Food and environment Brita Lodi Tallinn University of Technology Management of Environment 2015 MEAT INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ● GREENHOUSEGASES ● WATER (USAGE, POLLUTION) ● LAND ● WASTE ● OCEANS ● RAINFORESTS ● WILDLIFE ● HUMANITY GREENHOUSE GASES 18 PER CENT OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS ARE CAUSED BY ANIMAL AGRICULTURE CARBONDIOXIDE METHANE NITROUS OXIDE LIVESTOCK AND THEIR BYPRODUCTS ACCOUNT FOR AT LEAST 32,000 MILLION TONS OF CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) PER YEAR, OR 51% OF ALL WORLDWIDE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS. METHANE (and nitrous oxide) „THE MAIN SOURCES OF METHANE ARE THE ENTERIC FERMENTATION OF RUMINANTS AND RELEASES FROM STORED MANURE“ WASTE EVERY M I N U T E, 3.5 MILLION KILOGRAMS OF MANURE ARE PRODUCED BY ANIMALS RAISED FOR FOOD IN THE US. WATER 20-33% OF ALL FRESH WATER
kümneid või sadu kordi suurem ning joogivesi põhjustab seal spetsiifilisi haigusi (nn mustjalg), mitmesuguseid nahahaigusi, vähktõvevorme jm. Arseen ja selle ühendid võivad olla ka kasulikud. Nimetame vaid efektiivseid puiduimmutusvahendeid, mis aitavad mädanemise vastu, pooljuhtmaterjale, eriklaase ja ravimeid. Naatriumarsenit on efektiivne ravim leukeemia puhul. Arseeni sissehingamisest tingitud ajalooliste surmade kohta saab lugeda siit. Metaan (Methane - prügila gaas) Metaan tekib looduses anaeroobsetes tingimustes mikroorganismide (bakterite) elutegevuse käigus orgaanilise aine, eriti tselluloosi lagunemisel (anaeroobne lagunemine). Seda esineb näiteks soodes ja mudastel aladel. Palju metaani on imetajate soolegaasides ning seda eraldub ka mäletsejate sõnnikust. Rohkesti metaani tuleb ka riisipõldudelt. Suurem osa atmosfääri metaanist pärinebki tänapäeval karjakasvatusest ja riisikasvatusest.
Climate change Astrid Linder G1R1 Gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect include: · Water Vapor · Methane · Nitrous · Carbon dioxide Florida Hawaii THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!
LNG Liquefied Natural Gas Outline Introduction What is natural gas? What is LNG? Liquefaction and regasification terminals Storage and transport Introduction Global energy demand grows 35 % higer in 2030 Natural gas fastestgrowing major fuel source Clean burning Reliable Abundant What is natural gas? It is: Odourless Colourless Flammable gas Consists: Methane Ethane Butane Propane What is LNG? Cooled natural gas 160 0C 1/600th the volume of the same amount of natural gas LNG is: Clear Colourless Nontoxic liquid Liquefaction and regasification terminals Liquefaction terminal Export Receive gas by pipeline Cleans gas Liquefies Regasification terminal Import Receive gas by ships Regasifies Storage and transport 50 years and 128 million miles Doublehulled tankers
Sustainable city planning Sandra Erik 11L What is sustainable city planning? • A sustainable city, or also know as eco-city, is a city designed with consideration of environmental impact, inhabited by people dedicated to minimization of required inputs of energy, water and food, and waste output of heat, air pollution - CO2, methane, and water pollution. • It should meet the needs A sustainable city should be able to... • feed itself with minimal reliance on the surrounding countryside, and power itself with renewable sources of energy. • create the smallest possible ecological footprint • produce the lowest quantity of pollution possible • efficiently use land • compost used materials - Practical Achievement • Different agricultural systems - agricultural plots within the
Kütus ehk kütteaine on aine, mille põletamisel eraldub palju soojust ja mida seetõttu kasutatakse energiaallikana, näiteks elektrienergia saamiseks. Kütust kasutatakse toidu valmistamiseks, eluaseme soojendamiseks, transpordivahendite ja masinate mootoreis, tööstuses jne. Põlevad õhus Jagunemine: > Maagaasiks > Vedelgaasiks > Tehisgaasiks > Biogaasiks > kaasnev gaas Põhiliselt metaan Leidub koos naftaga või eraldi Lõhnatu ja värvitu Suurimad leiukohad: > Venemaal > Iraanis > Ameerika Ühendriikides Kodupidamistes kütteks ja toidu valmistamiseks Generaatorgaas Kõrgahjugaas Kasutatakse mitmes tööstusharus ja majapidamisgaasina Propaan ja butaan Vedelas olekus, põleb gaasina Kasutatakse > Majapidamisgaasina maagaasi asemel > Metallide lõikamisel > Kuumutamisel > Jootmisel > Soojapuhurite > Soojakiirgurite küt...
