Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Keskvõrde ja ülivõrde tööleht koos reeglitega". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
than, adjectives, syllable, longer, front, popular, thin, tall, change, consonant, complete, sister, good, famous, brother, rules, comparative, keskvõrre, vowel, double, final, changes, least, base, worse, pretty, happy, bright, sentences, english, difficult, mobile, phone, class, clever, student, tokyo, nice, sally, summer, season, circle, correctDegrees of Comparison Table of Contents Degrees of Comparison ......................................................... 2 Formation of comparatives and superlatives from adjectives and adverbs:......................................................................... 2 Adjectives ................................................................. 2 Adverbs .................................................................... 4 Types of comparisons ........................................................... 4 Degrees of Comparison Degrees of Comparison are used to compare things (living beings, actions, phenomena, etc). We use the comparative degree to compare two things: She’s shorter than me. John works harder than Jim.
Collective Nouns 34 Masculine and Feminine Nouns 37 9 Adverbs 127 4 Pronouns 44 Personal Pronouns 44 10 Prepositions 132 Reflexive Pronouns 47 Interrogative Pronouns 48 Demonstrative Pronouns 49 11 Conjunctions 135 5 Adjectives 52 12 Interjections 138 Adjective Endings 54 Kinds of Adjectives 58 Comparison of Adjectives 65 13 Sentences 139 What is a Sentence? 139 6 Determiners 71 Kinds of Sentences 140
1. Nouns: how is the plural formed? The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s: · more than one snake / snakes · more than one ski / skis · more than one Barrymore / Barrymores Words that end in -ch, x, s or s-like sounds, however, will require an -es for the plural: · more than one witch / witches · more than one box / boxes · more than one gas / gases · more than one bus / buses · more than one kiss / kisses · more than one Jones / Joneses BUT! Photos, kilos, pianos, zeros, studios, radios. When the word ends in the letter -y: · country / countries · family / families · story / stories Nouns ending in -f: (should be learned by heart) · calf / calves · elf / elves · half / halves · knife / knives · life / lives
symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). Syntax (concerned with the rules [grammar] and how sentences and words are formed). Synchronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how language exists in one moment in time, not at how this language came to be the way it is now. Example Estonian in the 21st century. Diachronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how a language has changed over some period of time
Bless you! Congratulations! Good luck! Te toca a ti. ¡Callate! Te amo. teh toh-kah ah tee kah-yah-teh tay ah-moh It's your turn. (informal) Shut up! I love you. (informal and singular) Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of speaking. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the words
Balley, G.Marduzeon who in the 20th century made a definite contribution. This happened because of the centuries-old tradition in France of interest in style. The classical works on english stylistics are those by the german scholars: Ph.Aronstein, M.Deutschbein, I.Galperin. In the 50's and 60's of the previous century there was a rapid growth of interest in stylistics throughout the word. In the 70's and 80's, the methods of structural linguistics were very popular in stylistics. Present stylistic studies have become quite systematic. Computer-assisted stylistic analysis appears to be quite promising, e.g the study of cases of disputed authorship (I may claim I have written Othello) which may study the influence of one author to another. Although still somewhat chaotic stylistic is a vigorous, young science with vast prospects. Stylistician- a scholar who studies style. Stylist- a writer or speaker skilled in a literary style. Linguistic style
bears the stamp of individual usage. The late 19th century and early 20th century saw the appearance of the pragmatic approach to stylistics: the tendency to regard stylistics as an applied science. It was believed that the chief aim of the stylistics is to improve the style of the reader, to teach him to express his thoughts better. In the 50s and 60s there was a rapid growth of interest in stylistics. The methods of structural linguistics were most popular in 70s and 80s. Present day stylistic studies have gradually taken a more systematic course. Computer assisted stylistic analysis seems quite promising (e.g. the study of cases of disputed authorship). Although still somewhat chaotic and unorganized stylistics is a vigorous young science with wide potential and prospects. 2. INHERENT CONNOTATION Meaning of a word has: a denotation (meaning proper, we find it in dictionaries) and a connotation (an additional shade of meaning)
(NOT I have big respect for her ideas.) We had great difficulty in understanding him. (NOT We had big difficulty in understanding him.) 33. Don't use the with a superlative when you are not comparing one person or thing with another. Compare: She's the nicest of the three teachers. She's nicest when she's working with small children. This is the best wine I've got. This wine is best when it's three or four years old. 34. Put enough after, not before, adjectives. This soup isn't hot enough. (NOT This soup isn't enough hot.) She's old enough to walk to school by herself. 35. Don't use a structure with that ... after want or would like. My parents want me to go to university. (NOT My parents want that I go to university.) I'd like everybody to leave. (NOT I'd like that everybody leaves.) 36. After link verbs like be, seem, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, we use adjectives, not adverbs. I feel happy today. (NOT I feel happily today.)
