (the Upper Town) and the Lower Town, as there were conflicts between the two. The Lower Town was the home of simple people, the artisans and the merchants. The doors and gates in the wall were locked at night. Tallinn joined the German-dominated Hanseatic League in 1285 and became a junction of trade between East and West: furs, honey, leather and seal fat moved west, while salt,
FACTFILE Area: 45 228 sq km Poplulation: under 1.4 million Capital: Tallinn Language: Estonian Currency: Eesti kroon (EEK) Main religion: Lutheran National holiday: 24 February (anniversary of the republic) National flower: Cornflower National bird: Barn Swallow National stone: Limestone LOCATION The Republic of Estonia is the northernmost and smallest of the three Baltic States. It is located on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea in the north east of Europe. To the east the country borders Russia. Latvia is the countries neighbour to the south. From the west the coast of Estonia is washed by the Baltic Sea and from the north by the Gulf of Finland. The length of the coastline is approximately 3 800 km. The longest distance from east to west is 350 km, while north to south Estonia stretches 240 km. THE NAME The name EESTI was apparently derived from the word AISTI, the name given by ancient Germans to the peoples living northeast of the Vistula River
Kiili Gümnaasium Referaat Hiiumaa Kairo parts 8b klass Kiili 2011 Contents 1. Hiiumaa 2. Name 3. History 4. Transport 5. Kõpu lighthouse Hiiumaa Hiiumaa (Finnish, Hiidenmaa, German Dagö, Swedish Dagö, Danish Dagø) is the second largest island (989 km²) belonging to Estonia. It is located in the Baltic Sea .north of the island of Saaremaa ,a part of the West Estonian archipelago. Its largest town is Kärdla. Name Hiiumaa is the main island of Hiiu County, called Hiiumaa or Hiiu maakond in Estonian.
At the moment the Estonian farmers predominantly export daily products and timber. Currently 8500 farms have been restored to their pre-war owners. Many of them would like to open their homes to bed and breakfast guests. Estonians have always had the greatest respect for education. Estonia has seven colleges and universities. The oldest is Tartu University founded in 1632. Culturally Estonia belongs to the West. Perhaps the best known in the world is Estonian music. Works by the Estonian famous composers are often played by the world's leading performers. Estonia is also famous for its national song festivals, begun in Tartu in 1869. nowadays they take place every four years. Tallinn, the capital of the Republic of Estonia and of the Harju county, is a town in north Estonia on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. It has nearly half a million inhabitants and today Tallinn is home for almost a third of Estonian's population.
Holidays, Festivals, Cultural events TALLINN - If you're looking for entertainment in Estonia this summer, you are really spoiled for choice. Festivals and events dedicated to the consumption of beer are a lot of fun, but if you want to get the true feel of the country, you need something a little more ethnic. Like a town fair. Just as July becomes August, the seaside town of Haapsalu will host a grand spectacle of rural Estonian entertainment. The White Lady Days is a summer celebration filled with amusement for all the family. Held in and around the remains of the Teutonic-knights-era castles, the fair combines enchanting medieval legends with modern countryside charm to create a comprehensive experience of Estonia beyond the big cities.
The national conditions are best suited breeding daily cattle. At the moment the Estonian farmers predominantly export daily products and timber. Currently 8500 farms have been restored to their pre-war owners. Many of them would like to open their homes to bed and breakfast guests. Estonians have always had the greatest respect for education. Estonia has seven colleges and universities. The oldest is Tartu University founded in 1632. Culturally Estonia belongs to the West. Perhaps the best known in the world is Estonian music. Works by the Estonian famous composers are often played by the world’s leading performers. Estonia is also famous for its national song festivals, begun in Tartu in 1869. nowadays they take place every four years. Tallinn, the capital of the Republic of Estonia and of the Harju county, is a town in north Estonia on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. It has nearly half a million inhabitants and today Tallinn is home for almost a third of Estonian’s population
irregularity/iconicity), covers mainly the most frequent words Metathesis-Two sounds, at least one of which is a consonant, change places inside a word. When one of the sounds is a vowel,the other is usually /r/. Fyrst/first/frist a typical case of metathesis.Another case in the passage: beorht/briht.Metathesis present in many languages, a universal phenomenon. For Instance, Proto-Indo-European had tworoots *spek- and the metathetical *skep-, both with the basic meaning of "look, observe, examine". The first is behind Latin words that produced such English loans as spectacle, spectator, expect, inspect, perspective, etc. The second is behind the Greek word for "examine" with the derivatives sceptic, sceptical, scepticism (one who examines things inevitably becomes sceptical about them!). Metathesis, essentially in the same sense, is also a term used in psycholinguistics. People assemble whole words in the brain,before actually uttering them
LEXICOLOGY 1. Size of English vocabulary 1) Old English – 50,000 to 60,000 words Vocabulary of Shakespeare OE – homogeneous; 1/3 of the vocabulary has survived • 884,647 words of running text About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages
