INDREK TARAND Ander Rosin Sandra Anderson Biography ● Born February 3, 1964, Tallinn. ● Estonian politician, reserve officer, civil servant, journalist and historian. ● Tarand has served as an advisor to the Prime Minister of Estonia. Education ● He studied history at the University of Tartu, as well as the University of Bologna, Italy. ● He was a student during the Soviet occupation. ● He finished the university in 1991. Career ● He is also a freelance journalist hosting programmes in radio and television ● He also held the post of the Director of the Estonian War Museum.
also covers cultural aspects of society such as arts and entertainment. The field includes editing, photojournalism, and documentary. History of journalism. Ancient journalism. Note: "Journalism" is often called the first draft of history, but not all of it has to get written down in real time. A "Journalist" can write today about events that happened yesterday or a week ago. Definition of "Ancient Journalism" is any historian who wrote about events in his own lifetime, IF he recorded those events within a year or less after they happened, or finished happening. Here are some examples of ancient journalism: Nicolas of Damascus - chief advisor to King Herod the Great, Nicolas also wrote the history of those days during Herod's life. (The work is mostly lost, but Josephus relied on it as a source.) Nicolas wrote from 14 to 4 BC, relying on his own current, ongoing experience and Herod's memoirs.
Jesus and Mary Magdalene. Silas - A monk of Opus Dei, and the murderer of Jacques Saunière. Silas, an albino, is motivated by the rejection and horror he has faced since he was young. When he falls into the orbit of Bishop Aringarosa, he finds religion and devotes himself to the strict Catholic ways of Opus Dei. He is obsessed with self-punishment and celibacy, and his goal in life is to aid the Bishop and Opus Dei. Leigh Teabing - An historian and the antagonist of the novel. Sir Leigh Teabing is a knight, a Royal Historian, and an extremely wealthy man. He is crippled from polio and is not married. The Holy Grail has been his one passion for years, and the search for the Truth, which he believes to be present in the Grail, obsesses him. Eventually, his need to know turns him into a murderer. He creates an alter ego, the Teacher, who carries out his evil plot. Read an in-depth analysis of Leigh Teabing.
Timon of Athens - 1607-1608 first performance. It was first printed in 1623 (First Folio) Coriolanus - 1607-08 first performed. It was first printed in 1623 (First Folio) Macbeth - 1611-12 First recorded performance. It was first printed in 1623 (First Folio) Tragedies were poignant revelations of humanity's struggle between good and evil and search for moral order A flaw ultimately results in death or destruction Some inspired by Shakespeare's study of Lives by Greek historian and essayist Plutarch and Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles All of Shakespeare's tragic protagonists are capable of both good and evil Titus Andronicus is about a Roman king whose daughter is raped, is full of violence and comedy. The most foul of the tragedies. Romeo and Juliet is about teenage romance and how it can be stopped by feuding families Julius Caesar is an historical tragedy concerning the ethics and consequences of political assassination Hamlet is about a tortured young prince
HISTORIA MITÄ TARKOITTAA SANA HISTORIA? V: Kertomus, tarina Mennyt aika Tieteenala Oppiaine koulussa Ajan virta HISTORIAN KOLME PERIAATETTA 1. Ihminen (historia: ihmisen tarina) 2. Aika (historian aikakaudet ja jaksot) 3. Lähteet (mistä tietoa?) ESIHISTORIALLINEN AIKA JA HISTORIALLINEN AIKA V: Dinosaurukset ja kun ,,kynä on keksitty" Eaa. Jaa. V: Ennen Kristusta ja Jälkeen KLASSINEN KOLMIJAKO 1. Vanha aika 800 eaa. 500 jaa. 2. Keskiaika 500 1400 - luvuilla 3. Uusi aika 1500 1789 - luvuilla 4. Uusin aika 1789 1914 luvuilla VUODET VIERIVÄT... 1. Maapallo 4,6 miljardia vuotta 2
On June 14, 1889, George Balch, a kindergarten teacher in New York City, planned appropriate ceremonies for the children of his school, and his idea of observing Flag Day was later adopted by the State Board of Education of New York. On June 14, 1891, the Betsy Ross House in Philadelphia held a Flag Day celebration, and on June 14 of the following year, the New York Society of the Sons of the Revolution, celebrated Flag Day. Following the suggestion of Colonel J Granville Leach (at the time historian of the Pennsylvania Society of the Sons of the Revolution), the Pennsylvania Society of Colonial Dames of America on April 25, 1893 adopted a resolution requesting the mayor of Philadelphia and all others in authority and all private citizens to display the Flag on June 14th. Leach went on to recommend that thereafter the day be known as 'Flag Day', and on that day, school children be assembled for appropriate exercises, with each child being given a small Flag.