interesting applications for this gas which appeal to people who are interested in sustainable energy and the health of the environment. The basis for biogas is organic material such as food scraps and feces which are held in an anaerobic area, which can range from a storage tank which is not ventilated to a device which is specifically designed to produce gases. The conditions attract anaerobic bacteria, which start to break down the organic material, producing methane and carbon dioxide as a by-product. Another type of biogas which includes hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide can be obtained through the gasification of biomass such as wood or rice husks, a technique which is used to manufacture gas industrially. The gases produced through anaerobic fermentation or gasification are combustible in addition to having a strong smell which makes them stand out to the human nose. Methane leaks from landfills are an ongoing problem, as is the
· Värvusetu ja kergesti süttiv gaas. · Maagaasi ja vedelgaasi osa · Tihedus: 0.579 g/m3 · Lahustuvus: 6.1 mg/100 ml (17 °C) · Sulamistemp: -138.3 °C · Keemistemp: -0.5 °C · Süttimistemp: 430 °C Kasutatud Kirjandus · http://www.egvorguteenus.ee/public/files/Maaga as_Toote_kirjeldus.pdf · http://www.emu.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=prev iew/id=254833/Biogaasi+tootmistehnoloogiad.pp t · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane · http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethane · ,,Tehnikaleksikon", Valgus, Tallinn 1981, lk 249, 404.
exhausting. Many parents have lost their jobs because of the virus. And still there are people who won’t listen to the government rules and spread the virus further. Secondly, global warming is increasing at an alarming rate with the progress in technology. In recent years, industrialization and extensive use of automobiles have been observed, and these developments have significantly raised the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Moreover, these gases like carbon dioxide and methane trap the sunlight and elevate the temperature of the earth. This change in temperature is not only responsible for global warming but also other associated problems of climate change and air pollution. In conclusion, to ensure positive contributions and to minimize risks to the planet, relying on govenment alone will not lead to the desired results. Each person's effort can effectively help protect the environment.
The principle cause of climate change is the increase in carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. The main cause of that is the burning of fossile fuels. This is leading to the global warming. People have discovered a way to reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. It is possible to seperate the CO2 from the other gases by adding liquid which is very good at absorbing CO2. Then it can be pumped to underground. Scientist came up with this idea because methane gas has been down there for thousands of years and it has not come up. So they expect that the CO2 won't be coming up either. To be sure of that, they are coing to make a test and drill two wells to take purified CO2, inject it into the ground and monitor the physical changes that CO2 undergoes. This technology is really new and it is unknown to people. It has not been proven yet, so people are scared and concerned about it. The biggest fear is that carbon dioxide will
environment and does not contribute to the greenhouse effect and global warming. Non-renewable energy Non-renewable energy comes from sources that can't be replenished in a short period of time. We get most of our energy from nonrenewable energy sources, which include fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, coal and from nuclear energy. Unfortunately, burning fossil fuels produces greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane which may cause global warming. Wind energy is the world's fastest growing energy technology. Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from the sun. Hydroelectric energy is the oldest and largest source of renewable energy. Renewable energy is also known as "green" energy because, unlike energy created from fossil fuels, it will not run out.
index of the importance of the factor as a potential climate change mechanism. 2.The three main things that alter the energy balance of the climate system are the changes in the atmospheric abundance of greenhouse gases and aerosols, in solar radiation and in land surface properties. 3.The two sources for the increased concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere are production, distribution and consumption of fossil fuels and as a by-product from cement production. 4.The two main sources of methane pollution are agriculture and fossil fuel use. 5.Volcanic aerosols are not included to the list because of their episodic nature. 6.The world's oceans absorb more than 80% of heat. 7.The total 20th-century rise is estimated to be 0.17 [0.12 to 0.22] m. 8.Arctic has seen twice the increase of global temperature rate. 9.Increased precipitation has been observed in eastern parts of North and South America, northern Europe and northern and central Asia. 10
Municipal dumps are created in the outskirts of the city. People who live near suffer from such neighbourhood. Because strong smell coming from this place. It's also an attractive place for homeless animals, crows, rats and mice. The air round municipal dumps is always contaminated because several items in the dumps are toxic in nature. And those that decompose release toxic into the air, into the soil, and then get into the groundwater. These toxic can be gases like methane, sulfur, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and so on. Municipal dumps are the cause serious diseases and damage crops. These dumps are becoming bigger and bigger. What is the solution to a problem? First of all, people should change their attitude to dumping. Special bins should be put of cans, bottles and paper. Secondly, much more than half of today's trash could be recycled, but 80% of it winds up in landfills
used to generate electricity using turbines, or can be used mechanically to do useful work. It is a very common resource. Besides these , there are a lot more renewable resources such as animals, plants, forrests and so on. Non-renewable resources: Some resources take hundreds, thousands and even millions of years to be made. These are called non-renewable resources like coal , oil shale, petroleum, natural gases, rocks. Natural gas- is a gas consisting mostly of methane. It is used to produce electricity and heat, to produce different products like fertilisers, glass, plastic, it can also be used as a fuel to our cars. Petroleum is a liquid that can be found in earth's crust. It is used as fuel and as a raw material in chemical industry. It is very important we use renewable and non-renewable resources wisely. If a resource is used and thrown away, eventually the resource becomes scarce. When the supply
kg ISESEISEV KODUNE TÖÖ KODUNE TÖÖ Õppeaines: TRANSPORDIVAHENDID Transporditeaduskond Õpperühm: TLI41 Juhendaja: Sven Andresen Tallinn 2013 Sisukord 1.Auto...................................................................................................................................................3 2.Haagis................................................................................................................................................4 3.Teljekoormused.................................................................................................................................5 3.1.Täismassil:..................................................................................................................................5 3.2.Tühimassil:..........................................................................................................