Ladusseva "Stylistic practice: Book I, Book II" - I. Ladusseva "A Guide to Punctuation" EXAMINATION TOPICS: 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies 2. Inherent connotations. Phonesthemes Use lecture notes 3. Adherent connotations 4. Stylistic morphology: articles, nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, number * 5. Expressiveness on the level of word-building 6. Phonetic expressive means Study independen tly 7. Phonetic SD ("Rhythm And Style") 8. Lexical SD* 9. Syntactic SD* Use lecture notes 10. Graphical means and devices 11
Infixation is common in languages of Southeast Asia and the Philippines, and it is also found in some Native American languages. circumfixes morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and finally. Morphs: the concrete realisation of a morpheme (`was' be, past, singular) Allomorphs: a/an Types of affixes: Derivational and infelctional Derivational affixes: Derivational affixes may change the grammatical class of the root verbs into nouns, nouns into adjectives (boy, boyish), and so on. Derivation is a lexical process which actually forms a new word out of an existing one by adding affixes to stems or roots. consideration, considerate, inconsiderate, inconsiderateness Inflectional affixes: Inflectional affixes may be described as `relational markers' that fit words for use in a sentence (express a syntactic relation). Inflections do not change the
Phonology. Mid-term 2. Syllable - is a phonological unit consisting of one or more phonemes. In phonetics a syllable is a unit which consists of a centre, that has little or no obstruction to airflow; it is comparatively louder than other sounds. In phonology syllables are the possible combinations of phonemes. The syllable consists of - onset, nucleus, coda. (every syllable has a nucleus: vowel, syllabic l, or m, n). Rhyme/rime nucleus + coda; the nucleus and the coda constitute a sub-syllabic unit rhyme. Words rhyme, when their nucleus and coda are identical. (E.g 'cr-o-wn', 'd-o-wn'). The hierarchical structure of the syllable: Onset the beginning of the syllable Nucleus/peak the open part of a syllable, generally a vowel. Coda a consonant sound which ends the syllable. Open syllable - has no coda Closed syllable - has a coda!
· the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg. typical of a literary genre (comedy, drama, novel) · the selective use of lg that depends on spheres of human activity. These are called functional styles or registers (fiction, newspaper) Stylistics is the study of style. However, for some reason, English stylistics is less developed than French, German or Russian. The term ,,stylistics"came into more common use in English only some 35 years ago. It was recorded much earlier; in 1882 as "the study of literary style, the study of stylistic features" Stylistics is a branch of linguistics that studies principles of selecting different linguistic means for passing on thoughts and emotions. It studies: · Different functional styles, styles of genres, individual styles
At first he couldn't see anything in the darkness but after some time his eyes got used to it and he found a spade under the table. Suddnely he felt something moving around his leg. He thought it was his dog, who had been sleeping in the caravan, but then he understood that ot was ?something? more frightening. There were some snakes in the caravan and one of them was going to bite him. ( lünkades olev sõna ) 3. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the adjectives. 1) Basketball is a very popular game in Europe. It is even more popular than volleyball. (popular) 2) Jack is tall but Tom is taller than Jack. Steve is the tallest boy in the group. (tall) 3) Did you know that the cheetah is the fastest animal in the world? (fast) 4) This is the most expensive dress I've ever seen. (expensive) 5) Tim passed his driving test last week. It was the happiest day of his life. (happy)
3) Why don`t you let her........her story? A finish B to finish C finishing D have finished 4) Tim........in a cafe at present, but he has already applied for a new job A work B have worked C is working D worked 5) My father........already worked for two years before he went to University. A was B had C has D is 3. Change the order of the words to make a correct sentence. ( 5 points ) 1) I wonder / can / you / me / help / if 2) a / my / to / written / I / mother / already / letter / long / have 3) the / watch / often / they / TV / in / evening 4) the / gave / my / for / this / umbrella / is / that / Sally / me / my / birthday 5) particular / nothing / have / at / tell / you / to / moment / the 4. Give the comparative and the superlative of the following adjectives: ( 5 points ) e