passengers. The Royal Suites are elegant and have a private lounge and en-suite facilities. The Deluxe Suites are comfortable and spacious as well as stylish. Passengers can also enjoy delicious food prepared by first-rate chefs in the dining car, and admire and photograph the breathtaking scenery from the observation car. All meals, unlimited drinks, 24-hour room service and a laundry service are included in the price. Also available to guests are the service of a doctor, a hairdresser and a historian. During the journey there are plenty of opportunities to take part in a wide variety of activities. You can choose to play a round of golf, go on a visit to a crocodile farm, go on a rafting trip, take a trip through the rainforest and even take a flight over Victoria Falls. Alternatively, you can simply relax, take photographs and enjoy the scenery and wildlife. Cultural events along the way include a visit to a craft village and an evening of traditional tribal dancing
Suomi muodosti silloin Ruotsin valtakunnan itäosan ja sen asukkailla oli samat oikeudet ja velvollisuudet kuin kaikilla muilla Ruotsissa. Suomi-käsite alkoi muodostua vasta 1300-luvulla. Ruotsin itäosissa (Suomessa) väestö oli kuitenkin suurimmaksi osaksi suomenkielistä ja ainoastaan vähemmistö puhui ruotsia. Ruotsi oli kuitenkin virkakieli ja kulttuurikieli. Ruotsi pysyi sitten virallisena virkakielenä Suomessa koko yhteisen historian ajan ja vielä Suomen sodankin jälkeen, jolloin Ruotsi menetti Suomen Venäjälle. Vuoden 1863 suuri kieliuudistus muutti suomen kielen asemaa siten, että siitä tuli tasaveroinen ruotsin kanssa ja vähitellen Suomen pääkieli. Suomen itsenäistyessä vuonna 1917 maasta olisi voinut tulla ainoastaan suomenkielinen, mutta monelle oli edunmukaista turvata ruotsin kielen asema ja säilyttää ruotsinkieliset asuinalueet. Tästä johtuen hallitusmuotoon kirjoitettiin vuonna
Soviet Union in June 1940 and in 1941, the Meri family was deported to Siberia. They came back to Estonia 1945. In 1953, Lennart Meri graduated cum laude from the Faculty of History and Languages of the University of Tartu. Interesting fact would be that, on 5 March 1953, the day of Joseph Stalin's death, he proposed to his first wife Regina Meri, saying "Let us remember this happy day forever." The politics of the Soviet Union did not allow him to work as a historian, so Meri found work as a dramatist in the Vanemuine and later on as a producer of radio plays in the Estonian broadcasting industry. Lennart Meri as a writer and a filmmaker Lennart Meri's first book was ,,Beavers and Mediterranean black widowes footseps" (Kobrade and karakurtide jälgedes), which tells of his trip to Central Asia in 1958. The film The Winds of the Milky Way (Estonian: Linnutee tuuled), shot in co-operation with Finland
Soviet Union in June 1940 and in 1941, the Meri family was deported to Siberia. They came back to Estonia 1945. In 1953, Lennart Meri graduated cum laude from the Faculty of History and Languages of the University of Tartu. Interesting fact would be that, on 5 March 1953, the day of Joseph Stalin's death, he proposed to his first wife Regina Meri, saying "Let us remember this happy day forever." The politics of the Soviet Union did not allow him to work as a historian, so Meri found work as a dramatist in the Vanemuine and later on as a producer of radio plays in the Estonian broadcasting industry. Lennart Meri as a writer and a filmmaker Lennart Meri's first book was "Kobrade and karakurtide jälgedes", which tells of his trip to Central Asia in 1958. The film The Winds of the Milky Way (Estonian: Linnutee tuuled), shot in co-operation with Finland and Hungary, was banned in the Soviet Union, but
In 1943 the statue was removed and, in 1953, re-sited on the Victoria Embankment. A bust of the Second World War First Sea Lord Admiral Cunningham by Franta Belsky was unveiled in Trafalgar Square on 2 April 1967 by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[5] The square has become a social and political location for visitors and Londoners alike, developing over its history from "an esplanade peopled with figures of national heroes, into the country's foremost place politique", as historian Rodney Mace has written. Its symbolic importance was demonstrated in 1940 when the Nazi SS developed secret plans to transfer Nelson's Column to Berlin following an expected German invasion, as related by Norman Longmate in If Britain Had Fallen (1972). Features Fourth plinth The fourth plinth on the northwest corner, designed by Sir Charles Barry and built in 1841,[6] was intended to hold an equestrian statue of William IV, but remained empty due to insufficient funds
