Test 18 1 Translate. 1 Haruldased loomad on kaitse all. Rare animals are under protection. 2 Jääaeg on populaarne film. Ice age is a popular movie. 3 Rebasejaht on kõrgklassi ajaviide. Fox Hunting is an upper-class pastime. 4 Ma pean iga päev klaverimängu harjutama. I have to practise playing the piano every day. 5 Mitu sportlast sellel võistlusel osales? How many athletes participated in this competition? 6 Vanemad on vastutatavad oma laste eest. Parents are responsible for their children. 7 Me asusime teele varahommikul.
publisher. ISBN 1-59905-201-6 Printed in the United States of America 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Introduction Grammar is a very old field of study. Did you know that the sentence was first divided into subject and verb by Plato, the famed philosopher from ancient Greece? That was about 2,400 years ago! Ever since then, students all over the world have found it worthwhile to study the structure of words and sentences. Why? Because skill in speaking and writing is the hallmark of all educated people. Lesson by lesson, this book provides basic instruction in the eight parts of speech--nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections--as well as the standard patterns of English sentences. All students of English, be they native speakers or those who are studying English as a second language, will profit from the fundamental introduction and review of
· more than one witch / witches · more than one box / boxes · more than one gas / gases · more than one bus / buses · more than one kiss / kisses · more than one Jones / Joneses BUT! Photos, kilos, pianos, zeros, studios, radios. When the word ends in the letter -y: · country / countries · family / families · story / stories Nouns ending in -f: (should be learned by heart) · calf / calves · elf / elves · half / halves · knife / knives · life / lives · leaf / leaves · loaf / loaves · scarf / scarves (s) · self / selves · sheaf / sheaves · shelf / shel ves · thief / thieves · wolf / wolves There are, however, exceptions: · dwarf / dwarfs
oceans, seas, canals, deserts,... Example: The Nile is the longest river. • when we talk about musical instruments, plants, animals and currencies. Examples: He plays the piano well. The rose is my favourite flower.
Tundra animals Reindeer Reindeer were first domesticated in Norway and northern Asia. When it was seen how valuable they were, they were brought to Alaska in 1887 and later to parts of Canada. These North American reindeer became known as caribou. Although they are called by different names, they are both considered to be a single species. Unlike deer, both the male and female have antlers. The antlers of the male are long, branched and massive, and they are a little flattened at the ends. The antlers of the female are much shorter, simpler and more slender and irregular. Their large, spreading hooves support the animal in snow in the winter and marshy tundra in the summer. Reindeer are also great swimmers and use their feet as paddles.
.. (1 get) as a birthday present. As I ... --- 5 (2 want) to look cool riding up to the front steps, I ... (3 put) on my new skirt. When I ... (4 reach) the school, I ... (5 make) a big mistake and ... (6 smile) at my friends instead of watching where I was going. While I ... (7 wave) at my best friend, I couldn't brake, and I ... (8 hit) the steps. I ... (9 fail) off my bike and ... (10 tear) my skirt. What a great start to the new year! 4. Write the sentences. 1 fifteen the off in I'm minutes to cinema I'm off to the cinema in fifteen minutes. 2 was mum up the between tension and building me my The tention was building up between my mum and me. 3 of top the photograph chest on there of was a drawers There was a photograph on top of the chest of drawers. 4 the bike a idea she upon hiring hit of The hit upon an idea of hiring a bike 5 she with were up when filled her tears stood eyes My alarm went off alarm quarter to five.
society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them to form new sentences constitute the grammar of a language" Prescriptive grammar vs. Descriptive garmmar: Descriptive grammar: the systematic study and description of a language. Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is actually used by speakers and writers. Prescriptive grammar: a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and word structures of a language, usually intended as an aid to the learning of that language. Prescriptive grammar refers
Tests Superstar 1 Luke Prodromou Test 1 Name____________________ Class_______ Use your English 1 Complete these sentences using the correct form (present simple or present continuous) of the verb in brackets. _ 1 She is in a band and she _________________________________ (record) a CD at the moment. _ 2 She is an actress and often _________________________________ (appear) on television. _ 3 At the moment she _________________________________ (have) a rest because she is tired. _ 4 Mike is a doctor and he _________________________________ (live) in Manchester.
