Engl i s h do g s 8 english dogs Bred, Height, Weight, Fur, Colour , Character, Body English bulldog (British bulldog) Bred: 1209 Height: 31-40 cm Weight: 24-25 kg 22-23 kg Fur: short, smooth and tidht sitting coat Colour: red tones, plain or balck-white spots Character: peaceful, loves children, lovely familydog Body: small ears, screw-tail, wide shoulders, short muzzle English greyhound Height: 71-76 cm 68-71 cm Weight: 29-31 kg 27-29 kg Fur: tidht sitting coat and smooth Colour: black, white, red, blue or yellow-brown
Kihla vedama, bet bet bet pakkuma bid bid/bade bid/bidden Pakkuma, käskima bind bound bound siduma bite bit bitten hammustama bleed bled bled veritsema blow blew blown puhuma break broke broken lõhkuma breed bred bred Tekkima, tekitama bring brought brought Tooma Eetrisse andma, broadcast broadcast broadcast esinema build built built ehitama burn burned/burnt burned/burnt Põletama, põlema burst burst burst Lõhkema, tõusma buy bought bought Ostma
bear bore born beat beat beat become became become begin began begun bend bent bent beset beset beset bet bet bet bid bid/bade bid/bidden bind bound bound bite bit bitten bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burn burned/burnt burned/burnt burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen cling clung clung come came come cost cost cost creep crept crept
The Amber effect is due to the extension gene (also called red factor) which controls the production of red and black pigment. The dominant version of the gene produces normal black pigment in the coat while the recessive version produces red pigment. The name comes from the effect of black or brown pigment not being extended throughout the whole coat, but being restricted to the skin of the extremities and to the eyes (for example in bay horses). This Norwegian Forest Cat was bred by Yve Hamilton Bruce from a silver mackerel tabby female (imported from Denmark) and a classic red tabby and white male. The result was 1 silver tabbies and 2 silver tabbies with white. At just over 3 months old, this silver and white tabby male developed a large patch of bright red hair on his back which continued to spread. Eventually the whole fur will become amber. The effect of amber during the colour-change stage depends on the original colour - solid black or blue, bicolour or tabby
ning erinevalt antibiootikumidest, ei mõjuta faagid ning nende produktid eukarüootseid rakke. Seega kõrvalmõjusid esineb faagiteraapias vähem kui antibiootikumidega ravimisel (Matsuzaki, 2005). Bakteriofaagide genoomide modifitseerimine Bakteriofaagide antimikroobsete omaduste võimendamiseks on välja töötatud erinevaid tehnikaid. Hiljuti loodi uus in vivo tehnika: bakteriofaagi elektroporeeritud DNA rekombineerimine ehk BRED (bacteriophage recombineering of electroporated DNA). BRED töötati välja Mycobacterium’i faagide jaoks, kuid seda saab rakendada ka teiste faagide peal. BRED-i puhul viiakse elektroporatsiooni abil faagi DNA bakteriraku sisse ning plasmiidis olevad rekombinatsiooni geenid üleekspresseeritakse, et tõsta homoloogilise rekombinatsiooni sagedust faagi DNA ja sihtmärk DNA vahel. BRED-i läbiviimiseks kasutatakse enamasti faag λ- t või Rac profaagi. Lisaks elektroporatsioonile kasutatakse ka keemilist transformatsiooni. Selle
bid bode, bid bidden, bid bind bound bound bite bit bitten, bit bleed bled bled blend blended blended bless blessed, blest blessed, blest blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought broadcast broadcast broadcast build built built burn burnt, burned burnt, burned burst burst burst buy bought bought cast cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen
Kihla vedama, bet bet bet pakkuma bid bid/bade bid/bidden Pakkuma, käskima bind bound bound siduma bite bit bitten hammustama bleed bled bled veritsema blow blew blown puhuma break broke broken lõhkuma breed bred bred Tekkima, tekitama bring brought brought Tooma Eetrisse andma, broadcast broadcast broadcast esinema build built built ehitama burn burned/burnt burned/burnt Põletama, põlema burst burst burst Lõhkema, tõusma buy bought bought Ostma
Cow Domesticated cow vas first found by the primitive man.The first cow vas bred in time from the tarvas. These were our ancestors.Humans were begining to hunt and catch the calfs of tarvas and keep them in orchards to raise the tarvas calfs.At first they were used to because of their strength for plowing. And thats the way tarvas was the helper for farmers,later dairy cow. The first cows did not give much milk because they had milk for their calfs and it were an expensive sweet and health medisine. They were using it mixed with water.