liberating, and rightfully claiming what is theirs." Such treatment should strive for neutrality, impartiality, and objectivity. It should strive for the truth as accurately as possible, despite some arguments that truth is relative. While depicting history completely correctly may be impossible, as innumerable moments, thoughts, and events make up history, there is still such a thing as being closer to the truth. Some history may be more false than others. The historian should judge this based on other evidence, explaining his or her reasoning for making this or that conclusion. Estonian history, then, is in need of greater inclusion. Taking a look at Toivo Raun's Estonia and the Estonians or Seppo Zetterberg's Eesti Ajalugu, it is apparent that the authors leaned more towards using Estonian, German, Finnish, and English language sources, likely the sources with which they were more familiar or to which they had easier access. What about Russian
place, the opposite of the market, where traditional rather than modern discourses are at play and where moral and religious values, often in tension with secular visions, shape legal institutions. Family law scholars tended to focus on single legal regimes, rarely opening their inquiry to comparative methods. 3.Actors in CL The modern founding figure of comparative and anthropological jurisprudence was Sir Henry Maine, a British jurist and legal historian. In his 1861 work Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society, and Its Relation to Modern Ideas, he set out his views on the development of legal institutions in primitive societies and engaged in a comparative discussion of Eastern and Western legal traditions. This work placed comparative law in its historical context and was widely read and influential. The first university course on the subject was established at the University of Oxford in 1869, with
Refers to all literature produced by British authors from the United Kingdom, which includes England, Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales, the Channel Islands, and Isle of Man Includes early works written in Gaelic, Welsh, and Latin, works in Old, Middle, and Modern English, each of which represents a different period Full of great works British works in Latin Venerable Bede He lived between 673 and 735 AD The greatest of all the AngloSaxon scholars He's the earliest English historian, whose work has shed light on a period of English history that would have otherwise been unknown ,,The Father of English History" Wrote / translated about 40 books on almost every area of knowledge, i.e. nature, astronomy, and poetry His best known work is "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People" Starting with the Roman invasion in the 5th century, he recorded the history of the English up to his own day Old English Cædmon ,,The Father of English Hymn"
Although Houdini insisted that Spiritualist mediums employed trickery (and consistently attempted to expose them as frauds), Conan Doyle became convinced that Houdini himself possessed supernatural powers, a view expressed in Conan Doyle's The Edge of the Unknown. Houdini was apparently unable to convince Conan Doyle that his feats were simply magic tricks, leading to a bitter public falling out between the two. Arthur Conan Doyle's house in South Norwood, London Richard Milner, an American historian of science, has presented a case that Conan Doyle may have been the perpetrator of the Piltdown Man hoax of 1912, creating the counterfeit hominid fossil that fooled the scientific world for over 40 years. Milner says that Conan Doyle had a motive, namely revenge on the scientific establishment for debunking one of his favourite psychics, and that The Lost World contains several encrypted clues regarding his involvement in the hoax.
