.............................................................................................................................................. 13 Ajavormid Present simple (The earth goes round the sun) Reeglid, absoluutsed tõed Rutiin ja harjumused Püsivad situatsioonid või olukorrad Tabelid, ajagraafikud Present continuous (She is driving to work) Käsil olev tegevus Ajutine tegevus; pooleli olev Ettekorraldatud tegevus tulevikus Ärritus Present perfect (He has lost his key) Sündmus minevikus, tagajärg olevikus Üksik või korduv tegevus, mille aeg ei ole oluline (I have been in the USA)
............................................................ 6 Talking about what other people say ................................................ 6 The Passive Voice The subject is the starting point of the sentence, the thing we are talking about. The new information about the subject comes at the end of the sentence. When the subject is the person or thing doing the action, then we use an active verb: Bell invented the telephone. When the subject is not doing the action, but something is happening or being done to it, or the action is directed at it, then we use a passive verb. The telephone was invented by Bell. NB! The object of an active sentence becomes the subject of a passive sentence. The doer of the action is indicated by a by phrase. When the doer of the action is not important, the ’by phrase’ is omitted: Active: Someone locks the office every evening. Passive: The office is locked every evening. Tenses in the Passive Voice
(subject) teeb: My grandfather was a builder. He built this house in 1935. It's a big company. It employs two hundred people. Kui kasutame umbisikulist tegumoodi (passiiv), siis ütleme, mis juhtub lause alusega: This house is quite old. It was built in 1935. Two hundred people are employed by the company. Passiivi kasutatakse siis, kui tegija on teadmata, ebaoluline või selgub kontekstist: A lot of money was stolen in the robbery. (Keegi varastas selle, kuid me ei tea, kes) Is this room cleaned every day? (Kas keegi seda koristab? pole oluline, kes) The thief has been arrested. (On selge, et politseinik arreteeris ta) Passiivi kasutatakse ka siis, kui tegevus/ sündmus on olulisem, kui isik või inimesed, kes seda tegid, nt uudiste pealkirjades, ajaleheartiklites, ametlikes teadaannetes, reklaamides, instruktsioonides jne: The annual general meeting will be held on June 25th. Passiivi saab kasutada ka siis, kui soovime vältida vastutust mõne tegevuse eest või
· For certain/sure Tel · The truth l · A lie, story, secret, joke · The time · The difference · One from another · Somebody one's name · Somebody the way · Somebody so · Someone's · fortune as · a question k · a favour · the price · after somebody · the time · around · something/somebo dy Direct speech Reported speech Present simple Past simple My flight leaves He said his flight left at 3 3 o'clock. o'clock. Present Past Continuous continuous He said he was playing I am playing tennis that afternoon. tennis this afternoon. Present Perfect Past Perfect I have cleaned I said he had cleaned my room. his room. Past Simple Past Simple or Past I paid 12 for the Perfect video. He said he paid/had
1. the base form Talk Speak üldoleviku tüvivorm 2. the past form/ -ed form Talked Spoke üldmineviku vorm 3. the past participle (-ed Talked Spoken participle) mineviku kesksõna 4. the present participle (- Talking Speaking ing participle) oleviku kesksõna The tenses: Expressing the future: Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Present Base Have / has + to be + base+ ing has/ have been +s + pariticiple base+ -ing He drinks tea at I have walked She is talking She has been breakfast. waiting for you all
Aktiiv Passiiv Present Tegusõna algvorm be + 3.v Simple Somebody cleans this room every day. This room is cleaned every day. Past Simple 2.v was/were + 3.v Somebody built this house in 1895. This house was built in 1895. Future Simple will/shall + 1.v will/shall + be + 3.v People will forget this soon. This will be forgotten soon. Present be + -ing be + being + 3.v Progressive Somebody is cleaning the room right now. The room is being cleaned right now. Past was/were + -ing was/were + being + 3.v
Cali 2005 Was Born Traveled to Europe Husband 1978 School graduates @ Oxford 1999 Started Got married School 1983 2008 2 The Six English Verb Tenses Three Simple Tenses Simple continuous Present You walk. You are walking I run. I am running. Past You Walked You were walking. I ran. I was running. Future You will walk. You will be walking. I will run. I will be running. Three Perfect Tenses Perfect continuous Present perfect you have walked
PAST TENSES Past Simple Used to talk about a completed past action which happened at a completed time in the past. We went to Tallinn yesterday. I saw him a long time ago. We met last week. Used to talk about a series of events that happened one after another. He walked to school, took off his coat, went to class and fell asleep. Used to report what people said. He said that he was tired. He asked to go home.
