Tartu Ülikool Ühiskonnateaduste instituut Kerli Hansing FONOGRAAF Õppejõud: Mai Põldaas Jõgeva 2015 Fonograaf Fonograaf leiutati 1877. aastal Thomas Alva Edisoni poolt. Edison oli Ameerika leiutaja, kes sündis 11. veebruaril 1847 ning suri 18. oktoobril 1931. (Canot, 2014) Tema nimel on üle maailma kokku 2332 patenti (Edison Patents, 2014) . Tegelikult sõnastas fonograafi tööpõhimõtte samal aastal Prantsusmaal Charles Cros, Edison aga ehitas selle valmis (Rinde, 2015). Tegelikult küll tema mehhaanik John Kruesi, kellele Edison andis masina visandi ning mees tegi selle väidetavalt valmis 30 tunniga (History of the...2015). Esialgu proovis Edison parandada telegraafi ning avastas, et paberlindi liikumine tekitas häält, mis sarnanes sõnade lausumisele
scholarship to the University of Toronto. There, he and fellow student Albert Prebus invented the world's first practical electron microscope. Their first device magnified objects to 7,000 times their original size. Electron microscopes work by focussing a beam of electrons, rather than a beam of light. Hillier spent many years refining the electron microscope and marketing it to research laboratories and universities, receiving a total of 41 patents for devices and processes. After retiring from work in 1977, Dr. Hillier went to the Third World and promoted science and education. They had two sons: James Robert Hillier and William Wynship Hillier. James Hillier was also the the founder of James Hillier Foundation, which awards scholarships to promising science students in his hometown of Brantford. On January 15, 2007, Hillier died in Princeton, New Jersey [1] His work has brought him many honours, including the Order of Canada.
were tubes inserted in the teats to force open the sphincter muscle, thus allowing the milk to flow. • Skillfully made tubes of pure silver, gutta percha, ivory, and bone were marketed in the mid-19th century, and, in fact, a few were still being sold well into the 20th century. • A novel milking tube illustrated in the Scientific American in 1875, used a slide valve at the bottom of each catheter to close off the opening. • Several U.S. patents were granted for milking tubes joined by flexible rubber tubing to direct the milk to pail. • The extensive tubing increased the problem of contamination already present with the use of catheters. • . • Catheter milking was blamed for various problems, such as spread of disease, weakened sphincter muscles causing continuous dribbling, and injury to the teats. • At this point, The American Agriculturist began to accept advertisements for milkers,
Henry Ford About Henry Ford Founder of the Ford Motor Company. Father of modern assembly line used in mass production. Credited with "Fordism". A warded 161 U.S. patents. Early year Born July 30, 1863 In 1879, he left home to work as an apprentice machinist Ford married Clara Ala Bryant. In 1896, Ford attended a meeting of Edison executives In 1891, Ford become an engineeringwith the Edison Illuminating Company Ford Motor Company Ford & Malcomson was reincorporated as the Ford Motor Company on June 16, 1903 $ 28,000 capital Ford astonished the world on 1924 by offering a $5 per day wage
RP101 Wh at i s d ep reci ati on ? Reduction in value or the effective economic life of an asset arising from the: Passage of time Use or abuse Wear and tear Influence of the elements Stoppage of demand for use Wha t can be de pre ci at e d ? Tangible depreciable property: Livestock (purchased) Machinery Buildings and improvements, fences Dams, ponds, or terraces, etc Intangible depreciable property: Goodwill Computer software Copyrights, patents, etc What cannot be depreciated ? When depreciation begins & ends? Begins Ends When you "place the property When the cost of the item has in service". When it is ready and been recovered or when it is available for a specific use in the retired from service, whichever business happens first Example
- barriers to entry prevent others from competing - in the short, run the firm can alter the price and output; the firm is a "price maker" (or "price setter") Barriers to Entry (BTE) Social or political institutions or economic conditions that prevent firms from entry into a market. There are three major types of barriers to entry: economic, legal and deliberate. laws, regulations, patents, copyrights, trademarks, . . . location, natural ability, information, economics of scale (natural monopolies) Economic Barriers:Economic barriers include economies of scale, capital requirements, cost advantages and technological superiority Economic Barriers Economies of scale: Monopolies are characterized by declining costs over a relatively large range of production.