The Eucalyptus and the Acacia are the most common types of flora. 4 Känguru saad on umbes saja kilomeetri kaugusel lõunarannikust. Kangaruu Island is about 100km off the southern coast. 5 Austraalia taimestik on värvirikas. The flora of Australia is colorful. 6 Kängurud ja koaalad on kukkurloomad. The kangaroos and koalas are marsupials. 2 Complete the sentences with the where necessary. 1 - Great Britain is a large island in the Ataltic Ocean. 2 - Wellington is the capital - New Zealand. 3 - Mark Twain worked as a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi. 4 My brother can speak - French but he is not good at - German. 5 - Lake Peipsi is larger than - Lake Võrtsjärv.
in common with my mum. She's got a knack of choosing really brilliant 3 borrowed 10 dictionaries photos but I never get round to it. birthday presents for me, be it clothes, 4 alphabet 11 spelling 4 After my boyfriend broke off our pictures or whatever, basically because 5 Old Norse 12 influenced relationship I bought some new she likes the same kinds of things 6 evolve 13 non-native clothes to cheer myself up. as I do. We also share a liking for the 7 disappeared 5 My father was offered a job in same kinds of food, like olives and New York but after thinking it strawberries, and neither of us can 2 A honeymoon B salary C posh
the form of air, water and land pollution. If overfishing continues, if pollution continues, many of the species of today will disappear off. Put simply, plastic pollution is when plastic has gathered in an area and has begun to negatively impact the natural environment and create problems for plants, wildlife and even human population. Often this includes killing plant life and posing dangers to local animals. Plastic is an incredibly useful material, but it is also made from toxic compounds known to cause illness, and because it is meant for durability, it is not biodegradable. Plastic pollution does a lot of damage to the world’s ecosystems. Some of the major long-term effects of plastic pollution are: 1. It upsets the food chain because it comes in sizes large and small, polluting plastics even affects the world’s tiniest organisms such as plankton
6 went five years The second photo also shows 7 hasn't had 5 had been running his own record students in a classroom. I reckon 8 Did she meet label since 2004 they are about 17 years old. It's a 9 was travelling 2 1 She had completed a physical mixed class of boys and girls. It's 10 was working training regime. difficult to tell what kind of lesson 11 started 2 She hadn't studied basic Nepalese. they're in. Their teacher is handing 12 had lived 3 She had obtained long-term a paper to one student. It could be
I used to have long hair. 2 Kas see on teie kooli direktor? Is that the head teacher of your school? 3 Peaaegu igaüks räägib võõrkeelt aktsendiga. Almost everyone speaks a foreign language with an accent. 4 Ära muretse, sinu inglise keel on suurepärane. Don´t worry, your English is excellent. 5 Ma ei suuda taluda valju muusikat. I can´t stand loud music. 6 Kas sa tahaksid töötada ruumis või väljas? Would you like to work indoors or outdoors? 2 Complete the sentences with a job. 1 Vets look after sick animals. 2 Lifeguards work on the beach and help swimmers in danger. 3 Childminders look after small children when their parents are at work. 4 Teachers work at school. 5 Plumbers mend baths, sinks, and leaks. 6 Cooks prepare food. 7 Nurses help doctors and look after people who are ill. 8 Farmers work in the fields. 3 Write the opposites. 1 lazy hardworking 5 possible impossible
Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). Syntax (concerned with the rules [grammar] and how sentences and words are formed). Synchronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how language exists in one moment in time, not at how this language came to be the way it is now. Example Estonian in the 21st century. Diachronic approach to language → A focus in language study on how a language has changed over some period of time. In a way it is comparing language to what it was and how it is now. For example comparing 18th century and 19th century Estonian.
to go to the theatre teatris käima to go to the doctor arsti juurde minema in the morning hommikul in the afternoon pärastlõunal in the daytime päeval listen to the radio raadiot kuulama Artikli puudumine Umbmäärast ega määravat artiklit ei tarvitata 1) aastaaegade nimetustega: In winter we can skate and ski. Talvel me saame uisutada ja suusatada. She likes autumn. Talle meeldib sügis. 2) kuude nimetustega Spring begins in March. Kevad algab märtsis. It was cold in January. Jaanuaris oli külm. 3) nädalapäevade nimetustega We do not go to school on Sunday. Me ei käi pühapäeval koolis. They met on Friday. Nad kohtusid reedel. 4) söögiaegade nimetustega We have dinner at two. Me sööme lõunat kell kaks. They have breakfast at 9. Nad söövad hommikust kell 9. 5) tänavate ja väljakute nimetustega
Test Name:............................................................ Mark:...................... 1.Complete the sentences with the prepositions . 1. The test consisted .................. two grammar exercises and a writing task. 2. I read a page .................. the book. 3. It is available .................. the internet. 4. Prices have risen .................. 10 percent. 5. I get a present .................. Jane. 6. Jane is standing ..................the car. 7. She likes a book .................. Mark Twain. 8. I go to school from Monday .................. Friday. 9. He was accused .................