King Henry VIII had desperately wanted a wedlock; her mother was Henry's second legitimate son, to ensure the Tudor wife, Anne Boleyn. succession. Anne had been crowned with St. Edward's crown, unlike any other queen consort, while carrying Elizabeth. Historian Alice Hunt has suggested that this was done because Anne's pregnancy was visible at the moment of coronation and she was carrying an heir who was presumed to be male. Elizabeth was baptised on 10 September in a ceremony held at Greenwich On 2 May 1536, she was arrested and Palace. Archbishop Thomas Cranmer, imprisoned. Hastily convicted on charges the Marquess of Exeter, the Duchess of of adultery, incest and witchcraft, she was
Additional evidence is Kennedy's National Security Action Memorandum (NSAM) 263, dated October 11, 1963, which ordered withdrawal of 1,000 military personnel by the end of 1963. Nevertheless, given the stated reason for the overthrow of the Diem government, such action would have been a policy reversal, but Kennedy was generally moving in a less hawkish direction in the Cold War since his acclaimed speech about World Peace at American University the previous June 10, 1963. According to historian Lawrence Freedman, regarding Kennedy's statements about withdrawing from Vietnam, it was, "less of a definite decision than a working assumption, based on a hope for stability rather than an expectation of chaos".After Kennedy's assassination, the new President Lyndon B. Johnson immediately reversed his predecessor's order to withdraw 1,000 military personnel by the end of 1963 with his own NSAM 273 on November 26, 1963.
engineering and technical point of view," explained KOKO Arhitekid director Andrus Kõresaar. "We're planning to be very tactful in the way we restore it. In the way we set up the exhibition we're taking international visitors into account, so in world terms it will be an entirely modern and very exciting museum." "The museum, or part of it, should be in close proximity to the water, or even better: own the port," said maritime historian and museum director Urmas Dresen. "You don't have to look very far for precedents: Karlskrona, Stockholm, Turku, Kaliningrad, Gdansk, Gothenburg, Roskilde, Bremerhaven, Kiel, Flensburg, Liverpool, Rotterdam, Amsterdam... The only option for us at the Maritime Museum is the historical area of the old Lennusadama port." "It's important to keep the place attractive and give it a happy imago, thus making the place profitable for investment," said Veronika Valk
organising town. The athletes had to swear that they would compete with honour and respect the rules. The victors enjoyed great honours and on returning to their cities their compatriots pulled down part of the walls for them to enter. They were also given special privileges and high office. Baron Pierre de Coubertin (January 1, 1863-September 2, 1937), born as Pierre de Frédy, was a French pedagogue and historian, but is best known as the founder of the modern Olympic Games. He was born in Paris into a French aristocratic family. As a young man he was an avid sportsman with rowing being one of his favourites, also practicing the sports of boxing, fencing and horse-riding. Influenced by the social, political and scientific events of the late 19th century and his substantial education, Coubertin developed a passionate belief that sport possessed a
It is bordered to the north by Finland across the Gulf of Finland, to the west by Sweden across the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by the Russian Federation (338,6 km). The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km² and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people closely related to the Finns, with the Estonian language sharing many similarities to Finnish. The modern name of Estonia is thought to originate from the Roman historian Tacitus, who in his book Germania (ca. AD 98) described a people called the Aestii. Similarly, ancient Scandinavian sagas refer to a land called Eistland, close to the German term Estland for the country. Early Latin and other ancient versions of the name are Estia and Hestia. Until the late 1930s, the name was often written as Esthonia in most English speaking countries. Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic and is divided into fifteen counties. The capital and largest city is Tallinn
Latvia is the countries neighbour to the south. From the west the coast of Estonia is washed by the Baltic Sea and from the north by the Gulf of Finland. The length of the coastline is approximately 3 800 km. The longest distance from east to west is 350 km, while north to south Estonia stretches 240 km. THE NAME The name EESTI was apparently derived from the word AISTI, the name given by ancient Germans to the peoples living northeast of the Vistula River. Tacitius, the Roman historian, was the first one to mention it (AESTI), while the Arab scholar alIdrisi was the first one to mark it on a map (as ASTLANDA). To the ancient Scandinavians the land was known as EISTLAND; to modern Scandinavians it is known as ESTLAND. Most contemporary languages use the Latin name ESTONIA. FLAG The Estonian blueblackandwhite national flag was originally the flag of the Estonian Student's Society, consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884.