(lihtminevik) -ed / II pv. Kasutus: Ago, yesterday, last. ?/- Did Tegevus: 1. Toimus minevikus ja on lõppenud. ,,I met him yesterday" 2. Used To, mineviku harjumused. ,,I used to play tennis." Past Continius (kestev minevik) was/were + ing Kasutus: When, while, as Tegevus: 1. ajutised sündmused. 2. 2 või enam tegevust ,,While i was reading, he was garding." 3. minevikus katkestatud tegevus ,,I was having a shower, when the phone rang." 4. konktreetne kellaaeg minevikus ,, I was watching TV yesterday at 5!" Present Perfect (täisminevik,olevikuaeg) have/has + III pv. Kasutus: Never, ever, already, yet, before, since, for. Tegevus: 1. tegevused alg. Minevik -> now ,,I have been a teacher for 5 years." 2. mineviku situatsiooni resultaat olevikus ,,I have lost my purse." 3. kogemused ,,Have you been in USA?" Have Gone Have Been Go Verbid:
FUTURE SIMPLE BE GOING TO Will + infinitive (will go) Am/is/are going to + infinitive (is going to rain) 1.A decision at the moment of 1.Future plans made before the speaking: moment of speaking: A: 'I'm cold'. A: 'We've run out of milk.' B: 'I'll close the window'. B: 'I know, I'm going to buy some.' 2.Prediction based on opinion: 2.Prediction based on present I think the Conservatives will win the evidence: next election. Look at those boys playing football! 3.A future fact: They're going to break the window. He will be ten next year. 4.Promises / requests / refusal / willingness: I'll help you with your homework. Will you give me a hand? 5.In the same way as the future
I want you to meet John Smith. I'm so pleased to meet you. This is Jane Smith. I'm Jane Smith. My name's John Smith. Informal introduction Hi. John. Jane. Hello. Titles: Mr Mrs Miss Ms Ms is a modern form of address for women. It replaces the traditional forms of Mrs and Miss. Greetings Good morning/afternoon/evening! 'How are you?' Very often people expect you to say something positive. Here's a breakdown of how you can express how you really are without complaining too much. · Fine, thanks. / On top of the world, thanks. · OK, thanks · Not so bad, thanks. / Can't complain, thanks. · So so, thanks. / So and so, thanks. · Not so good, actually 1 The English alphabet Spelling
1. Active/Passive Active - the professor teaches the students. Passive - The students are taught by the professor 2. Present Simple [VERB] + s/es in third person. Tegevus on korduv või tavapärane. You speak English. I play tennis. Cats like milk. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. I am here now. Active= Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Passive= Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. 3. Present Continuous [am/is/are + present participle]. Tegevus toimub/ei toimu praegusel hetkel. You are watching TV. You are learning English now. I am studying to become a doctor. I am meeting some friends after work. Active= Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Passive= Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. 4. Past Simple [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs. Tegevus algas/lõppes minevikus täpsel ajal. . You called Debbie. I saw a movie yesterday
Examples: USE 3 Near Future · You are watching TV. · Are you watching TV? · You are not watching TV. USE 1 Now Examples: · I am meeting some friends after work. · I am not going to the party tonight. · Is he visiting his parents next weekend? · Isn't he coming with us tonight? Examples: USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with · You are learning English now. "Always" · You are not swimming now. · Are you sleeping? · I am sitting. · I am not standing.