ANIMAL RIGHTS Deivid Armulik Kadrina Secondary School 2016 WHAT ARE ANIMAL RIGHTS? Non-human animals have intrests that should be afforded the same consideration as similar intrests of human beings. THE CONSEQUENCES OF ANIMAL RIGHTS Morally wrong to do to animals Must not do those things no matter what Not allowed, even if done in humane way Not to be bred and killed, then they should not be for food ACCEPTING THE DOCTORINE OF ANIMAL RIGHTS No experiments on animals No breeding and killing animals for food, clothes or medicine No use of animals for hard labour No hunting No zoos or use of animals in entertainment PETA People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Animal rights organisation Largest group (5 million supporters) "Animals are not ours to eat, wear,
Verd jooksma, veritsema Bleed Bled Bled Segama, segunema Blend Blended/blent Blended/blen Õnnistama Bless Blessed/blest Blessed/bles Puhuma Blow Blew Blown Murdma, purustama Break Broke Broken Kasvatama/aretama Breed Bred Bred Tooma Bring Brought Brought Raadio/tv kaudu edastama Broadcast Broadcast/-ed Broadcast/-ed Ehitama Build Built Built Põlema, põletama Burn Burned/burnt Burned/burn Lõhkema Burst Burst Burst Ostma Buy Bought Bought
the primitive system: there was no antlers and bones into leather-working private property, no classes and tools. exploitation. · Inhabitants put up buildings of · They caught fish, grew wheat and stone and wood, built the first roads. corn as well as tamed and bred animals. · There can be find Neolithic burial · Also learned the art of pottery and chambers and huge temples. made things of wool, metal and copper. · Stonehenge as the best known · The celtic tribes were ruled by a prehistoric monument in Britain and one warrior class, priests or Druids.
those peoples. There are over 500 recognized native American tribes in America. Agriculture and hunting There were four basic ways for people in ancient societies to find food: hunting and fishing, gathering, farming, and raising domesticated animals. Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 5060% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. The Inuit (Eskimos) and some Indian tribes of the far north relied almost entirely on hunting
tenfold. Its beach, seaside parks, squirrels hopping in the trees, sanatoriums and rest homes, curative sea-mud and holidaymakers are its characteristic features. Pärnu as a summer resort dates back to the 19th century. The first bathing institution started operations in Pärnu in 1838. Pärnu also offers great year-round opportunities for organizing meetings and conferences in addition to relaxation and treatments for restoring one's health. Tori is known for the Estonian Tori Horse, bred at a local stud farm founded in 1856. Tori Hell is a sandstone cave on the Pärnu River. Kurgja is the location of the Farm Museum of Carl Robert Jakobson, a leader of the national movement at the end of the 19th century. The Nigula Nature Reserve preserves the peat-bog ecosystem within its territory of 2771 hectares. Häädemeeste is one of the most important yacht-building centers in Estonia and also famous for its mineral water. The Island of Kihnu is the biggest island in the Gulf of Riga
The wildlife and conservation group WWF says the South China tiger is actually native to the Hainan most forests of south-east China, and because there are so few individuals left, it is regarded by many scientists as being "functionally extinct" in the wild. But a group called Save China's Tigers has been working on a captive- breeding programme and hopes to reach an agreement with China's State Forestry Administration to reintroduce captive-bred animals into the wild. If all goes well, the first individuals could be reintroduced to coincide with the Beijing Olympic Games in 2008. Rare insect hit by housing scheme Britain's rarest beetle, the streaked bombardier, could soon become extinct in the UK when a new housing development is built over the single site at which it can be found, a brownfield site on the Thames Estuary in East London. "It is very sad that a deliberate choice has been made to plough on with the development,
As a result, the sugar cane began to look for replacements. Found that sugar beet can be separated. Beet-sugar was very low at that time, however, and sugar prices rose. After the Napoleonic wars the French abandoned the stock trades under the control of sugar cane, and became available again. Beet-sugar production died. The situation changed again, however, if the 19th mid-century, slavery was abolished, cheap labor has disappeared, and the price of sugar rose again. By that time, was bred to sugar beet and sugar cane had reached the same level. Was about to begin an entirely new chapter in the history of the sugar. However, from more than half the world cane sugar production continues today.
