"kireta", lähtudes kohustusest, võrdselt igaühe suhtes Max Weber 1922, "Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft" Kokkuvõte Weberi bürokraatiast · Hierarhia pädevus ja aruandlus · Järjepidevus elukutse ja karjääristruktuur · Erapooletus reeglid ja registreerimine · Asjatundlikkus kindel tegevus ja kontroll teabe üle David Beetham 1996, "Bureaucracy" 4 15.03.2010 Beethami bürokraatiamudelid Diskussioon: 1. Organisatsioonisotsioloogid räägivad kaasamisest, eesmärgist ja keskkonnast 2. Ökonoomia jaoks on tähtsamaks rahastamine 3. Avaliku halduse jaoks aruandekohustuslikkus Leidke iga punkti eristavad tunnused. Mis järeldused teete Weberi käsitluse kohta?
out by the public sector are there precisely because no direct profit or gain can be made.) If you go for savings and neglect context and even the actual goals, you will not be efficient but rather the ultimate wastrel. (Not for nothing are wastrels and misers considered to be the same type of sinner in Dante's Hell.) This misunderstanding of the concept of efficiency and the depolitization that comes with it are typical symptoms of technocracy and bureaucracy, which NPM professes to oppose but which, as Eugenie Samier has demonstrated, it rather fosters. (2001) As a result of this insight, we are currently witnessing a fundamental shift of emphasis in PA discourse, and even practice, from efficiency to effectiveness, i.e. in effect from getting something done cheaply to actually accomplishing one's goal. But even by the standards of business efficiency, NPM cannot be said to be successful from today's perspective
they were to call New Spain. The conquistadores brought great wealth to the throne but they also posed potential political risks as they grew stronger. The Spanish monarchy sought to neutralize those risks. A royal judicial body, the audencia, reporting directly to the Spanish crown was created in Mexico City in 1527. .In 1535 Antonio de Mendoza was named the first viceroy of New Spain. The viceroy was the king's representative and as such controlled the bureaucracy (but not the audencia). Military figures in New Spain had important ties to political figures in Madrid and their relationship to the viceroy flucuated. The Catholic Church hierarchy was largely independent of the viceroy as well. Friction and intrigue was constant between these various organizations both in Mexico City and in the outlying areas. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries this
otsuste langetamise viis. Valitsemise põhimõisted: 1. Government–valitsemine, valitsus 2. Governance–valitsetus, ühiskonna kogu valitsemiskorraldus 3. (Public) Administration–(avalik) haldus, haldusaparaat 4. (Public) Management–(avalik) juhtimine 5. Bureaucracy–bürokraatia 6. Executive–täitevvõim Poliitikast rääkimise tasandid: Faktiteadmised (sündmused, isikud jne),Teooriateadmised (mõisted, mudelid, lähenemisviisid),Empiiriline andmekogumine (metoodiline sotsiaalsete faktide kogumine),Praktiline analüüs (tulemuslikkus jne, tavaliselt etteantud raamistikes),Teaduslik analüüs (teooriateadmiste alusel andmete võrdlemine ja tõlgendamine). Poliitiline inimene
has been detected. They do recognize that the actual fault is with the machinery and that it should have been "designed for error" in the first place. "To err is human" Norman states, and I wholeheartedly agree. Norman, quite interestingly, goes as far as to absolve some designers of their sins, at least partially, demonstrating a great deal of common sense in doing so. The fault is often with the industry, with the society and with the unbending bureaucracy and inertia of the whole civilized mechanism - those are the reasons why feedback chain is virtually non-existent as new generations of product are already under development when the previous ones hit the shelves, people demanding new trinkets ASAP and having a tendency to overestimate the value of multitude of functions, dated standards that are too costly to change and the right time to do so never seems to arrive...