continuous form). state: be, cost, fit, mean, suit Example: We are on holiday. possession: belong, have Example: Sam has a cat. senses: feel, hear, see, smell, taste, touch Example: He feels the cold. feelings: hate, hope, like, love, prefer, regret, want, wish Example: Jane loves pizza. brain work: believe, know, think, understand Example: I believe you. 1. Exercise: make the sentences positive, negative and interrogative: 1 Christine (get up) at seven o'clock. 2 She (go) downstairs. 3 She (have) breakfast early. 4 We (start) work at eight o'clock. 5 I (listen to) the news. 6 Sam (watch) the breakfast programme. 7 They (read) newspapers in the morning. 8 I (like) the weekends. 9 Mario (play) football twice a week.
misses, wash-washes, mix-mixes, go-goes, do-does. -ies consonant +-y a country countries, a diary- diaries, a boy boys, a dictionary dictionaries, try tries, play-plaies. -ves lõpulistele f, -fe a leaf leaves , a wolf wolves, a knife knives, a life lives Irregular nouns a man men, a woman women, a child children, a person people, a sheep sheep, a tooth feet, a mouse mice, a goose geese Pronouns Personal : Possessive possessive Object adjective: pronouns: pronouns: I my mine I me wait for me You your yours you-you I love you
He/she/it has been going He/she/it has not been going Has he/she/it been going? We/you/they have been making We/you/they have not been making Have we/you/they been making? Kestev täisminevik väljendab: · Tegevust, mis on hiljuti või alles lõppenud, kuid mille algust ega lõppu pole teada. You are wet. Have you been running in the rain? They have been talking to Mary and they have decided... · Tegevust, mis algas enne kõnemomenti, kestab selleni või peale seda. Sel juhul rõhutakse tegevuse kestvusele (how long, for, since etc). How long have you been learning Italian? I have been drawing for almost two hours now. Past Continuous Kestva mineviku moodustamine Jaatav vorm Eitav vorm Küsiv vorm
Can I help you? 3 Kas teil on seda punast dressipluusi M suurusele? Do you have this red sweatshirt in size M? 4 Kus ma saan seda proovida? Where can I tray it on? 5 Siin on teie tsekk ja raha tagasi. Here is your receipt and your change. 6 Majapidamistarvete osakond asub teisel korrusel ekskalaatorite kõrval. The homeware department is on the first floor, next to escalators. 7 kasutatud asju ostma buy second-hand 8 piinlik juhtum embarrassing incident 2 Complete the sentences. Use much, many, a lot of. 1 Is there much snow in the garden? 2 I´m going shopping. How much bread do you need? 3 Look at the lake! I´ve never seen so many swans before. 4 I´m really upset. I made very many mistakes in my maths test. 5 We can go to the cinema tonight. I don´t have much homework for tomorrow. 6 Why is there so much noise in the garden? What are the children doing there? 7 There is a lot of soup left. We can have it for dinner tomorrow.