people who moved into the southwestern corner of today`s Finland from Estonia via the Baltic are referred to as `trans-Ural nomadic`. Three tribes settled in different areas; the Suomalaiset (the Finns` word for themselves) decided to remain in the southern coastal provinces, and quikly altered their nomadic lifestyle; the Häme lääni settled the lake region, and the Karelians settled the forest regions to the east. The name `Finland` dates back to Roman historian Tacitus (AD55-120). In his work Germania he mentioned a primitive people from the north called the Fenni; which was probably a reference to the Same (see below), who at that time were living on and around the 60th parallel. Over the centuries the Same were gradually pushed further north, and today they live in Finnish Lapland. Whichever part of the country they happen to come from, Finns have a lot in common:
"Yet the Horatii has long been regarded as subversive, or to use the term that has gained recent currency, it is seen in some quarters as prerevolutionary. To see the work as prerevolutionary is different than seeing it as "fully republican" as critics once did. L.D. Ettlinger repudiated that idea in 1967, when he explained that David was neither political nor republican when he painted the Horatii."(Roberts, 1989, p.18) Moreover, in 1978 Thomas crow, an American art historian, published an article which revived the historical dispute about David's intentions with his Horatii. Crow claimed that Horatii was definitely a prerevolutionary painting and that Ettlinger's idea of Horatii being republican is false. (Roberts, 1989, p.19) In 1781 David exhibited his painting Belisarius, which was based on a legend of Belisarius, who was a victorious and noble military general falsely accused of betrayal. (Rosenblum, Woldemar, 1984, p
Studio productions, unreal dark settings, contrasted light, extreme stylisatsion, focus on the mood. Narratives: portrayal of subjective realities in objective terms, thematic ambiquity, dark- distorted characters, stories related to the topic of death Influence of german expressionism: Alfred hitchcock, film noir, horror film, fantasy ilm. And via the idea of the artist as an author on the Nouvelle Vague. F. W. Murnau (1888-1931) Initial education: art historian. Started directin feature films in 1919: der knaube in blau. One of the founding fathers of expressionst film and kammerspielfilm. Most influental films: nosferatu, der letzte mann, faust, sunrise. UN CHIEN ANDALOU, ANDALUSIAN DOG, BUNUEL AND BATTLESHIP POTEMKIN. 20.02.12 Soviet Montage Cinema Sergej Eisenstein- most important russian film director. Born in riga. Grew up in st petersubrg. Came to the cinema from different background, japanese, kabuki theater. Started with working in theater
Two of the most common theories of the witch hunts are basically medical interpretations, attributing the the witch witch craze to unexplainable outbreaks of mass hysteria. One version has it that the peasantry went mad. According to this, the witch-craze was an epidemic of mass hatred and panic cast in image of a blood-lusty peasant mob bearing flaming torches. Another psychiatric interpretation holds that witches themselves were isane. One authoritative psychiatric historian, Gregory Zilboorg, wrote that: ...millions of of witches, sorcereres, possessed and obsessed were an enormous mass of severe neurotics [and] psychotics ... for many years the world looked like a veritable isane asylum.. But, in fact, the witch-craze was neither a lynching party nor a mass suicide by hysterical women. Rather, it followed well-ordered, legalistic procedures. The witch-hunts were well-organized campaigns, initiated, financed and executed by Church and State
to the spear, marking the presence of a general. Another fabric flag used by the Christian Roman emperors was a `sacred' standard called labarum, employed as early as 400 AD by the Roman Emperor Constantine. The labarum was a Christian version of the Roman vexillum. It marked an evolution from the latter as it displayed a portrait of the Emperor and his family or other government officials, and atop the staff, the monogram of Christ. The legend about its origin, as told by the 4th century historian Eusebius in Life of Constantine, has it that the emperor before the victory over Maxentius in 312 had seen a sign of the cross in the sky with the words In hoc signo vinces. Again we have to note that, although similar in some functions to modern flags, none of these devices was flown from flagpoles - they were all portable deities. In consequence flags in their modern sense were still to be invented. Nevertheless, flags are