Due to its good location, varied nature and good connecting roads, Viljandi is an excellent place for trade, stopovers and living. Bridge When you walking along a footpath you will soon get to the famous suspension bridge. The first bridge in 1931 was a contribution to the town by the landlord of Tarvastu, Karl von Mensenkampff. The bridge is over 50 m long. It has been rebuilt many times over the years, last time in 1995. The Viljandi Order Castle Order Castle was started in 1224 by the Order of the Sword in place of an earlier wooden one. This stronghold became the residence of a politically and economically influential komtuur. The castle of this stronghold was largest in Old Livonia. Due to damages during different wars the stronghold now lies in ruins. These days our theatre "Ugala" gives open air performances on Kaevumägi in the ruins. Every summer a grand Folk Music Festival takes place here
2) Submarine sandwich is ‘a large sandwich consisting of a long roll split lengthwise and filled with layers of meat, cheese, tomatoes, lettuce and condiments’ (www.ahdictionary.com). How did it get its name? It is difficult to say when the term submarine sandwich was first used for these types of large sandwiches. Although it is quite obvious that the sandwich got its name because of its long shape that resembles submarines, there are several myths around the origin of the term. The first theory is that at the beginning of World War II a sandwich was specifically created in a restaurant in Scollay Square in Boston to appeal to the mean serving at Charlestown Navy Yard. Because it resembled a submarine for its shape, people began to call them “submarine sandwiches”. According to another version, the sandwich was created during World War II by an Italian shopkeeper named Benedetto Capaldo in New London, CT. When the navy servicemen from the
astronomical clock and we know it was used by the Druids for ceremonies marking the passing of the seasons. It appears in number of novels. These days it is not only the interest of tourists but is also a gathering point of certain minority groups. It is now fenced off to protect it from damage. 3. The Roman conquest Julius Caesar's first raid was in 55 BC but the romans left. Ad 43- the Romans came to stay. The army established Roman rule in the south and SW of the country. The Romans started to introduce their laws to a new province of the Roman Empire and started to build good roads. Officials were appointed (governors, procurators to collect taxes, look after the estates and mines and se that the gold, silver, iron and lead were exported back to Rome). Introduced schools,a new language Latin, large farms (villas), baths. In AD 410 they had to leave . roman occupation lasted nearly 400 years. They left behind very little.
Introduction I choose this topic because I want to get know more about local Theatres I hoped to get more information about their location, for whom each theatre is designed and a little overview about their history. The history of Estonian theatre does not differ much from that of the neighbor countries. The first play was performed in the 16th century at the Tallinn Town Hall. The town school children, who were Germans, staged Terence's The Andria in Latin. The first theatre house in Tallinn was mentioned in written materials which date from the late 17th century; the house was used by travelling theatre groups. Tallinn was already known then as a theatre-loving city. The first prominent name in Estonian history of theatre, August von Kotzebue, dates from the same period. The Russian authorities sent him from St. Petersburg to Tallinn to work as an official. Kotzebue's entertaining productions became famous all over Europe. He founded the
Kunda 2012 Introduction Like most cities with an eight-hundred-year-old past, Tallinn is a patchwork of historic areas. The city's pride and joy is without a doubt its Medieval Old Town, but equally enchanting is the Kadriorg district, a throwback to the time when Estonia was ruled by the Russian Tsars. Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of 159.2 km2 with a population of 416,470. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, 80 km south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn's Old Town is in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is ranked as a global city and has been listed among the top 10 digital cities in the world.The city was a European Capital of Culture for 2011, along with urku, Finland.Tallinn is the oldest capital inNorthern Europe. The city was known as Reval from the 13th century until the 1920s. http://en.wikipedia
Tallinn English College Topic Estonia Tallinn 2008 1. Introduction Estonia is a small country about the size of Switzerland, or New Hampshire and Massachussetts combined. Estonia is named after the people called "Ests" who lived in the region in the 1 st century AD. The Republic of Estonia is one of the three countries commonly known as the "Baltic States". The other Baltic States are Latvia and Lithuania. 2. Geographical position Estonia is situated in northeastern Europe. Estonia is bounded on the north by the Gulf of Finland, on the east by Russia, on the south by Latvia and on the west by the Baltic Sea. In the north it borders on Finland. The coastline of the Baltic Sea in Estonia is characterized by numerous gulfs and bays, the biggest of them being the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Pärnu
Tallinna Mustamäe College The Most Important Buildings in Lai Street in Tallinn Report Supervisor: Ingrid Teigar Tallinn 2014 Table of Contents Introduction.............................................................................. 3 Lai Street in general.................................................................. 4 The origin of the name "Lai"...................................................... 4 1 Lai Street / 4 Nunne Street...................................................... 5 17 Lai Street............................................................................. 6 23 Lai Street............................................................................. 6 27 Lai Street............................................................................. 8 29 Lai Street................................................