¡Callate! Te amo. teh toh-kah ah tee kah-yah-teh tay ah-moh It's your turn. (informal) Shut up! I love you. (informal and singular) Notice that Spanish has informal and formal ways of speaking. This is because there is more than one meaning to "you" in Spanish (as well as in many other languages.) The informal you is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal you is used when talking to someone you just met, do not know well, or someone for whom you would like to show respect (a professor, for example.) Encantado, cansado, enfermo, and aburrido are the masculine forms of the words. If the words refer to a woman or are spoken by a woman, then the final o changes to a: encantada, cansada, enferma, and aburrida In Spain, as well as Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela, the Spanish
Kordamine inglise keele eksamiks A 1.1 Read the text and answer the questions below. Dear Mary-Alice, It's been ages since I last wrote to you, isn't it weird? Yes, so it is, but, I do have a certain reason. Do you remember Sir Thom of the Minquettes'? That fine young man with fascinating blue eyes... Oh, my sweet Mary, you will never guess what happened yesterday! It was about seven o'clock in the evening when Lillian called me out for a walk you know I can't say `no' to my little sis. Anyway we went to the forest near the Swan Lake and, believe it or not, got lost! Awful! I was so scared... We walked and walked, not even knowing the direction we were heading to, until we reached a huge mansion. And the garden around it was so extraordinary... That is something you just must see
pdhivorrn ;1 house has been buih (on ehitalud). ij,r'+i!"ir i;,iirl #iiitfiii+iir;iiffi . Aktiivlausete muutmine passiivlauseiks (Changing active sentences into passive) j;iii.::,,f+ Kui aktiivlause verb on sihiline, s.t n6uab sihitist, l:ll:,ff saab seda lauset muuta passiivlauseks. fjir',..j,)1fi Active: Jane (alus) bd*ed (deldis lihrminevikus) a ca,(e
Word Order Table of Contents Types of Sentences ..................................................................................2 Parts of the Sentence ..............................................................................2 Word Order in Affirmative Sentences ...................................................3 Position of Adverbs of Frequency .........................................................5 Word Order in Negative Sentences......................................................6 Word Order in General Questions.........................................................7 Word Order in Special Questions ..........................................................8 Word Order in Subject Questions ................................................
Kristjan Rannaäär Veterinary medicine, 2. year, 2. group Abstract Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a highly contagious ocular disease and big problem in cattle farms worldwide. It is the most common ocular disease of cattle caused by bacteria Moraxella bovis. This study focuses on IBK despite having low mortality rate and complete recovery, it causes significant loss of productivity in the herds affected due to the costs of treatment and considerable impact on afflicted animals, including blindness. This research is focused on the details, such as risk factors, pathogenesis, etiology, clinical signs prevention, transmission, and treatment, which animal handlers should be aware of to minimize the harm caused by IBK. Vaccination does not ensure lifelong immunity and not prevent a primary and reinfection of the cattle. Therefore, it is necessary to keep the cattle in a healthy body condition to assure a high immunity level, which helps the body to defend itself
7 Raekoja plats The Town Hall Square 8 millegagi võrdlema compare sth with sth 2 Write the questions. 1 in / longest / What / Estonia / is / the / river What is the longest river in Estonia? 2 ever / smoke / Have / a / had / sauna / you Have you ever had a smoke sauna? 3 language / of / is / official / What / the / Estonia What is the official language of Estonia? 4 part / is / which / hilly / Estonia / of Which part of Estonia is hilly? 3 Write the sentences in reported speech. 1 The teacher said to the students, "You must work hard to get good results in your tests." The teacher told the students they haf to work hard to get good results in their tests. 2 Tina said, "I can help you with the washing up, Mary." Tina told Mary she could help her with the washing up. 3 Dad said to Jack, "I´ll fix the lock of the garage door in the afternoon." Dad told Jack he would fix the lock of the garage door in the afternoon.
psychologist. 6) Ma olen sageli masenduses ja puhkem nutma I often feel depressed and burst into tears. 7) Tim oli kaua aega haiglas ja seetõttu jäi õppimisega maha -Tim was in a hospital for long time and fell behind with his stunding . 8) Kas satahaksid külastada uut lõbustusparki ? - Would you like the visit the new amusement arcade ? Complete the sentences with the verbs in the correct form. It wasn't easy to talk my brother into coming to the beach with ud but he finally agreed. I can't stand walking int the rain Liz felt like bursting into tears when she found out that her frined had lied to her. I'ts nor worth dealing with that problem Jake wanted to convince me to take up scuba diving but i didn't feel like trying it . You seem to be worried.I think you should ask someone for advise .