the 1640 revolt, ended the sixty-year period of the Iberian Union under the House of Habsburg. This was the beginning of the House of Braganza, which reigned in Portugal until 1910. Official estimates and most estimates made so far place the number of Portuguese migrants to Colonial Brazil during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000. This represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies to the Americas during the colonial times. According to historian Leslie Bethell, "In 1700 Portugal had a population of about two million people." During the 18th century, hundreds of thousands left for the Portuguese Colony of Brazil, despite efforts by the crown to place severe restrictions on emigration. RESTORATION AND POMBALINE ERA In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of
The highest peak, Suur Munamägi rises to only 317 metres. High limestone features characterise the north of the country, while the south has a drumlin terrain. The maritime climate is temperate, summers are warm and winters mildly cold, the average annual temperature is 5 degrees Celsius and the average annual precipitation is 550 millimetres. The most important assets of the soil are oil shale, phosphorite and peat. The designation “Aestii” was first mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus in “Germania” (98 AD). By the end of the first millennium the people of Western Europe referred to the land of our ancestors with the name Estonia (derived from Germanic languages and means East). The Estonians, our Finno-Ugric forefathers settled here in approximately 5,000 BC from northern Russia and the Urals, as fishermen and hunters. They called themselves “rural people”, the term “Estonians” started to spread three
American thinking,[citation needed] and his work has greatly influenced the thinkers, writers and poets that have followed him. When asked to sum up his work, he said his central doctrine was "the infinitude of the private man." Emerson is also well known as a mentor and friend of fellow Transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau. Henry David Thoreau (July 12, 1817 May 6, 1862) was an American author, poet, philosopher, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian, and leading transcendentalist. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state. Thoreau's books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry total over 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions were his writings on natural history
lines (veebikonspekt). [4] E. Dummit. Calculus I. Introduction to Differentation (veebikonspekt). 2013. [5] C. Fletcher. Physics with Calculus. Volume I (Classical Mechanics). California, 1994. [6] R. Flood, R. Wilson. Kuulsad matemaatikud. Valgus, 2014. [7] G. Gamow. My World Line. Viking Press, 1970. [8] R. J. Gillings. The So-Called Euler-Diderot Incident. Am. Math. Mont. vol. 61 (2), 77-80, 1954. [9] J. Grabiner. A Historian Looks Back: The Calculus as Algebra and Selected Writings. MAA, 2010. [10] J. V. Grabiner. Who Gave You the Epsilon? Cauchy and the Origins of Rigorous Calculus. Amer. Math. Mon. 90 (3): 185-194, 1983. [11] J. Grimbleby. Systems and Circuits (loengukonspekt). University of Reading. [12] A. P. Hillman, G. L. Alexanderson, M. E. Newton. Complex Numbers and Trigonometry (veebikons- pekt), 2005. [13] D. Hoffman. Contemporary Calculus (veebikonspekt). Bellevue College. [14] D
Miks ei võiks igaühest kunstiteos saada?See idee on lähtumist leidnud Baudelaire elukäigus ja dändismis üldiselt. Kui modernne keskkond on nii kole ja kõle, siis trotsides keskkonda loodud kunstiteos elu on midagi heroilist. olles samalajal kunstnik , kujundades ennast, ja kriitik, kritiseerides ümbritsevat keskkonda. ? O´Farrell , C. A New Generation of Thinkers http://www.thefoucauldian.co.uk/clare.htm New Generation of Thinkers. From: O'Farrell, C. (1989) Foucault: Historian or Philosopher? London: Macmillan. pp.119 Prantsusmaal oli seoses vastupanuliikumise ja Vishy valitsuse kukutamisega hinnatud marksism ja paljud filosoofid lähtusid sellest 5060 aastatel. Nii ka Foucault.focault uuris oma töödes marginaaliaid vamglate ja kinnipeetute ajalugu, seksuaalsuse ajalugu, hullumeelsuse ja psühhiaatria ajalugu, kõik need olid vähemal või suuremal määral tabud kultuuris. Ta kuulus nn annaalide koolkonda. Pärast 1968