I K Will be + verb III I will be asked. I will have been asked. Will I be asked? Will I have been asked? I will not been asked. I will not have been asked. Active Passive Once a week, Tom cleans the Once a week, the house is cleaned Simple Present house. by Tom. Present Right now, Sarah is writing the Right now, the letter is being Continuous letter. written by Sarah. Simple Past Sam repaired the car. The car was repaired by Sam. The salesman was helping the The customer was being helped by Past customer when the thief came into the salesman when the thief came
TEGUSÕNA PASSIIVI AJAD Present Present Simple Continuous Present Perfect AM + BEING + III HAVE/HAS + BEEN + OLEVIK AM/IS/ARE + III pv pv III pv nt. I am often invited to nt.She is being nt. They have been parties. manipulated. silenced by her sharp tongue. Passiivi
allkiri Liis Ostnik permission Dear Mr Cox, I'm writing on behalf of the students to ask permission to hold a party at the college at the end of term. We would be grateful if you would allow us to hold the party in the main hall on 30th May from 8pm to 11pm. We plan to have a disco and some refreshments. Melanie Clark is making the arrangements for the food and drink and Vicki Brown is organising the decorations. In accordance with the college rules, we will make sure the hall is cleaned immediately after the party. Also, as the party will be over before midnight I can assure that there will not be a problem about the noice. I hope that this meets with your approval. If you have any questions please do not hestitate to ask. Yours sincerely, allkiri Liis Perekonnanimi Application Dear Sir/Madam, I am writing to apply for the position of information officer which was advertised in ,,The Evening News". I am 19 years old and am studying German at university
9) My boyfriend gave me this ring. 10) Ken saw the girls. 11) They clean the bedrooms every morning. Answers: 1) This house was built by my great-grandfather. 2) The car was stopped by the policeman. 3) English and French are spoken in Canada. 4) His dog was killed by the car. 5) These photos were taken by Robert. 6) This mistake is sometimes made even by the best students. 7) Suits and overcoats are made by tailors. 8) All the housework is done by the children. 9) This ring was given me by my boyfriend. 10) The girls were seen by Ken. 11) The bedrooms are cleaned every morning by them. P.S. Korda ka ebareeglipäraste tegusõnade põhivorme! 4) MODALS Reeglid TV lk 29 Tee TV harjutus 4 lk 33. Vastused: 1) had to 2) didn´t have to 3) doesn´t have to 4) mustn´t 5) should 6) has to 7) must 8) have to 9) don´t have to 10) shouldn´t 5) TENSES AJAVORMID
Ways of expressing the Future Table of Contents Future Simple ...................................................................... 2 Be going to ........................................................................... 3 Present Continuous .............................................................. 3 Present Simple ..................................................................... 4 Future Continuous ............................................................... 4 Future Perfect....................................................................... 6 Other ways of referring to the future ..................................... 7 Other future references......................................................... 8 Future Simple In Future Simple we use the modal verb will + the verb
Golden Grammar rules 1. Don't use an with own. Sue needs her own room. (NOT Sue needs an own room.) I'd like a phone line of my own. (NOT ... an own phone line.) 2. Use or rather to correct yourself. She's German or rather, Austrian. (NOT She's German or better, Austrian.) I'll see you on Friday or rather, Saturday. 3. Use the simple present play(s), rain(s) etc to talk about habits and repeated actions. I play tennis every Saturday. (NOT I am playing tennis every Saturday.) It usually rains a lot in November. 4. Use will ..., not the present, for offers and promises. I'll cook you supper this evening. (NOT I cook you supper this evening.) I promise I'll phone you tomorrow. (NOT I promise I phone you tomorrow.) 5. Don't drop prepositions with passive verbs. I don't like to be shouted at
consonants She has a dog. I work in a factory. · an = indefinite article (not a specific object, one of a number of the same objects) with vowels (a,e,i,o,u) Can I have an apple? She is an English teacher. · the = definite article (a specific object that both the person speaking and the listener know) The car over there is fast. The teacher is very good, isn't he? · The first time you speak of something use "a or an", the next time you repeat that object use "the". I live in a house. The house is quite old and has four bedrooms. I ate in a Chinese restaurant. The restaurant was very good. · DO NOT use an article with countries, states, counties or provinces, lakes and mountains except when the country is a collection of states such as "The United States". He lives in Washington near Mount Rainier. They live in northern British Columbia.
Tests Superstar 1 Luke Prodromou Test 1 Name____________________ Class_______ Use your English 1 Complete these sentences using the correct form (present simple or present continuous) of the verb in brackets. _ 1 She is in a band and she _________________________________ (record) a CD at the moment. _ 2 She is an actress and often _________________________________ (appear) on television. _ 3 At the moment she _________________________________ (have) a rest because she is tired. _ 4 Mike is a doctor and he _________________________________ (live) in Manchester. _ 5 I _________________________________ (start) work at 8.30 every morning.