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning).
and tacky commercialism. Packed in among thousands of other visitors, trying like crazy to see the city in three days and worrying about getting ripped off, it's not surprising, may think the city is overrated. Just relax, take a deep breath. While the city centre is a mélange of stunning architecture, from Gothic, Renaissance and baroque to neoclassical, art nouveau and cubist, beyond the medieval lanes of the Old Town and the Castle District, there's an entire other cosmopolitan city to explore. Search out the riverside parks, lively bars and beer gardens, music clubs, museums and art galleries. Harness Prague's excellent public-transport system to explore emerging suburbs such as Zizkov, Vinohrady, Smíchov and Holesovice. You'll be guaranteed cheaper prices, a more local ambience, and an assured escape from any more feelings of doubt..
Kunda Ühisgümnaasium Tallin Old Town Report Student: Kristin Karu Teacher: Kristi Aron Kunda 2012 The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is an orthodox cathedral in the Tallinn Old Town,Estonia. It was built to a design by Mikhail Preobrazhensky in a typical Russian Revivalstyle between 1894 and 1900, during the period when the country was part of theRussian Empire. The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is Tallinn's largest and grandest orthodox cupola cathedral. It is dedicated to Saint Alexander Nevsky who in 1242 won the Battle of the Ice on Lake Peipus, in the territorial waters of present-day Estonia. The late Russian patriarch, Alexis II, started his priestly ministry in the church. Interior of the Cathedral. The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral crowns the hill of Toompea where the Estonian folk hero
..........................................................................................................9 1 Introduction I chose the topic legends of Tallinn. I chose this topic because there are many places in Tallinn, what is set by legends, but I do not know this places legends. In making this essay i hope to refresh my memory and to find new and interesting facts about my hometown. Tallinn is well known for its medieval city. It is not only old houses and streets that have survived, but also legends connect to them that have reached us. Tallinn was first mentioned in the historical books of the Arabic geographer. If the primeval city walls could talk, they would tell us stories better than any adventure book. The walls have seen it all: the black pestilence, the great fire of Tallinn and brave warriors. Many big and powerful countries have conquer Estonia, but Estonia has always
The temperature rarely rises above 32°C in summer, or falls below -10°C in winter. Summers are generally cool, but due to global warming they are starting to get drier and hotter. Hot weather causes terrible congestion on the roads as Britons rush to the coastal resorts. Winters are generally mild, with the most frequent and prolonged snowfalls in the Scottish Highlands, where it is possible to go skiing. If it does snow heavily in other parts of Britain, the country often comes to a standstill. Trains, buses and planes are late. Contrary to popular opinion, it doesn't rain all the time. There is certainly steady rainfall throughout most of the year, but the months from September to January are the wettest. Thanks to the rain Britain has a richly fertile countryside which is famous for its deep green colour. History The first inhabitants were Iberians and Celts who settled on the land and were often at war with eaeh other
into the mountains in the far west, which the Saxons called ,,Wales". Some were driven into Cornwall, where they later accepted the rule of Saxon lords and northward to Strathclyde. Further north lived the Picts and Scots. Some Celts crossed the sea & settled in the north-west of France called Brittany after the Celtic tribes of Britons. The Celts who stayed behind became mostly slaves. Hardly anything is left of the Celtic language or culture in England, except for some names of some rivers (Thames, Avon, Severn) and two large cities London & Leeds. The new conquerors were warlike and illiterate. Disliked towns, preferred to live in small cillages. They destroyed the Roman towns & villas. Beautiful buildings, roads were neglected or broken up. The first settlements were groups of 3 or 4 family farms. Houses were all made of wood & had sloping thatched roofs. Around the settlement was a fence. In time the settlements became villages. Villages were self-sufficient
In 1632, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, then at the war camp near Nürnburg, signed the charter to found Tartu University, which was also named Academia Gustaviana in his honour. The memorial statue to King Gustav II Adolf (1594-1632) stood next to the main building of the university from 1928, until 1950, when it was removed by the Soviet occupation forces. With Swedish assistance, it was repaired and re-mounted 42 years later, in 1992. The King of Sweden was present both at the original and the re-opening of the monument. Elisabeth Tebelius-Myren authored the restored work. Karl Ernst von Baer monument Karl Ernst von Baer was a naturalist, the founder of comparative embryology and geocryology, recognized worldwide as the discoverer of the ovum in mammals. He was a student of Tartu University, practiced in the sciences in Königsberg and St. Petersburg, and was an academician at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.Seven geographical objects