1. Teemaotsing internetist 1. Google Scholar http://scholar.google.com Advanced Scholar Search Find articles with all of the words biocatalytic stereochemical synthesis Collections Articles & patents Search only articles in the following subject areas: Biology, Life Sciences and Enviromental Science; Chemistry and Materials Science; Medicine, Pharmacology and Veterinary Science Leidsin 6 310 tulemust Leheküljed tundusid head, leidsin mitmeid online raamatukogusid. Artiklid tundusid sisukad. Biocatalytic synthesis of polymers. Synthesis of an optically active, epoxy- substituted polyester by lipase-catalyzed polymerization. (1989). [WWW]
WTO World Trade Organisation EFTA European Free Trade Assaciation (balance of trade kaubavahetuse bilanss visible import nähtav import invisible export nähtamatu eksport trade deficit kaubavahetuse puudujääk trade surplus väliskaubavahetuse ülejääk local experts kohalikud eksperdid sole agents ühe firma tooteid müüb multi-distributors mitme firma tooteid müüb local branch kohalik filiaal/haru sale office - müügikontor patents patendid licenses litsentsid local subsidiary kohalik tütarettevõte management accounts juhtimisarvestus data andmed financial accounts finantsarvestus revenue müügitulu profit kasum losses kahjum listed company börsil olev ettevõte annual report aastaaruanne public limited company aktsiaselts sole trade/sole proprietor FIE partnership täis- ja usaldusühing private limited company osaühing company secretary pearaamatupidaja
2 V. Pokropivny, R. Lohmus, I. Hussainova, A. Pokropivny, S. Vlassov et al. Introduction to nanomaterials and nanotechnology. University of Tartu, 2007, lk 9. 3 M. Schellekens. Patenting Nanotechnology in Europe: Making a Good Start? An Anlalysis of Issues in Law and Regulatsion - The Journal of World Intellecutal Property. 2010, 1(13), lk 47. 4 Edaspidi kasutatakse inglise keelset lühendit EPO (ingl k European Patent Office). 5 Nanotechnology in European patents challenge and opportunity. European Patent Office. 6 M. Schellekens (viide 3), lk 48. 6 nanotehnika), nanobioonikat, nanometroloogiat, nanoseadmeehitus jne.7 Uued nanotehnoloogilised arendused ja lahendused on tihti ka asjakohased mitmetes tööstusharudes
to enterprises, including industry adoption rates for new technologies and diffusion through machinery and equipment; and 4) personnel mobility, focusing on the movement of technical personnel within and between the public and private sectors. Attempts to link these flows to firm performance show that high levels of technical collaboration, technology diffusion and personnel mobility contribute to the improved innovative capacity of enterprises in terms of products, patents and productivity. There are many different approaches to analysing national innovation systems. Firm level innovation surveys question enterprises on their sources of knowledge most relevant to innovation and allow a ranking of different linkages by industrial sector and country. Cluster analysis focuses on the interactions between particular types of firms and sectors, which can be grouped according to their technological and networking characteristics. Patterns of knowledge flows can differ
of the raw materials and the manner of mixing and working them; with the fabrication of vulcanized and hard rubbers, caoutchouc and gutta percha compositions, waterproof substances, elastic tissues, the utilization of waste, etc" Raimund Hoffer( ing.k. tõlkinud William T. Brannt) London, 1883 http://www.archive.org/stream/practicaltreatis00hoffrich/practicaltreatis00hoffrich_ djvu.txt 8. http://www.patentstorm.us/patents/5637645/claims.html võrdleb erinevaid vormivalamissegusid oma komponentidelt.
Enamik tema kliente on teised tööstusettevõtted. Tema 60000 tootevalik algab meditsiinilistest-kuvaseadmetest, isoleerteibi ja autotööstuses kasutatavate liivapaberiteni välja. Kuidas on sellise mittelubava taustaga ettevõte olnud nii edukas? Perpetual innovation Pidev innovatsioon When asked to explain its own success, 3M begins with technological innovation. Kui palusime selgitada tema enda edu, alustab 3M tehnoloogilise uuendamisega. 3M is among the 25 companies with the most patents in the world - 11 of the 25 are Japanese, 10 are American and only four are European. The company spends some 6.5% of its total sales on research and development, almost twice the American average. And that has increased from about 4.5% at the beginning of the 1980s. The increase - part of the response to the less sparkling performance in the mid-1980s - adds a not-Insignificant $200 million a year to the research budget.