Present simple Work/works, do/does Every, often,usually,always,sometimes,once,twice, at weekends Püsiv ja korduv tegevus Tulevikus toimub tegevus, mis on seotud graafikute, sõiduplaanidega, tunniplanid Üleüldised tõed ja loodusseadused Kui midagi kommenteeritakse - tv Present continius am, is, are working be vormi abil tehakse now, at the moment, look, listen, hurry up just praegu toimub tegevus praegusel perioodil toimuv tegevus kõige kindlam tulevik ettekavatsetud tulevik Present perfect Have, has worked 3pv Eitavaid, küs have / has Ever, never, for, since, already, yet, today, this week / month / yrear Äsja lõppenud tegevus, millele visatakse pilk peale Tükk aega varem toimunud tegevus (eesti keeles nud) Elavate inimeste puhul kui tahame öelda, mida on oma elus teinud Present Prefect continius have has been working for, all, since, lately, recently tegevus algas minevikus, aga rõhutatakse, et parajasti nüüd kestab ta ikka edasi she has been working all morning
Present tenses : 1) Present simple regular actions and routines especially with frequency(kordumine ) adverbs(määrsõna) N: Do you go to school by car every day ? I don't often watch TV. 2)Present continuousbe + verb + ing. Actions happening now N; Look! It's snowing. I'm meeting Jane tonight. You're always losing things. 3)keep + ingto describe habitual actions which may be irritating. N: my uncle keeps making silly jokes. Present perfect: 1) Present perfect simple: have/has + past participle. N: I've been here for ten minutes .The phone has rung ten times today. Look at this cheque,'I've won first prize. They have made a new star wars film. I've just got home. How long have you been here ? Have you ever been to Paris? It's the best book I've ever read. It's the first time I have ever been abroad. 2)Present perfect continious : have/has + been + ing. N:I've been living in this flat since 2000
FUTURE FORMS FUTURE SIMPLE WILL + OLEVIK Kasutan, kui.. · Ennustus tulevikust, põhineb arvamusel, tundel, uskumusel. Sõnad: think, believe, expect, be sure, be afraid, probably, certainly, perhaps Nt: I think Debbie will become a great artist some day. She is afraid her son will fail his exams. · On-the-spot otsus (rääkimise ajal tehtud otsus) Nt: I will buy the blue jacket, not the yellow one. · Lubadused, hoiatused, ähvardused, palve, lootused, pakkumised Nt: I will never speak to you again! Will you give me a hand with the washing-up? · Tegevused/sündmused, mis KINDLASTI toimuvad tulevikus, me ei saa neid kontrollida Nt: Valentine's Day will fall on a Saturday this year. BE GOING TO Kasutan, kui... · plaanid tulevikuks Nt: I am going to travel around the world one day.
I did this with a Dremel and a sanding drum. You can do this part however you see fit. Be careful not to sand the inside of the 3" portion of the reducer. This may prevent a good seal between the pipe and the fitting. Before and after pictures can be seen below. 8. 9. Clean the inside of the 4" side of the reducer and one end of the 4" pipe (about 2" is sufficient). 10. In a well ventilated area, apply PVC cement to the two cleaned surfaces and fit the reducer to the 4" diameter PVC tubing. 11. Next, clean the inside of the 3" section of the reducer and about 6" of one end of the 3" pipe. 12. Apply PVC cement (once again, in a well ventilated area) to the cleaned surfaces. Slide the 3" pipe section into the 4" section, cleaned end first, and mate the two areas that just had cement applied. You'll likely need a rubber mallet to get these to fit together well. Pound the 3" section
Present Continius = Past continius (is working = was working) Do, does = did Go, goes = went Shall, will = should, would Am, is, are = was, were Was, were = had been Have, has = had Had = had had Can = could (or had been able to..) May = might Must = had to Mustn't = wasn't/weren't allowed to Went, did or have = HAD + 3. Pv · Kui pealause on olevikus NT: Hilary says, ,, I cant employ you." = Hilary says that she can't employ me. Present simple (works) = Past simple (worked) · Muutused These = those This = that Here = there Soon = later Ago = before Now = then Next year/month/week = the next year/month/week Last year/.../... = the year ../.../.. before This year/.../... = that year/.../... Today = that day, the following day · Küsimustes sõnade järjekord : ALATI ALUS + ÖELDIS Who/what/why/if he/she(Kate) + was writing/had said
My favorite days Greating memories is the most importand thing in young peoples life. Everybody remembers theire favorite day what is going to stick to theire heads for a long time. And probably we are going to talk about it to our children in the future. I have many favorite days but theres only two that are worth talking about it in the essay. The first one was taking place when i was like 14. I was a huge animal lover and i wanted a kitten but my parents refused . They thought that i wasnt conscientious enought to take care of a pet. Then one day my friend told me that theyre cat had 4 kittens and she asked me if i want one. Ofcourse i told her yes but only if my parent agree