3 Rooma villas olid keskküte ja mosaiikpõrandad. A Roman villa had central heating and mosaic floors. 4 Roomlastel ei õnnestunud Sotimaad vallutada. The Romans didn´t manage to conquer Scotland. 5 See imeerium on eksisteerinud umbes 400 aastat. This empire existed foir about 400 years. 6 kohalikud elanikud inhabitants 7 lossivaremed ruins of a castle 8 restaureeritud mõis a restored manor house 2 Use the words who, whose, which or where to complete the sentences. 1 This is the house where I grew up. 2 The film which we saw yesterday was about a cowgirl called Calamity Jane. 3 The boy whose mother we met in Regent Street is my cousin. 4 This is the cafe where my mother has a cup of coffee after work. 5 Our car, which we bought 2 years ago, is a dark blue Mercedes. 6 The man who lives next door is a famous writer. 7 Where is the book which you gave me as a birthday present last year?
they should not send New Year's cards, out of respect for the deceased. People get their nengaj from many sources. Stationers sell preprinted cards. Most of these have the Chinese zodiac sign of the New Year as their design, or conventional greetings, or both. The Chinese zodiac has a cycle of 12 years. Each year is represented by an animal. The animals are, in order: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, rooster, dog, and boar. 2006 was the year of the dog, 2007 was the year of the boar, 2008 was the year of the rat, 2009 was the year of the ox, and 2010 is the year of the tiger. For 2006, famous dogs like Snoopy and other cartoon characters were especially popular. For 2008, Mickey Mouse and Minnie Mouse were popular. The postcards may have spaces for the sender to write a personal message. Blank cards are available, so people can hand-write or draw their own
After more than fifty years of television, it might seem only too obvious to conclude that it is (1) ....... to stay. There have been many objections to it during this time, of course, and on a variety of grounds. Did it cause eye- strain? Was the screen bombarding us with radioactivity? Did the advertisements contain subliminal (2)….. , persuading us to buy more or vote Republican? Did children turn to violence through watching it, either because so many programmes taught them how to shoot, rob, and kill, or because they had to do something to (3) ….. the hours they had spent (4) ….. to the tiny screen? Or did it simply create a vast passive audience, drugged by glamorous serials and inane situation comedies? On the other hand, did it increase anxiety by (5) ….. the news and (6) ….. our living rooms with war, famine and political unrest?
provide support for one of the others (called the conclusion). When the course starts, you should listen But the course has started Therefore, you should listen. What is a Statement? Statements are declared sentence. A statement (or a Proposition) is a sentence that is either true or false. Truth and falsity are called Truth values. - Tallinn is the capital of Estonia - Statement (true/false) - Sydney is the capital of Australia Example of sentences that are not statements: Let us go to have lunch (invitation) What time is it? (question) Go away! (command) What is an Inference? An argument has one or more premises and one conclusion. The premises provide evidence, support or reasons to believe the conclusion. The conclusion is said to follow from the premises. The premises are said to imply the conclusions. The reasoning process expressed by an argument is called an Inference.
6. Has your school got a choir? 7. When do you last go to a concert? What concert was it? 8. Have you ever been to an openair concert? What was it like? 9. Do you sing at family parties? Where else Estonians like to sing? 10. Have you got a collection of cassettes, CD´s or LP´s at home? 11. Have you watched a ballet on TV? 12. Which do you prefer ballet, drama or musical? 13. How often do you go to the theatre? 14. Do you prefer going to the theatre or watching TV? Why? 15. Do you prefer buying a cheap ticket and getting a seat at the back or spending more money and sitting in the front? Why? 16. Do you prefer going to the theatre with your family or friends? Why? 17. How old were you when you first went to see a puppet show? Do you remember what it was? 18. Who is your favourite actor/actress? 19. What performance or concert would you like to see if it were possible? Why? 20. Have you got a drama club at your school? Are you a member of it
2) a / my / to / written / I / mother / already / letter / long / have 3) the / watch / often / they / TV / in / evening 4) the / gave / my / for / this / umbrella / is / that / Sally / me / my / birthday 5) particular / nothing / have / at / tell / you / to / moment / the 4. Give the comparative and the superlative of the following adjectives: ( 5 points ) e.g. tall taller the tallest lucky difficult soft good interesting 5. Put these sentences into the Reported Speech. ( 5 points ) e.g. She said:"I will call you from London." She said that she would call me from London. 1) Eric said:"Jack has gone out." 2) Frank said:"The car is waiting at the front door." 3) Tommy asked:"Is there anybody at home?" 4) I asked my friend:"Why do you come so late?" 5) Jane said:"Think before you answer!" 6. Use the correct Prepositions. ( 20 points ) 1) Jane started learning English two years........ 2) ......
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