Marks: /10 5 Match the words in list A with the correct definitions in list B. A B 1 intelligent a in a hurry to do things 2 stubborn b giving things to other people 3 shy c believing in yourself 4 popular d being very clever 5 pessimistic e not very good at talking to other people 6 friendly f wanting to know the answer to things 7 impatient g easy to talk to and nice 8 generous h not changing your mind easily 9 curious i thinking things are bad or are getting worse
collective noun Collective noun is the name we give to a group of nouns to refer to them as one entity. A crew of sailors. A flock of birds. A range of mountains. conjunction any member of a small class of words distinguished in manylanguages by their function as connecto rs between words, phrases,clauses, or sentences, as and, because, but, however. content words Content words are words that have meaning. They can be compared to grammatical words, which are structural. Nouns, main verbs, adjectives and adverbs are usually content words. Auxiliary verbs, pronouns, articles, and prepositions are usually grammatical words. Example ‘We flew over the mountains at dawn'. countable nouns Countable nouns are easy to recognize. They are things that we can count. For example: "pen". We can count pens. We can have one, two, three or more pens. Here are some more countable nouns: •dog, cat, animal, man, person •bottle, box, litre •coin, note, dollar
o Old English 31.8 % o French 45 % o Latin 16.7 % o Other Germanic languages 4.2 % o Other languages 2.3 % The core vocabulary is predominantly Germanic (the, I, you, etc.) Only 4 of the top-ranked one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are of foreign origin. o 64 state o 81 use v (Old French) o 93 people (Anglo-Norman, > Old French) o 100 just (> Old French) Core vocabulary and syllable structure: o 93 of the first one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are monosyllabic, and the remaining have two syllables (only, about, other, also, many even people) Core vocabulary – often short (monosyllabic) words of Germanic and Old Norse origin. 3. Native and foreign element. The native vocabulary has 3 strata Indo-European words - names of close relatives, names of natural objects, parts of the body, numerals.
verb). Predicative funct.: The film was very strange. adverb phrase adverbifraas, A phrase with an adverb functioning as the head. The lecturer spoke very clearly. määrsõnafraas Adverb phrases can modify verbs, adjectives, other adverbs and whole clauses. noun phrase nimisõnafraas, Has a noun or pronoun as its head. NPs can act as the My father (S) used to play the piano substantiivfraas subject (S), object (O) or predicative complement (C) (O). of a clause. You are a good friend (C).
............................................................... Give your number and I can be reached on ........................................................ times when you're until ................................................................................ available .................this evening. Thank them. Thanks very much. Bye. Useful questions and answers Match these questions and possible replies. Some have more than one answer What does "look up" mean? It's called a pencil sharpener. How do you say "kapp" in English? It means find the word in a dictionary What's this called in English? We say cupboard. How do you spell "married"? I'm sorry. I don't know. Can you repeat that, please? It's spelt M-A-double R-I-E-D. How do you pronounce this word? Yes, of course
language as there are different levels of technicality, foreignness, and so on. An item like heart is core and should be located in the centre of the diagram, whereas an item like cordial is probably more literary (more likely to be written than spoken), whereas an item like cardiac is more scientific (and perhaps more technical as well). If you refer to your heart as your ticker, you have chosen a more colloquial or slangy term. 3. Native and foreign element. Native vocabulary. 3 strata: Indo-European words mother, father, night, foot, heart, bear (bore, born), see
1 Sorry. I ... (write) a report at the moment. I can't come with you. 2 When Peter arrived, his friends ... (play) football. 3 I ... (sleep) when the alarm went off in my sister's room. 4 Dad's mobile phone is switched off because he ... (fly) to Paris. He's on the plane at the moment. 5 I ... (read) an interesting book. It's a collection of memories. 6 Leo was late again. He ... (step) out of his father's car when the bell rang. 7 Helen ... (lie) on the sofa when an ambulance stopped in front of the house. 8 I ... (give) this report from inside the school radio studio. Right now, the two teams ... (take) their places on the football field. 9 Mrs Watson ... (make) her speech when the girls rushed in. --- 4 2. Write the verbs in the past simple, the future simple, or the present perfect tense. Do you remember? I started I'll start I've started / she's started I'm not interested in sport, but lots of my classmates are. Some of them ... (1 do) great things in sport. Lisa ..