Contested control of the state In South Africa, different population groups made conflicting claims to self-government (i.e. democratic rule). Nationalism is the doctrine that nations are entitled to self-government. (Hague & Harrop, p.9) Afrikaner Nationalism : Talking here about different types of nationalism: cultural&political NP: Founded 1912 Advocated policies designed to advance Afrikaner interests: Language parity (which would enable Afrikaners to get jobs in the state bureaucracy) Using state resources to to redress white poverty , Apartheid Cultural nationalism - promotion of language, culture (eg the Broederbond) Political nationalism - expressed by the National Party (NP) Right-wing nationalism - fascist influenced movements (AWB) Military purged of British trained soldiers, replaced with reliable Afrikaners Afrikaners in police increased by 77% between 1946-60 Between 1946 and 1960 number of Afrikaners in administration increased by 98
the individual, only the presence of the state and its jurisdiction prevents the society from developing into a "war of all against all". Engels (Engels, 2009) would rather see the society apportioned into different classes, which are prone to create conflict between them. As Hobbes, Engels sees that coercion is the power that maintains social order among the lower classes. Weber (Weber, 1978), however, adds legitimacy into the equation, identifying three types of authority structures of which bureaucracy is most evident in our formal lives. He explains, that order still regularly persists among all, because states "trade" the individuals' obedience for a feeling of security. Milgram (Milgram, 1974) has conducted tests on how far do people power and authority and under which circumstances it occurs. As Milgram elaborates, power has the ability to make people obedient. In this complex psychological process, once an individual submits to orders
contrast kontrast, eristuma, kõrvutama appointment ametisse määrama, kohtumine, kokkusaamine cover tasumine, rahakate, kattevara, tagatis, garantii approach lähnemisviis, käsitlusviis, meetod imprudent ettevaatamatu, mõtlematu term tähtaeg, ajavahemik, periood Lk 41 valuable väärtuslik, hinnaline integrity terviklikkus, rikkumatus, ausus substant oluline, tähtis bureaucracy bürokraatia, ametkond matter küsimus, juhtum, põhjus, asjaolu accountant raamatupidaja, arveametnik prudent mõistlik designate määrma, osutama, tähistama, ametisse määrama resort abinõu, väljapääs, vahend, abi, abi paluma hefty turske, kopsakas impersonal ebaisikuline, umbisikuline act õigusakt, seadus, dokument,tegutsema, toimima addition lisamine, lisa, täiendus Lk 42
GB: low power distance, weak uncertainty avoidance, favors the `village market' type of structure; problems are solved by managers and staff working together as they arise. Germany: low power distance and strong uncertianty avoidance, favors the `well-oiled machine' with a more bureaucratic structure than the British, and a professionally trained staff. Have a highly developed system of vocational training France: large PD and strong UA, favors a `pyramid of people' with a hierarchical bureaucracy and standardized work process. China: large PD and weak UA, favors the `family approach', with direct supervision by the owner of the company and relatives. USA: in the middle, favors organization into divisions, with a standardization of output Def: when you delegate sth to a subordinate you give the same (but not all) authority to complete tha task as if you had done it yourself. The aim: to lighten your load so you can
The spread of English also brought political growth and the spread of power. Besides the number of countries, it also grew from the economic and military might and strength of the people. When Elizabeth I didn't have much choice but to let the empire grow and so the nation, the wealth, the trade, the industrial sntregth and might.At that time the countries and the colonies felt like they were saved by the white people and the British brought with them democracy, bureaucracy, christianity, the English language, literacy. English is often the language of education, internet, airline services, EU, the language of business, international tourism, preferable language when studying cultures, literature etc. It is the language of songs, popular culture and music, advertisement, computer diagramming etc. We may generally speak of 2 dispersals (diasperas) in English: 1. DISPERSAL When people migrated from the British isles (England, Ireland) to North America & Australia
® Policy poliitika tegevuskavade elluviimisena (rakenduspoliitika) ® Sisendpoliitika mõjutused poliitiliste (musta kasti) otsuste saamiseks ® Väljundpoliitika poliitiliste (musta kasti) otsuste elluviimine Valitsemise põhimõisteid ® Government valitsemine, valitsus ® Governance ühiskonna kogu valitsemiskorraldus ® (Public) Administration (avalik) haldus, juhtimine, administratsioon ® (Public) Management (avalik) juhtimine ® Bureaucracy bürokraatia ® Executive täitevvõim Poliitilise süsteemi sisu Eastonil Väärtuste autoriteetne jagamine ühiskonna heaks (üldistes huvides) Makroteooriad ja paradigmad n Teooria on tegelikkuse (empiiriliste andmete) süsteemne ja laialdane seletus n Näiteid teooriatest: pluralism, elitism, funktsionalism n Paradigma ehk lähenemisviis on valdkonna intellektuaalne alusraamistik, mis