22. bleed bled bled veritsema, verd jooksma 23. bless blest (blessed) blest (blessed) õnnistama; õndsaks tegema; (saatust jms) tänama 24. blow blew blown puhuma; nuuskama, õhku laskma 25. break broke broken lõhkuma, purunema, purustama 26. breed bred bred sigitama, soetama, tekitama; tekkima; kasvatama; põll aretama; 27. bring brought brought tooma 28. broadcast broadcast broadcast (raadio või televisiooni teel) saatma või levitama, eetrisse andma; 29. browbeat browbeat browbeaten (kurja pilgu või kärkimisega) heidutama,
snakes and lizards, remain very vulnerable to the commercial skin trade. /1/ Although both species of New Guinea crocodiles are currently listed under Appendix II (species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival) of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora, Papua New Guinea still exports wild- harvested and captive-bred crocodile products.5 These exports are contributing to a severe decline in crocodile populations and consequently a reduction in the biological diversity of Papua New Guinea./1/ Birds Much sought after as pets or for their feathers, several birds of the forests of New Guinea such as parrots, lorries and birds of paradise are illegally exported for trade. But just
aastal. Esimesed GM taimed tehti Missouris ja Belgias 1983. aastal. Turule jõudsid esimesena GM vaktsiinid (1992-1994), neile järgnes kauase säilivusega tomat 1993. Seejärel tulid aja möödudes turule ka mitmed soja-, maisi- puuvilla- ja rapsisordid. GMO-de loomine on kallis protsess, mis on jõukohane vaid suurtele agrotööstuskorporatsioonidele. GM kultuuride loomisel on esirinnas olnud sellised rahvusvahelised suurfirmad, nagu Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, Pioneer Hi-Bred, DuPont, BASF, Dow. Sisuliselt monopoliseeritud Nende seas on kõige tuntum ja agressiivsem USA-s paiknev firma Monsanto, mis on viimasel kümnendil ostnud kokku kümneid seemnefirmasid. Firma kontrollib 70% geneetiliselt muundatud maisi turust, üle 90% geneetiliselt muundatud soja turust ja 90% geneetiliselt muundatud puuvilla turust. Põllumajanduslike kultuuride seemnete kontsentreerumisest võib lugeda lähemalt nt. http://www.competitivemarkets.com/index.php?
Although most Inuit people today live in the same community year-round, and live in homes built of other construction materials that have to be imported, in the past Inuit would migrate between a summer and winter camp which was shared by several families. Getting Around To travel from one place to another, Inuit used sleds made of animal bones and skins pulled over the snow and ice by dogs. Strong dogs with thick fur like huskies, bred by Inuit, were used. On the waters of the Arctic Ocean, small boats called "kayaks" were used for hunting while larger boats called "umiaq" transported people, dogs, and supplies. Finding Food Because Inuit live in places where most plants cannot grow, the traditional diet consisted of almost entirely meat. Inuit fished and hunted to get their food. Whales, walruses, seals, fish were staples of their diet. Clothing for Staying Warm Traditional Inuit clothing was made from animal skins and fur
axes and fashioned antlers and bones into leather-working tools. Later groups of people from what are now Germany, the Netherlands and Brittany also settled in Briton. During the Bronze Age, they mined tin, gold and copper and made bronze tools. They also probably built the spectacular prehistoric megaliths, such as Stonehenge on Salisbury Plain. The Celts invaded the British Isles in the 5th century BC in two waves. The Britons grew wheat and corn, caught fish, and tamed and bred animals. They made coarse cloth for their clothes, learned the art of pottery, made things of wool, metal and copper, and were good warriors. They traded with the Gauls and built many temples and altars. The Celts brought with them a knowledge of smelting iron, which produced stronger weapons than the bronze ones. They had a strange and cruel religion, sometimes human beings were sacrificed. In 43 AD the Roman Invasion in Britain started. The millions of people who lived under the
leisure industries has also grown. Canned fish and timber are the chief products of the state of Alaska, while Hawaii's are sugar, nuts and canned pineapple. Textile industry is also well-developed, especially in the South near the large cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley. Agriculture is very wide-spread, above all in the prairie regions, where wheat and other grain crops are grown. Besides providing its own people with food, the US sends much food to other countries. Dairy cattle is bred mainly in the eastern part, beef cattle in the prairies. Poultry farms are near the big cities and vegetables and potatoes are grown all over the country. California is famous for its fruit plantations. Natural Resources The United States of America is rich in coal, iron and oil. There are coal-mines in the Cordillera Mountains, in the Kansas City region and in the east near Birmingham and Pittsburgh. Iron is mined near the Great Lakes and in the Pittsburgh, Birmingham and Philadelphia areas
