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The Saxons & Vikings Fragmentary knowledge of England in the 5th & 6th centuries comes from the British writer Gildas, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, saints' lives, poetry, archaelogical findings and place- name studies. British landlords ruled small, unstable kingdoms and continued some Roman traditions of governance. In the mid-5th cent, Vertigern, a British leader, hired Germanic mercenaries to help defend against peoples of the north (Picts & Scots). In the end they revolted & the process of invasion and settlement began. The first Saxon ,,kings" were Hengist & Horsa in Kent, Aelle in Sussex, Cerdic / Cynric in Wessex. So the first ,,English" became mainly from Northern Germany & Denmark. The resistance of the Celts was long. They were free at the time, not like other Roman provinces on the Continent. Around 500, the Britons seem to have won several victories
Revision questions for the test on Old English and Medieval Literature. 1.) How is literature analysed and studied? What is the difference between the diachronic and synchronic view? Literature is studied and analysed by reading the piece of work profoundly and work on all the aspects of the piece. Diachronic is development in history Synchronic is particular state at any given moment 2.) Give a general overview of Celtic Britain, Roman invasion in 55-54 BC, Anglo-Saxon invasion and the second Roman "invasion" of Great Britain, who were the leaders, what influence did they leave on the culture of Great Britain? Celtic Britain was during the Bronze Age, there were many small tribal kingdoms fighting one another. Many megalithic monuments were built around that time, e.g. Stonehenge, the Avebury ring. The Roman Invasion 55-54 BC, Julius Caesar ruled Rome, Rome built the Hadrian's wall (73 miles
By 300AD all the towns had thick walls. The Romans left about 20 large towns and a hundred of small ones. Many of the towns were at first army camps and the Latin word for it castra has still remained in the names of these towns: Leicester, Chester, Doncaster, Lancaster etc. The Towns were well built and connected with roads. In the countryside there were many large farms called villas. The life expectancy was short 2040 years. The Saxon invasion The Invaders At first the Germanic tribes only raided Britain but after 430 AD they began to settle. The invaders came from three powerful Germanic tribes the Saxons, Angles and Jutes. The Jutes settled in Kent and south coast, angles settled in east and north midlands and the Saxons settled between then. They all drove most of the Celts to Wales and in north to Scotland. Hardly anything is left from the Germanic culture. The AngloSaxons established a number of kingdoms. The most
материала, закрепление словаря и развитие навыков ведения беседы по тематике пособия. Пособие предназначено для студентов гуманитарных специальностей. Подготовлено на факультете лингвистики. The book contains an overview of the most important events in British history – from the first documented invasions of the island to the formation and fall of the British colonial empire. A series of exercises will help to remember the subject matter, practise the vocabulary and contribute to skills work. The book is intended for the Humanities students. Вавилов Н.А., 2008 3 4 Contents 5 ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Firts came 55 BC to gather information, celts were doing agriculturally well,so romans wanted to get some food too In 54BC Caesar defeated Cassivelaunus Actual reasons why he made expeditions are unknown or wheteher he wanted to intend conquest The Roman Occupation 43-410 43 AD Emperor Claudius conquered Britain, it was easy, romans were more skilled and betetr equipped. Romans faced assaults of Picts, Scots, barbarians. 406-7 barbarians begin invasion Legacy- new types of animals, plants; miles, feet, inches-roman measurements;christianity; Roman basilica in curches; reading, writing; buildings, roads Christianity in Roman Britain Until 4th C christians were persecuted 313 AD Emperor Constantine legalised christianity 380 AD Emperor Theodosius I made it the official religion of the empire Paganism had been eclipsed but continued to pose a political, religious challenge Boudicca
started during the days of the Industrial Revolution * the flag is of Wales bears a Red Dragon (it is not represented on the Union Jack) Northern Ireland: * the capital city is Belfast * 54% of people regard themselves as Protestants and 42% as Roman Catholics * the flag is called the Saint Patrick's Cross 2) History Prehistoric Britain, Roman Britain, Anglo-Saxon, Danish, Norman invasions (...-1066): Britain was part of the European land mass until the end of the last Ice Age. It became an island by about 6000 BC. From about 3000 to 2000 BC the British Isles were inhabited by a group of people called the Iberians. These Stone Age people lived in limestone caves, they used stone axes and fashioned antlers and bones into leather-working tools. Later groups of people from what are now Germany, the Netherlands and Brittany also settled in Briton.
o Southern Britain became Britannia and was ruled by a roman governor o The Romans built over 20 towns: Colchester, Londinium, Winchester etc. They were good engineers and built roads and villas that had central heating, glass windows and mosaic floors o 122 AD- Hadrian's Wall; 138 AD- Antonine Wall o Druids(celtic priests) were banned and Britain was influenced by christianity 3) The Germanic Invasions I. The Anglo-Saxons o 5th century- 1066 o From Southern Denmark(angles); Germany(saxons); Jutland(jutes) o By the 7th c kingdoms had emerged and later KING ALFRED united the kingdoms o They were pagans and very rural people, built in wood rather than stone o It was the saxon farmstead that laid the foundations of the English village II. The Vikings
tribes. The Celts built a number of hill forts throughout the region. The society was divided into warrior aristocracy, agricultural commons and the priests, the druids. *Caesar in Britain - Britain was very rich in minerals but that wasn't the main reason Caesar wanted to defeat it. He could clearly see that Britain was a threat to his latest and greatest conquest - France. He invaded Britain twice, in 55 and 54 BC. The first invasion was unsuccessful - it gained a beachhead on the coast of Kent but achieved little else. The second was more successful, the Celts asked for truce. However it wasn't a victory he had imagined and Julius Caesar never returned to Britain after that. The island was left undisturbed for nearly a century. *The Roman occupation of Britain 43-410 and its legacy Britain was conquered by Emperor Claudius, the Roman rule in England lasted up to 410. The Romans left behind a
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