Three decades of almost continual war ended in 1485, when Henry Tudor (Lancastrian) defeated and killed Richard III (Yorkist) at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Henry Tudor was later crowned King Henry VII of England. 14. Henry VIII. 1491-1547. He is famous for his six wives and his ambitions. He was a natural leader but not really interested in the day-to-day running of government and this encouraged the beginnings of a professional bureaucracy. It was during his reign that the reformation took place. When he chose to divorce his first wife, who had not given him a son, he broke away from the Roman Catholic Church. The Parliament’s Act of Supremacy in 1534 made the kind Head of the Church of England, which became Protestant. King Henry VIII held the title Defender of the Faith, which was given to him by the Pope. His daughter Elizabeth I became one of England’s greatest monarchs. 15
broadening of the right to vote into universal adult suffrage. Uncodified constitution is a type of constitution where the fundamental rules often take the form of customs, usage, precedent and a variety of statutes and legal instruments.[1] An understanding of the constitution is obtained through reading commentary by the judiciary, government committees or legal experts. In such a constitutional system, all these elements may be (or may not be) recognized by courts, legislators and the bureaucracy as binding upon government and limiting its powers. Such a framework is sometimes imprecisely called an "unwritten constitution"; however, all the elements of an uncodified constitution are typically written down in a variety of official documents, though not codified in a single document. The legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments; in the
and can fail to alter the way in which doctors practise medicine and collaborate with other health care professionals (Burns and Pauly, 2002), which also requires underpinning clinical and normative changes in teamwork and care delivery. ·Integrative processes can have unintended effects. For instance, whilst targeted financial incentives can provide a valuable means of changing clinician behaviour, they can also increase bureaucracy, motivate unintended behaviours such as gaming or cherry-picking (Oxman and others, 2008), and potentially counteract the development of shared values and working practices (Rosen and others, 2011). 10 What is integrated care? Consideration needs to be given to the pace of change required when employing one or more integrative processes. There are fundamental ingredients of integration, including:
In the minds of many, the word emperor connoted superiority or pre-eminence over kings. Several rulers feared that Peter would claim authority over them, just as the Holy Roman Emperor had claimed suzerainty over all Christian nations. In 1718 Peter investigated why the formerly Swedish province of Livonia was so orderly. He discovered that the Swedes spent as much administering Livonia (300 times smaller than his empire) as he spent on the entire Russian bureaucracy. He was forced to dismantle the province's government. After 1718, Peter established colleges in place of the old central agencies of government, including foreign affairs, war, navy, expense, income, justice, and inspection. Later others were added. Each college consisted of a president, a vice-president, a number of councilors and assessors, and a procurator. Some foreigners were included in various colleges but not as president
Tagapõhi: grupisisene hierarhia loomariigis (dominance hierarchy). Nokkimisjärjekord. Otsus rünnata või põgeneda. Weber: autoriteedi ja võimu liigid ajaloos: Karismaatiline/Charismatic authority Traditsiooniline/Traditional authority Õiguslik-ratsionaalne/Rational-legal authority Weber areng tähendab võimu allutamist seadustele ja ratsionaalsusele. Tulemuseks isiku osakaalu vähenemine ja süsteemi rolli suurenemine. "A more or less formal bureaucracy throw up a colorless nonentity as an entirely effective leader: this phenomenon may occur for example in a politburo environment. Bureaucratic organizations can also raise incompetent people to levels of leadership" (MMP, 398) Liider: karisma + ratio + oskused ... Arengusuund - liidri roll ja mõju väheneb?! Liidri teooriad Küsimus: kes ja kuidas saab liidriks? Teooriad nende kujunemise järjekorras: · Isiksuseomaduste teooria · Käitumuslikud teooriad (stiiliteooriad)
○ Business process analysis, use case analysis etc. Form of a country What is a country? Three main categories of form ● Peopleware ○ How are the people embodying the country organised? ○ Administrative setup, business processes ○ Organisational entities and their roles ● Software ○ The obvious bureaucracy automation ○ But also email servers, sensor networks etc. ● Hardware ○ The physical artefacts supporting the first two ○ Cold rooms, cables and servers • But also physical office buildings and their layout Architectural model of a country 82
Nokkimisjärjekord. Otsus rünnata või põgeneda. Weber: autoriteedi ja võimu liigid ajaloos: – Karismaatiline/Charismatic authority – Traditsiooniline/Traditional authority – Õiguslik-ratsionaalne/Rational-legal authority Weber – areng tähendab võimu allutamist seadustele ja ratsionaalsusele. Tulemuseks isiku osakaalu vähenemine ja süsteemi rolli suurenemine. “A more or less formal bureaucracy throw up a colorless nonentity as an entirely effective leader: this phenomenon may occur for example in a politburo environment. Bureaucratic organizations can also raise incompetent people to levels of leadership” (MMP, 398) Liider: karisma + ratio + oskused … Arengusuund - liidri roll ja mõju väheneb?! Liidri teooriad Küsimus: kes ja kuidas saab liidriks? Teooriad nende kujunemise järjekorras: • Isiksuseomaduste teooria • Käitumuslikud teooriad (stiiliteooriad)