Sydney, with the population of 4,3 million people and Melbourne, with 3,9 million people. The capital of Australia is Canberra, although it's not as populated, but only about 340 000 people living there. Outback refers to remote arid areas of Australia. There are not very many people living there, and those who do, are Aborigines. Industry, minerals and power: Agriculture is the major industry in Australia. People grow grain and bred sheep. The Australian wool industry is widely recognised as producing the finest quality Merino wool. Eastern Australia is the biggest farming region. Australia is rich in many minerals; mining has been an important branch of Australia's industry. Minerals are found and mined in most states, but Western Australia has become the most important region of mineral production. Gold, manganese ore, uranium and nickel ore are mined there
very suitable for settlers. Therefore, the first settlement reached Botany Bay in 1788, but the bay was not suitable and they started to search a better landing point. It was found at Port Jackson. The captain of the fleet, Arthur Phillip, became the first governor on New South Wales. The first settlement consisted form convicts and their guards. The convicts were put to work immediately after arriving at Port Jackson, but they were all city-bred and so quite unskillful. At that time, there were about 300000 Aborigines in Australia and luckily for the Brits, not all were hostile. Phillip tried hard to befriend with the natives and he succeeded with Bennelong. Phillip had a hut built for Bennelong on the point where the Sydney Opera House now stands. The second fleet arrived in 1790. That fleet brought soldiers that were called the New South Wales Corps. Their mission was to keep law and order in the colony. However, a great
Harvade õnnestumiste kõrval on need siiani sisaldanud palju rohkem ebaõnnestumisi, kusjuures isegi, kui loode on hakanud arenema, on sündinud kas surnud või tõsiste arenguhäiretega loomad. (Truve 2003) GMO-de loomine on kallis protsess, mis on jõukohane vaid suurtele agrotööstuskorporatsioonidele. GM kultuuride loomisel on esirinnas olnud sellised rahvusvahelised suurfirmad, nagu Monsanto, Syngenta, Bayer, Pioneer Hi-Bred, DuPont, BASF ja Dow. (Homutov 2011) 1.1. Kuidas luuakse geneetiliselt muundatud organisme? Joonis 1. Eesti Loodus 2004 nr2, autor Kaarel Tamme. (http://www.envir.ee/orb.aw/class=file/action=preview/id=1094243/GMO+raamat+eesti+2008.p df lk3) GM kultuurtaimi ehk muundkultuure saab luua mitmel viisil. Ühe võimalusena kasutatakse muundkultuuride loomisel sageli bakterite abi. Taimedes kasvajalisi muutusi põhjustav mullas
Page Freudian Ego Defence Mechanisms Freud: Description of Personality Purpose: to defend against anxiety produced by psychic conflict "...basically a battlefield. He is a dark-cellar in which a well-bred spinster lady [the superego] and a sex- Repression crazed monkey [the id] are forever engaged in mortal combat, the struggle being refereed by a Projection rather nervous bank clerk [the ego]." Reaction formation
In the Midwest, slavery was prohibited by the Freedom Ordinance of 1787. Nowadays less than 2% of the population is engaged in agriculture. Large stretches of level or gently rolling land, especially in the Midwest provide ideal conditions for large-scale agriculture. The farms have narrow specialization, are very well mechanized and have high productivity. Besides providing its own people with food, the US has sent much food to other countries. Dairy cattle are bred mainly in the eastern part, beef cattle in the prairies. Poultry farms are near big cities. Vegetables and potatoes are grown all over the country. Fruits are grown mainly in Florida and California, citruses in California. Wheat is grown in the prairies. 7. Population The United States is an urbanized nation, with 80.6 percent of its population residing in cities and suburbs. The mean population centre of the US has consistently shifted westward and
Nüüd antud objekti puhul haaran tipust ja määran nurga. 67 Google SketchUp HKHK / Mario Metshein 15.5 Peegelpilt See teema otseselt keeramisega seotud ei ole, aga mõtlesin, et sobib selle teema alla. Nimel tihti tuleb ette kui objekti on vaja keerata peegelpilti. Selleks tee parem klikk soovitud detailil ning vali Flip Along ja sealt omakorda Bred, Green või Blue. Värvid tähistavad siis endiselt teljestikke. Antud näidisel on näha, et toauks on x-telje suunaline (punane) ja me soovime ukse avamissuunda muuta. Selleks valisime Flip Along>Component's Red. Värvide ees on tekst, mis tuleneb objekti tüübist. 68 Google SketchUp HKHK / Mario Metshein 16 Kopeerimine
other professions. My Friend (1) I have a lot of friends. Most of them are my former schoolmates. But my bosom friend is Lena. She is 16. Lena isn't very tall, but she is pretty in her own way. She has red curly hair and a turn-up nose. Lena wears spectacles and when spring comes there are plenty of freckles on her cheeks, forehead and nose. But all that doesn't make her plain or ugly. I like Lena because she is well-bred, jolly and kind. She does well at school though she has an unbreakable rule: never to study at night no matter how many written reviews are coming in the morning. She is also fond of reading plain books, and Lena sometimes thinks that one book isn't enough to read, she has two pr three books going at once. My friend has a lot of books at home, and she buys them wherever she goes. She says that the books are of great help any time and they always must be at her hand.