comforted lohutust leidma multiple tragedies mitu tragöödiat Lk 21 funds fondid, kapital, bilansi aktivakirjad desirable soovitud, ihaldusväärne fellow aficionados martial võitluskunst solely vaid, ainult distinct märgatav, selge, erinev pin down selgitama meticulously piinliku täpsusega, üksikasjalikult royalty autoritasu, litsensitasu valuable patents väärtuslik patent, väärtuslik äritunnus Lk 22 mix of property miksitud kinnisvara intimidating hirmutav, heidutav urget kiire, kiireloomuline, vältimatu competing võistlev fairly õiglaselt, ausalt ultimate viimne, lõplik, lõpptulemus reconcile vastavusse-, kooskõlla viima, sobitama prior eelmine, eelnev, tähtsaim, esmajärguline vary greatly väga erinevad
For example, if you are developing a medical device, the background would be a tutorial on the medical condition being treated by the device. The second part describes the prior art relevant to the problem, which means all of the existing technology and methods relevant to the problem, including the ways the problem is dealt with now. The review can include commercial products, academic journal articles and theses, and patents. The technical review will likely have many citations to the source of the information with citations listed in the Reference section. Citations and references should follow ASME, IEEE or APA style. Design Requirements Here, you describe the most important, measureable design requirements that drove your solution to the problem. Generally, there are about five requirements that are at the core of the design
Nende 60000 toodet on alates meditsiini seadetest kuni kleeplindini kuni lihvimisvahenditest auto tööstuseni. Sellise vähelubava taustaga, kuidas on see firma olnud nii edukas? Perpetual innovation Eternal innovation Igavene innovatsioon When asked to explain its own success, 3M begins with technological innovation. - Kui palutakse selgitada oma edu, 3M alustab tehnoloogilisest innovatsioonist. 3M is among the 25 companies with the most patents in the world 11 of the 25 are Japanese, 10 are American and only four are European. The company spends some 6,5% of its total sales on research and development, almost twice the American average. And that has increased from about 4,5% at the beginning of the 1980s. The increase part of the response to the less sparkling performance in the mid-1980s adds a not-insignificant $200 million a year to the research budget.
Ithiel Town followed British custom by conceiving and building truss forms predicated on intuition and pragmatic rules of thumb. Their craft tradition of knowledge, passed down from master to apprentice, contrasted with the scientific analysis and mathematical formulas practised by French government engineers. Models were built and loaded to failure and broken members replaced with stronger ones until the model supported loadings equivalent to a real live load plus a safety factor. Patents were granted in the USA for composite wood and iron bridges, transitional structures that capitalized on the availability of cheap timber. When the American iron industry caught up with Europe's by the mid-19th century, bridge building took the direction of composite pin-connected trusses, with sophisticated castings for joint blocks and compression members, and forged eyebars and wrought-iron rods for tension members, all fabricated to high tolerances. This allowed them to
experience curve to gain market share with low price and then dominate the industry FUNKTSIONAALSED STRATEEGIAD Financial Strategy examines the financial implications of corporate and businesslevel strategic options and identifies the best financial course of action Financial strategy includes the management of: • Dividends • Stock price • Sales of company patents Research and Development Strategy deals with product and process innovation and improvement • Technological leader pioneers innovation • Technological follower imitates the products of competitors • Open innovation use of alliances and connections with corporate, government, academic labs and consumers to develop new products and processes
of a click-through license.[44] Additional royalty-free licensing[edit] Obligated members of the OASIS ODF TC have agreed to make deliverables available to implementors under the OASIS Royalty Free with Limited Terms policy. Key contributor Sun Microsystems made an irrevocable intellectual property covenant, providing all implementers with the guarantee that Sun will not seek to enforce any of its enforceable U.S. or foreign patents against any implementation of the OpenDocument specification in which development Sun participates to the point of incurring an obligation.[45] A second contributor to ODF development, IBM -- which, for instance, has contributed Lotus spreadsheet documentation[46] -- has made their patent rights available through their Interoperability Specifications Pledge in which "IBM irrevocably covenants to you that it will not assert any Necessary Claims against you for your making, using,
stemming from externalities that create impacts on communities, broadly defined. Externalities are those costs or benefits arising from a transaction that are not fully reflected in the monetary amount of the transaction. A community can be considered as anything from a neighbourhood, to a country, or even a community of interest such as a minority group within a society. Examples of externalities might include: innovation measured through patents and partnerships; economic effects (positive or negative) of changes in location or operations; or the contribution of a sector to Gross Domestic Product or national competitiveness. Examples of community impacts might include: community dependency on the organisation’s activities; ability of the organisation to attract further investment into an area; or the location of suppliers. 2) Environmental Performance Indicators
The movement of power buoys caused by waves looks like the movement of valves in a motor block. 23 Video clip: Power buoys Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EsRzTl6Q24E Summary of wave energy Wave energy converters can be realized as floating devices (offshore) or fixid devices (coast region). There are already over thousand patents of different types of energy convertig devices. over More than one-hundred projects are under observation all over the world. Benefits Wave power can be predicted one or two days in advance. This is because satellites are able to measure oceanic waves, which will encounter the WECs later. Therefore less spinning reserve is needed, which often supports more variable renewable sources. The environmental impacts of WECs are mostly perceived as insignificant.