rollid on tihti vahetunud (bürokraatia ülemvõim), sest: - bürokraatidel on oma tegevusvaldkonnas suuremad teadmised kui poliitikutel - nende võimalus ressursside jagamise üle otsustada annab neile mõjuvõimu klientide üle - poliitikud ja kliendid vahetuvad kiiresti, samad ametnikud jäävad. M. Weber: "in modern state the actual ruler is necessarily and unavoidably the bureaucracy" Meid ootab ees helge tulevik 21 22 4. KOHTUSÜSTEEM "Loodusriigis" on "jõud õiguseks". Kaasaegses ühiskonnas on aga reeglid, mis määrab inimestevahelise läbikäimise õige printsiibist lähtudes. Kohtusüsteemi peamine ülesanne on reeglite kohaldamine. Reeglite kohaldamine Kohtumõistmise põhieesmärk on tõlgendada ja rakendada asjakohaseid reegleid või
and so on. Yet, again, thorough knowledge of the country's business and regulatory environment helps to adjust expectations accordingly and start business prepared to what otherwise might be costly surprise. The above said is very true in case of Ukraine and Belarus. These markets, Ukraine in particular, attracted since its Independence and continues attracting a lot of interest from foreign investors. Complicated and often confusing business and regulatory environment, official bureaucracy, corruption and so on remains significant obstacles for foreign investors and businessmen. Some have been successful and some decided to pull out from Ukraine. Corruption Corruption in Ukraine remains significant problem for businesses and the country's image in general. Ukraine was ranked 144th on the Corruption Perceptions Index 2012, compiled by Transparency International, a global anticorruption non-government organization. Ukraine's rank slightly improved compared to 152 in 2011
•Projekti juht: Tim Berners-Lee (http, www ja esimese brauseri autor, w3c juht). ITK 2007, Kalev Pihl Sissejuhatus informaatikasse 28 Idee •Tim Berners Lee (1999): I have a dream for the Web in which computers become capable of analyzing all the data on the Web –the content, links, and transactions between people and computers. A „Semantic Web., which should make this possible, has yet to emerge, but when it does, the day-to- day mechanisms of trade, bureaucracy and our daily lives will be handled by machines talking to machines. The „intelligent agents. people have touted for ages will finally materialize. ITK 2007, Kalev Pihl Sissejuhatus informaatikasse 29 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/W3c_semantic_web_stack.jpg Semantilise veebi kihid •Ülevalt alla: .Tõestuste keel .Täisloogika .Ontoloogiad .Ontoloogiakeel (Owl ja temaalamhulgad) .Asjade kirjelduskeel (RDF ja RDFS) .Nimede unikaliseerimine (XML namespaces)
people, politics, andpolicy. Boston: Pearson. Gitelson, A. R., Dudley, R. L., Dubnick, M. J. (1996). Ameerika Ühendriikide valitsemissüsteem. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Lijphart, A. (2009). Demokraatia mustrid. Tallinn: Tallinna Raamatutrükikoda. O'Connor, K., Sabato, L. J. (2006). Essentials of American government: continuity and change. New York: Pearson Longman. Patterson, T. E. (2013). The American democracy. New York: McGraw-Hill. Peters, B. G. (2001). The politics of Bureaucracy. New York: Routledge. Pollitt, C., Bouckaert, G. (2000). Public management reform a comparative analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press. United States Census Bureau. 2012 Census of Governments. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/govs/cog/ (08.03.2014). Wilson, J. Q. (1998). American government: institutions and policies. Lexinton, MA: Heath. HILJUTI AMEERIKA ÜHENDRIIKIDES ASET LEIDNUD SÜNDMUSTE ÜLEVAADE Obamacare'i seitse miljonit
Elsewhere in Europe it is known as the Javanese or Mandarin; in the USA it is a Foreign Longhair. The British Angora is more foreign in type with a longer, narrower head and larger ears than the Turkish Angora. This situation was rectified in 2002 when Britain's GCCF came into line with other registries and called the British variety Oriental Longhairs, thus removing confusion with the original Turkish Angora cats. The possibility of importing Turkish Angoras was apparently considered, but bureaucracy prevailed since the British GCCF would apparently not accept the documentary evidence (verification of breed) supplied by the Ankhara Zoo. If true, then the British cat fancy places more importance of paperwork than on actual physical felines; a serious drawback where naturally occurring varieties are concerned! Importation of either Turkish or American lines of Turkish Angora would mean 6 months quarantine.
. . . But the general and most decisive proof consists in the meaning of the despatches, concealed behind the cipher. In ten months, Bergenroth surpassed the feats of many professional cryptanalysts by reconstructing 19 nomencla-tors—an average of about one every two weeks, some with 2,000 or 3,000 elements. This was in addition to his own copying, his supervising of a copyist, his searching for documents, his battles with the bureaucracy, and his frequent letters home. He did not like the cryptanalysis: "Nothing but sheer necessity would have forced me to attempt such a task, which, I think, is one of the most laborious that any man could undertake." Yet by July 23, 1861, ten months after his arrival, he could report, "The despatches in cipher are all copied and deciphered, with the exception of two small letters (the one of them from John Stile to Henry VII), which I intend to decipher in Barcelona or in London
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