I regret 2) Seem, appear, tend, pretend, given up reading newspapers. saying what I said. I shouldn't claim. Example: They seem to have 3) verb + somebody + -ing have said it. 2. We regret to plenty of money. Example: I can't imagine George inform you that we cannot offer 3) dare (also without to ) Example: riding a motorbike. you the job. I wouldn't dare (to) tell him. 4) having done/stolen/said Example: 3) Go on Example: 1. We need to 4) ask, decide, know, remember, They admitted stealing the money. change. We can't go on living forget, explain, learn, understand, 5) admit/deny /suggest that like this. 2. After discussing the wonder + what/whether/how etc. + Example: They denied that they economy, the president then went to. Also show/tell/ask/advise/teach had stolen the money
for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die. Genesis 2:17 PREFACE I'd never given much thought to how I would die -- though I'd had reason enough in the last few months -- but even if I had, I would not have imagined it like this. I stared without breathing across the long room, into the dark eyes of the hunter, and he looked pleasantly back at me. Surely it was a good way to die, in the place of someone else, someone I loved. Noble, even. That ought to count for something. I knew that if I'd never gone to Forks, I wouldn't be facing death now. But, terrified as I was, I couldn't bring myself to regret the decision. When life offers you a dream so far beyond any of your expectations, it's not reasonable to grieve when it comes to an end. The hunter smiled in a friendly way as he sauntered forward to kill me. 1. FIRST SIGHT My mother drove me to the airport with the windows rolled down. It was seventy-five degrees in Phoenix, the sky a perfect, cloudless blue
TENSES. ACTIVE VOICE. 1. Present Simple (üldolevik) I (he, she, it s) he works Eitav,küsiv do (I, you, we, they) he does not work does (he, she, it) does he work? Verbidele, mis lõpevad infinitiivis ss, -sh, -ch, -x või o, lisatakse ainsuse 3. pöördes es he touches, she goes Verbidel, mis lõpevad y-ga, mille ees on konsonant, muutub y->ies
After eating together at the kitchen table, they sat playing cards, putting off doing the washing-up because they all hated doing that. Carol was surprised at how long everything took. "By the time I had washed up the breakfast things and got back from walking the children to school, it was nearly lunchtime. Getting to the shops, which normally takes five minutes in the car, took at least an hour, so it was impossible just to pop out for a loaf of bread. It was strange having to wait until the washing dried in the garden before getting the ironing done, instead of simply using the drier." Although Carol found it quite difficult to get used to the lenght of time it took to do things, she enjoyed having a slower, more relaxed pace of life. Also, the lack of electronic entertainment, particularly the TV, had a dramatic effect on the children. They got on much better together and seemed to enjoy each other's company more, although they clearly believed that they were
We can report people's words by using direct speech or direct speech reported speech. speech `I'm tired!', Helen said. Helen said (that) she was tired. The main verb of the sentence is usually past ( Tom said that... / I told her that...) and the rest of the sentence is usually past too. Sequence of tenses if the verb in the main sentence is in the past tense the other verbs are usually in one of the past tense too. Present Simple Past Simple I'm a teacher. He said (that) he was a teacher Present Progressive Past Progressive I'm having lunch with my He said (that) he was having parents. lunch with his parents. Past Simple Past Perfect He said (that) he had bought a I bought a new car. new car.
environment. If each of us would do a little bit of good for the environment then problems will be less bad if not lost at all. Firstly, everybody should start from himself. I have some experiences of helping environment. Every year many people come to riversides and lakesides to have a rest. But many of them are absolutely unfriendly with our nature. Due to this situation I had cleaned lakesides many times. Secondly, we should follow some simple rules that everybody know, but still a lot of people does not keep. I do not like to throw litter away where it is not allowed and may cause pollution. When I see some of my friends doing this then I explain usually that it is not good and why. Many of them have understood me. However, all things in nature are dependent on one another and we should act together. Humanity is utterly in contact with a healthy natural environment. So, we have to choose,
annaabi.ee 
Sisene Facebook'ga
Sisene Google'ga
Sisene LinkedIn'ga