selle kõiki ohtusid ning tundmatud on ka kaevandamise tehnoloogiat, see tõttu ei saa veel kindlalt määratleda, kas metaanhüdraat on oht keskkonnale või tuleviku kütus. Kasutatud kirjandus: http://wol.jw.org/et/wol/d/r37/lp-st/102000842 http://www.horisont.ee/arhiiv_2000_2002/h2002n2l5.html http://www.v2rskeaju.eu/tag/metaanhudraat/ http://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-1/energy/methane-hydrates/ http://www.v2rskeaju.eu/2009/02/polev-jaa-metaanhudraat/ http://www.ttkool.ut.ee/nupuvere/f/varia31_1.html http://ethomas.web.wesleyan.edu/ees123/clathrate.htm
Valge tahke aine,niiskustundlik, hügroskoopne, valged kristalline pulber Kasutatud kirjandus. 1) http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/result.asp?molid=7758-02-3 2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_bromide 4.Metaan-metane-CH4 M(CH4)= 16.0425 g/mol = 0.717 kg/m³, gaasiline aine Keemistemp= -161.6 °C Sulamistemp= -182.5 °C Lahustuvus vees: 3.5 mg/100 ml (17 °C) CAS: 74-82-8 Värvitu, lõhnatu gaas, plahvatusohtlik Kasutatud kirjandus: 1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane#Potential_health_effects 2) http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/result.asp 5.Kloroform, Trichloromethane - CHCl3 M(CHCl3)= 119.3779 /mol = 1.48 g/cm³, vedel Sulamistemp= -63.5 °C Keemistemp= 61.2 °C Lahustuvus: 0.8 g/100 ml at 20 °C CAS: 67-66-3 Iseloomuliku lõhna ja narkootilise toimega, kergesti lenduv värvuseta mürgine vedelik, , lahustub orgaanilistes lahustites. Oksüdeerub õhuhapniku toimel aeglaselt süsinikoksiidkloriidiks. Kasutatud kirjandus; 1) http://chemfinder
(http://www.eestiloodus.ee/artikkel1070_1062.html) 2. EL 2010/6-7 Põlva energiamajanduse roheline tulevik (http://www.eestiloodus.ee/index.php?id=3361&id_a=3333) 3. EL 2012/6-7 Ravimijäägid looduskeskkonnas (http://www.eestiloodus.ee/index.php?id=4680&id_a=4623) 4. EL 2011/02 Keskkonnahoidlik põllumajandus tasub ära (http://www.eestiloodus.ee/index.php?id=3733) 5. M. Luna-delRisco1, A. Normak1 and K. Orupõld1,2. Biochemical methane potential of different organic wastes and energy crops from Estonia. Agronomy Research 9 (1–2), 331–342, 2011 6. Lämmastikuringest, Nitraadiprobleem . MADIS METSUR, TIIU VALDMAA 2003 (http://www.maves.ee/Tasub_teada/nitraat.htm) 7. Biogaasi ressurss ja tootmine Eestis. Projekti W-Fuel andmebaasi loomine. Ülo Kask Tallinna Tehnikaülikool, Projekti W-Fuel infopäev Lääne-Virumaal, Rakvere, 4.03.2010
• There are different ways of getting the energy out of a wood: –Traditional burning –The gasification of wood The calorific values • The calorific values, in terms of 20% of moisture regain: alder – 700 kWh/ton birch – 1500 kWh/ton Wood gas • Wood gas is produced by heating biomass (wood) in a temperature over 700°C without air access or in a method of pyrolysis. Wood gas consists of carbon dioxide, methane and carbon monoxide. The calorific value of wood gas is approximately 1,25 MWh/1000 m³ wood. 34...40 m³ of wood gas can be produced out of a 100 kg of wood Biomass from nature protection area • Ecologically pure • Low cost • Sustainable Biomass from nature protection area – an environmental friendly input for biogas Jaak-Albert Metsoja Nature Conservation Society “Eagle” •The overall managed area today
When burned, the chemical energy in biomass is released as heat. If you have a fireplace, the wood you burn in it is a biomass fuel. Wood waste or garbage can be burned to produce steam for making electricity, or to provide heat to industries and homes. Pictures 14.1. Types of biomass Burning biomass is not the only way to release its energy. Biomass can be converted to other usable forms of energy like methane gas or transportation fuels like ethanol and biodiesel. Methane gas is the main ingredient of natural gas. Smelly stuff, like rotting garbage, and agricultural and human waste, release methane gas - also called "landfill gas" or "biogas." Crops like corn and sugar cane can be fermented to produce the transportation fuel, ethanol. Biodiesel, another transportation fuel, can be produced from left-over food products like vegetable oils and animal fats.