dokumendid, mida nõuab Eesti valitsus - documents required by the Estonian authorities esindama välismaal - represent abroad tööstuse kohalik haru - a local branch teosta uuringuid - to carry out research study osale kaubandusmessides - to participate on trade fairs hulgimüüja või vahendaja - wholesaler or commissioner lase reklaami hoolikalt planeerida - let the advertising carefully planned kontrolli, et su patent oleks kehtiv/maksev - check that your patents are valid rahvusvaheline ärikataloog - (an) international business directories olulised ajalehed - relevant papers palka sobiv inimene - to employ a suitable person rääkima soravalt võõrkeelt - to speak fluently the forign language 42 põhjalaht - north bay ma teen hea meelega teiega koostööd - I would gladly cooperate with you lepingut sõlmima - to conclude an agreement küllakutse vastu võtma - to accept the invitation
taotlus patendi või kasuliku mudeli saamiseks korraga mitmes riigis. Selle lepingu kohaselt teeb WIPO Rahvusvaheline Büroo (Genfis) eelmenetluse, ekspertiis tehakse märgitud riikides. 1973. aasta Euroopa Patendikonventsiooni (millega Eesti 2002 ühineb) alusel on võimalik esitada üks taotlus saamaks patenti Euroopa riikides; kogu menetlus teostatakse Euroopa Patendiameti poolt (Münchenis), tulemuseks on märgitud riikides eraldi kehtivad patendid (bundle of patents). Euroopa Ühenduse patendi (mis kehtiks ühtsena kogu Ühenduse territooriumil) alase regulatsiooni kehtestamiseni ei ole veel jõutud, vaatamata pikaaegsele tööle. • Kasulik mudel Kasulik mudel on leiutis, mis on uudne, millel on leiutustase ja mis on tööstuslikult kasutatav. Leiutis saab õiguskaitse kasuliku mudelina registreerimisel. Kasuliku mudeli õiguskaitse ulatus määratakse kindlaks kasuliku mudeli nõudluse sisuga. Kui kasuliku
not restrict intra-EU trade so much. Protection of national treasures possess in gartistic, histricorarchaeological value - a Member State's duty to protect its national treasures and patrimony may justify measures which create obstacles to imports or exports. Protection of industriaal and commercial property - the most important types of industrial and commercial property are patents, trade marks and copyright. Two principles can be deduced from the case-law on the compatibility with Articles 3436 TFEU of the exercise of industriaal property rights. The first principle is that the Treaty does not affect the existence of industrial property rights granted pursuant to the legislation of the Member States. Accordingly, national legislation on the acquisition, transfer and extinction of such rights is lawful
promoted cultural development, and protects the world's natural and cultural heritage. So certain cultural objects, places are under the protection of UNESCO. International cooperation in signs, press freedom and communication. Responsible for freedom of speech World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) promote international protection of intellectual property; foster cooperation in copyrights, trademarks, industrial design and patents. Economic Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) works to improve agricultural productivity and food security, works for better living standards of the rural population. International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) more responsible for the mobilisation of financial resources to raise food production as well as nutrition levels among the poor countries. These work with different agricultural issues
He was so good that he was grabbed off at a substantial raise by International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation's research subsidiary, International Communication Laboratories, which was doing some cryptographic work. Four months later the stock market crashed. Vernam, with no seniority, was soon out. He went to Postal Telegraph Cable Company, which merged with Western Union. His inventive spark flared from time to time, and he was granted 65 patents in all, among them such important noncryptologic items as the semiautomatic torn- tape relay system, the push-button switching systems, and finally the fully automatic telegraph switching system, all for the Air Force's 200,000-mile domestic network. But the reversal in his personal fortunes seemed to depress him. Each night he sank deeper and deeper into the newspaper. Finally, on February 7, 1960, after a long bout with Parkinson's disease, the man
sawdust, fitted with supports for spits, rods, Other Types of Generators or wire mesh, and outlets for the spent Thermal degradation of wood can also be smoke). Here, as well as in smoking ovens, accomplished by overheated steam; this takes but also in kilns or tunnels supplied with place in the steam smoke generators covered smoke from generators, the quality of the by numerous patents (Fessman 1971). The products is affected by the duration of the sawdust is fed by a worm feeder into a reactor process, the properties of the smoke, and formed by a tilted pipe with perforated walls. the conditions of heat and mass transfer. The Overheated steam at temperatures of usually same factors are also important in smoke- about 200°C is blown through the perfora- houses equipped with atomizers of liquid tions into the sawdust-filled reactor
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