heads), metonymy (nt, how many vendes, macaroni) 3. Extra-and intralinguistic connection of words. Extral are those between a word and reality (nt, farm firmus (latin) that ment hard.) The answer lies in historical condition. Word ,,firma" ment stable payment. Finally it ment ,,tenant`s dwelling (elamine). To sack means when workers were dismissed, theiy took their tools in a sack and left. Intral words are connected with each other. New facts in the lg cause some change in the meaning of some words. (nt, autumn pushed harvest out, harvest tähendas nii sügist kui ka viljalõikust) 4. Motivation. Folk etymology. Motivation reflects some feature of an object in a word (nt, cucoo! Duck ducan (sukelduma)). Types of mot: a)phonetics- called sound imitation (onomatopoeia), (nt, murmur, bang, giggle, whistle). b)morphologial mot- the meaning of a word is motivated by the meaning of morphemes(separate elements), (nt, speak-er, ice-cream, beauty-ful)
A gold money into trouble sure money Your mind up better Some shopping A mistake friends Ex. 3 p. 32 John and Suzie say 1. They are very lucky because the flat is 2. Living in a city is much easy than being in the country. 3. The garden in the square is one of the nice gardens in London. Martin says 1. It is very relaxing to live in the country. 2. A flat near the office would be more convenient than where he lives now. 3. He lives in one of the most beautiful places in the world. Katrina says 1. She used to have a difficult time getting to shool. 2. When they were rebuilding the city centre, the traffic jame were even worst than they were before. 3
a certain point of time (when?) at half past nine Since from a certain point of time (past till now) since 1980 for over a certain period of time (past till now) for 2 years ago a certain time in the past 2 years ago before earlier than a certain point of time before 2004 to telling the time ten to six (5:50) past telling the time ten past six (6:10) till/until in the sense of how long something is going to last He is on holiday until Friday.
series. The Constitution establishes the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. The candidate promised to lower taxes, protect the environment, reduce crime, and end unemployment. The prosecutor argued that the defendant, who was at the scene of the crime, who had a strong revenge motive, and who had access to the murder weapon, was guilty of homicide. 6. Use commas to separate two or more coordinate adjectives that describe the same noun. Be sure never to add an extra comma between the final adjective and the noun itself or to use commas with non-coordinate adjectives. Coordinate adjectives are adjectives with equal ("co"-ordinate) status in describing the noun; neither adjective is subordinate to the other. You can decide if two adjectives in a row are coordinate by asking the following questions: · Does the sentence make sense if the adjectives are written in reverse order?
University of Pennsylvania "It's about time this book was written. It is a long-overdue manifesto for the mobile lifestyle, and Tim Ferriss is the ideal ambassador. This will be huge." --Jack Can eld, cocreator of Chicken Soup for the Soul®, 100+ million copies sold "Stunning and amazing. From mini-retirements to outsourcing your life, it's all here. Whether you're a wage slave or a Fortune 500 CEO, this book will change your life!" --Phil Town, New York Times bestselling author of Rule #1 "The 4-Hour Workweek is a new way of solving a very old problem: just how can we work to live and prevent our lives from being all about work? A world of in nite options awaits those who would read this book and be inspired by it!" --Michael E. Gerber, founder and chairman of E-Myth Worldwide and the world's #1 small business guru "Timothy has packed more lives into his 29 years than Steve Jobs has in his 51." --Tom
Mitte päris kindel, kuid võimalik. ought to He ought to arrive in time. could This could be the right decision. Mitte eriti suur tõenäosus. can Can this be the right decision? may / They may do it sooner than you think. Väga väike tõenäosus. might She might do it sooner. · Luba, keeld Modal verb Example Tähendus can Can/may/could I offer you some drink? may Loa küsimine. May on viisakam.