Hiljem toimus silikaatide murenemine, karbonaatide sadestumine ja orgaanilise süsiniku mattumine ning sellega kaasnev keskkonna taastumine. PETM-i sündmusel on potentsiaali olla analogiks tänapäeva globaalse soojenemisele, kuigi mudeldamine on raskendatud kahe sündmuste mõne erinevuse ja andmete puuduse tõttu. 8 7. Kasutatud kirjandus Dickens, G. R., O'Neil, D., Rea, D. K. & Owen, R. M. 1995 Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene. Paleoceanography 10, 965971. Haywood, A.M., Ridgwell, A., lunt, D.J. 2011. Are there pre-Quaternary geological analogues for a future greenhouse warming? Phil Trans R Soc A, March 13, 2011, v. 369, p. 933-956. Koch, P.L.; Zachos, J.C.; Gingerich, P.D. (1992). "Correlation between isotope records in marine and continental carbon reservoirs near the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary". Nature 358: 319322. Kelly, D.C
Selle tehnoloogia kasutamisel jahutatakse metaani kuni temperatuurini 163 °C. Tänapäeval veetakse meritsi umbes 150 miljonit tonni veeldatud gaase ja lähiaastatel on ette näha veomahu pidevat suurenemist, sest gaasi kasutamine kütteks ja energia tootmiseks reostab loodust tunduvalt vähem kui teised kütused. Gaasiveolaevu erinevate veeldatud gaaside veoks on umbes 900. Sama jõudsalt, kui on kasvanud gaasiveolaevade arv, on kasvanud ka nende mahutavus. Kui ühe esimese gaasiveolaeva "Methane Pioneer" mahutavus oli ainult 5000 m 3, siis juba 1964. aastal ehitatud "Methane Princess'i" mahutavus oli 27 400 m 3. Praegu kasutusel olevatest gaasitankeritest on suurimad mahutavusega 137 000 m3. 20 8.3. Veeldatud gaasid ja nende omadused Veeldatud gaasiks nimetatakse normaaltemperatuuril ja -rõhul gaasilises olekus oleva aine vedelat olekut. Veeldatud gaasid jaotatakse looduslikeks ja keemilisteks gaasideks.
distillation from mined organic solids such as cannel coal (and later oil shale), and refined oils produced from them; in the United Kingdom, storage (and later transport) of these oils were regulated by a series of Petroleum Acts, from the Petroleum Act 1862 onwards. Composition In its strictest sense, petroleum includes only crude oil, but in common usage it includes all liquid, gaseous, and solid hydrocarbons. Under surface pressure and temperature conditions, lighter hydrocarbons methane, ethane, propane and butane occur as gases, while pentane and heavier ones are in the form of liquids or solids. However, in an underground oil reservoir the proportions of gas, liquid, and solid depend on subsurface conditions and on the phase diagram of the petroleum mixture. An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will
identified phenols, those present in the One of the important groups of smoke highest concentrations are syringol, guaiacol, constituents contains aliphatic and aromatic 234 Chapter 12 hydrocarbons. In the fraction of about 20 phase is more effective than that of the aliphatic hydrocarbons, the compound particles and droplets. A rise in the tempera- present in the highest concentration is ture of the smoke also accelerates sorption methane, known also as the product of dry of these compounds by the meat being distillation of wood. Much larger is the smoked. group of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons The quantity of different smoke compo- (PAH) identified in numerous investigations nents accumulated in the meat depends on (Obiedzin´ ski and Borys 1977). Some smoked the temperature, humidity, agitation, and
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