themselves and their employees to singers and opera managers who wished to be assured of an appreciative audience response. So effective were Sauton and Porcher in stimulating genuine audience reaction with their rigged reactions that, before long, claques (usually consisting of a leader-chef de claque-and several individual claqueurs) had become an established and persistent tradition throughout the world of opera. As music historian Robert Sabin (1964) notes, "By 1830 the claque was a full-bloom institution, collecting by day, applauding by night, all in the honest open.... But it is altogether probable that neither Sauton, nor his ally Porcher, had a notion of the extent to which their scheme of paid applause would be adopted and applied wherever opera is sung." As claquing grew and developed, its practitioners offered an array of styles and strengths
collaborated on an arithmetic textbook with Horace Mann. But perhaps his most notable accomplishment was his writing more than 250 articles for scholarly magazines. Among them was the one that he penned in 1859 which covered barely three pages in the new Mathematical Monthly, but which constitutes the first published description of fractionating, or tomographic, cipher systems. The basis of these ciphers stretches back across the millennia to Polybius, the Greek historian of the second century B.C. who distributed the alphabet in what is even today sometimes called a "Polybius square," but more often a "checkerboard." Numbers at the side and top indicate the row and the column of a given letter. Similar systems have cropped up throughout cryptography. Some replace the alphabet by three symbols in groups of three (a = 111, b — 112, c — 113, d — 121, etc.), some by two in groups of five (a = 00000, b = 00001, c = 00010, etc.). But
QUESTIONS AND CRITICISMS "It takes a great enemy to make a great airplane." — Air Force saying Inevitably, aspects o f the book have been questioned or criticized. I welcome this as a sign the ideas are worthy of argument. I'm sure I've learned more from the challenges than from the positive feedback. W r i t i n g a book may be, as the historian Paul Johnson says, "the only way to study a subject systematically, purposefully and retentively." Harvesting the response, both positive and negative, is part of that study. Since the book came out in 1 9 9 3 I have continued to work in the story end of the movie business, at Disney, Fox, and Paramount. I've had the chance to try out the Hero's Journey concepts with the big toys. I saw where it works but also where my understanding of it fell short and needed to be adjusted
A: What Canada,etcTheexplorers startedfromtheeast B : T h e t e a c h e r w a n t s t o a s k w h a t s p o r t s f a c i l i t i e s t h e y h a v e Americi, shecanarrange a visitfrom a local historian' coastandmovedwestwards' andwhether ' lf you travel, youlearnmanythingsaboutthewoild' d. Elicitappropriate answers from vartous 5s H'owever, if you youwillontylearnaboutthe
A: What Canada,etcTheexplorers startedfromtheeast B : T h e t e a c h e r w a n t s t o a s k w h a t s p o r t s f a c i l i t i e s t h e y h a v e Americi, shecanarrange a visitfrom a local historian' coastandmovedwestwards' andwhether ' lf you travel, youlearnmanythingsaboutthewoild' d. Elicitappropriate answers from vartous 5s H'owever, if you youwillontylearnaboutthe
A: What Canada,etcTheexplorers startedfromtheeast B : T h e t e a c h e r w a n t s t o a s k w h a t s p o r t s f a c i l i t i e s t h e y h a v e Americi, shecanarrange a visitfrom a local historian' coastandmovedwestwards' andwhether ' lf you travel, youlearnmanythingsaboutthewoild' d. Elicitappropriate answers from vartous 5s H'owever, if you youwillontylearnaboutthe
A: What Canada,etcTheexplorers startedfromtheeast B : T h e t e a c h e r w a n t s t o a s k w h a t s p o r t s f a c i l i t i e s t h e y h a v e Americi, shecanarrange a visitfrom a local historian' coastandmovedwestwards' andwhether ' lf you travel, youlearnmanythingsaboutthewoild' d. Elicitappropriate answers from vartous 5s H'owever, if you youwillontylearnaboutthe
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