So, the British ports are ice-free and its rivers are not frozen throughout the year. The weather on the British Isles has a bad reputation. It is very changeable and fickle. The British say that there is a climate in other countries, but we have just weather. If you don't like the weather in England, just wait a few minutes. It rains very often in all seasons in Great Britain. Autumn and winter are the wettest. The sky is usually grey and cold winds blow. On the average, Britain has more than 200 rainy days a year. The English say that they have 3 variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon, and when it rains all day long. Sometimes it rains so heavily, that they say «It's raining cats and dogs». Britain is known all over the world for its fogs. Sometimes fogs are so thick that it's impossible to see anything within a few meters. The winter fogs of London are, indeed, awful; they surpass all imagination
students are to dress. The boys must wear a pair of pants and dress shirts. Similarly, the strict dress code requires plaid skirts and blouses for the girls. Like her grandmother, Sally loves the Gallaudet Homecoming football game. The news reported that Montana would be very cold this week. I said, "Likewise, Rochester will be, too." Ronda bought a new Saturn car; so in like manner the rest of her friends did the same thing. By comparison, Greensboro, N.C. is much smaller than Washington, D.C. is. The cat acts as if he is the boss of the house. The cat is as proud as a king. Bob loves to go to parties. In comparison, Sue loves to stay at home with her family. Compared to seven years ago when the printer worked well, it has been "ill" a great deal of the time in recent weeks. Words that show CONTRAST or DIFFERENCES · although · but · however · in contrast · in spite of · nevertheless nonetheless · rather than · though · unlike · yet
Leo There's a lot of controversy around it, but no actual evidence to 2 incorrect prove that GM food does us any harm. 3 completely Rosie I don't agree with that 4 totally argument, I'm afraid. There may be no 5 perfectly evidence right now, but it's the long- 6 wrong term effects that I'm concerned about. 7 virtually Leo Well any change has potential 8 highly consequences. You could make exactly the same argument against mobile 6 Students' own answers phones, or any new technology. Of course they may have harmful side 1G Describing an event effects but you have to weigh those up page 10 against their huge benefits. Rosie Like what? 1 1 like 4 as 7 as
· Are you sleeping? · I am sitting. · I am not standing. · Is he sitting or standing? · They are reading their books. Examples: · They are not watching television. · What are you doing? · She is always coming to class late. · Why aren't you doing your homework? · He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up. USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now · I don't like them because they are always complaining. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while Examples: eating dinner in a restaurant.)
It includes formal and informal styles. British Standard English grammar and vocabulary, together with the RP accent should be called English English. RP (Received Pronounciation) is an accent that originates from South-East of England. A social accent, associated only with England. 12-15% of native speakers in England use Standard English (BrEng). 3-5% of them use RP (EngEng). Non-standard varieties of English are often called dialects. They are any other dialect of English other than Standard English. They are stigmatized as shameful and inferior, socially lower. Judging people by their accent might, however, be offensive. These varieties are connected to race in US and class in UK. Grammatical and lexical differences throughout the world in the English language are rather insignificant . Most oftenly pronounciation is the most significant/different. Deviations from the standards: 1. Multiple negations ,,I didn't do nothing." 2. Ain't negative of ,,have" or ,,be" 3
Mr. Bingley may like you the best of the party." "My dear, you flatter me. I certainly have had my share of beauty, but I do not pretend to be anything extraordinary now. When a woman has five grown-up daughters, she ought to give over thinking of her own beauty." "In such cases, a woman has not often much beauty to think of." "But, my dear, you must indeed go and see Mr. Bingley when he comes into the neighbourhood." "It is more than I engage for, I assure you." "But consider your daughters. Only think what an establishment it would be for one of them. Sir William and Lady Lucas are determined to go, merely on that account, for in general, you know, they visit no newcomers. Indeed you must go, for it will be impossible for us to visit him if you do not." "You are over-scrupulous, surely. I dare say Mr. Bingley will be very glad to see you;
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