separate lg, there is Engl that bases on general L); contrastive (compares vocabularys in different languages). 2. Connection of L with other linguistic disciplines a) the word performes a certain grammatical function (nt, he always misses the class, how many misses are there; the girl powders her nose, soliders face powder)In speech words are combined according to grammatical rules. The plural of nouns may carry a new meaning (nt, arms-weapons, looks-appearance, works-plant) b)connected with phonetics. The meaning of a word is expressed by sounds and it depends on the order of sounds(spoonerism) c)history of the lg helps to understand ahanges in the meanings of words (nt, legend ment a book where a life of saints was described) d)stylistics is the sign of expressive means of the language. The same idea may be expressed in different ways and so may aquire a new meaning
English lexicology 1. Size of English vocabulary Vocabulary is a sum total of words used in a language by speakers or for dictionary-making. Active and passive vocabulary. The Old English vocabulary was homogenous. There were about 50 000 – 60 000 words, 1/3 of which have survived. o About 450 loans from Latin o About 2000 from the Viking invasions. The Middle-English vocabulary became a heterogeneous hybrid of Germanic and Romanic languages. 100 000 to 125 000 words. o About 10 000 loans from Norman French, 75% are still in use o Continuing Latin influence Early Modern English. 200 000 – 250 000 words o English becomes a pluricentric language. o Polyglot. Cosmopolitan language
even so much money that for the first time in history Estonian farmers became owners of mansions. The wealthy mulk were the first of Estonian farmers to build manses, until then the farmers all over Estonia lived in farmhouses that included a barn so that people and animals lived under one roof. The old farmhouses and mansions can still be seen in many places in Southern Viljandimaa. As a result of the hard work and the tenacity of the local inhabitants, Mulgimaa developed into an area known as prosperous and rich by its cultural heritage. The masters working in the villages played an important role in the development. The local foods such as sauerkraut stew, curd cake and ,,kama" (a meal made with sour milk and a mixture of ground grains) are popular even nowadays. There is even a song that says: "It is good to live in Mulgimaa / The nature is beautiful and the land is fructuous/ There are glorious groves and large wealthy Estonian farms". As for
Mary the Virgin and a school was formed at the church in 1319 at the latest. The reconstruction of the initally one-nave and relatively modest church into a three- nave one started at the beginning of the 14 th century and lasted approximately a hundred years. This period includes another change of power, resulting in Tallinn's subordination to the order one more time. Although the main building of the church dates back to those times, the medieval cathedral was quite different from the present appearance. For example, the tower on the western side of the church was built only in the 18 th century, the annexes of the southern side date back to the 16 th -18th centuries and those on the northern side to the 15th century. While the Lutheran reformation movement had prevailed in the churches of downtown Tallinn by 1524, the Toompea cathedral held Catholic services until 1561, when the Kingdom of Sweden gained control over Tallinn
Philosophy of Language Philosophy of Language: a Contemporary Introduction introduces the student to the main issues and theories in twentieth and twenty-first-century phi- losophy of language, focusing specifically on linguistic phenomena. Topics are structured in four parts in the book. Part I, Reference and Referring, includes topics such as Russell's Theory of Descriptions, Donnellan's distinction, problems of anaphora, the description theory of proper names, Searle's cluster theory, and the causalhistorical theory. Part II, Theories of Meaning, surveys the competing theories of linguistic mean- ing and compares their various advantages and liabilities. Part III, Pragmatics and Speech Acts, introduces the basic concepts of linguistic pragmatics, includes a detailed discussion of the problem of indirect force and surveys approaches to metaphor. Part IV, new to this edition, examines the four theories of metaphor.
Summary • Early history of translation studies – Cicero and St. Jerome (what did they do/how/why are they relevant to translation studies?) St. Jerome – Greek scholar, did some translation work. Lived during the 4th century. Jerome is best known as the translator of the Bible into Latin. A previous version (now called the Old Latin) existed, but Jerome's version far surpassed it in scholarship and in literary quality. Jerome was well versed in classical Latin (as well as Greek and Hebrew), but deliberately translated the Bible into the style of Latin that was actually spoken and written by the majority of persons in his own time. This kind of Latin is known as Vulgate Latin (meaning the Latin of the common people), and accordingly Jerome's translation is called the Vulgate. Cicero – Lived during the 1st century BC. Roman politician, philosopher & translator. Theory ‘‘word-for-word’’ & ‘‘sense-for-sense’’.
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