(iii) to produce, homozygous recessive / aa / AW ; so that, wanted allele / desired trait, expressed ; 1 max (c) pollinators can distinguish colour ; bees attracted to pink ; [A refs to ‘blue’ or UV re pink] swapping alleles reduces visits by normal pollinator ; swapping alleles attracts wrong pollinator ; selectively bred / aa / red M lewisii, decreases bumblebee visits; but does not attract many hummingbirds ; selectively bred / Aa / pink M. cardinalis, attracts bumblebees; and decreases hummingbird visits only slightly ; ref comparative figures ; colour important to bees ; colour not important to hummingbirds / some other feature important to hummingbirds ; AVP ; 4 max
the distribution of goods may be acceptable in so far as they are necessary to meet imperative needs relating to the effectiveness of fiscal surveillance, public health protection, honesty Trade transactions and consumer protection. " In the judgment of Cassis de Dijon, the rule of "mutual recognition" was also formulated. If the goods are legally pro-155. Is bred in one Member State, it can be freely sold in another Member State, even if it does not comply with its national standards. Exceptions to the prohibition of measures having an effect equivalent to that of quantitative restrictions Article 36 TFEU allows Member States to take measures having an effect equivalent to quantitative restrictions when these are justified by general, non-economic considerations (e.g.
Where do you think they live? What territories did they occupy in ancient times? What happened to them? The first real civilization was brought to Britain in the third millennium BC by the Iberians who arrived from the Iberian Peninsula in Southern Europe. The Iberians were skilled in the use of copper and gold; they made copper daggers and axes, traded in gold and copper ornaments. In the second millennium they started using bronze. The Iberians were farmers who bred cattle and probably tamed horses. The Celtic Settlement Towards the Christian era, there was an Iron Age Celtic culture throughout the British Isles. The Celts1 had been arriving from Europe from the eighth century BC onwards. The Celts began to control all the lowland areas of Britain and, with new waves of settlers coming one after another, gradually spread all over Britain and the other islands.
berättelser och dikter under denna tid. Med säkerhet har stora delar av Kolarhistorier och Kolvaktarens visor kommit till här. Flera av Anderssons noveller och dikter har stark anknytning till Kestina gården, bland dem ”Sista natten i Paindalen” (1915), ” Vaggsången vid Kestina” (1917) och ”En trogen tjänarinna” (1930). Han tonsatte själv även några av sina dikter – de kanske mest kända är Till min syster och Jungman Jansson.' Dan Anderssons poesi åtnjuter bred folklig popularitet genom sin naturmystik och gudssökan. Varför tycker man om honom? – vackra naurskildringar- svenskt vildmark, romatisk mystiskt; vemodighet; skogsarbetare- ingen utbildning, frikyrkorörelsen. Brevkort från Grangärde finnmark (första 1903); Kolarhistorier (1914); Kolvaktarens visor (1915); Det kallas vidskepelse (1916); Svarta ballader (1917); De tre hemlösa (1918); David Ramms arv (1919); Chi-mo-ka-ma. Berättelser från norra Amerika (1920); Efterlämnade
Dorset Romney, Greyface, Radnor, Rough Herdwick, Wensley- Down, Border jt. Nort of Gritstone, Fell jt. Shetland dale, Dorset Leicester England Lonk jt. Welsh Moorit jt. Devon, Horn, jt. Half Mule fotol Cheviot Mountain Jacob fotol Cornwall Shropshire Bred fotol fotol fotol Longwool , Oxford, jt. Blue Southdow Leicester n jt. fotol Suffolk fotol Vahemik
temper, though no disposition could offer a greater contrast to his own, and though with his own he never appeared dissatisfied. On the strength of Darcy's regard, Bingley had the firmest reliance, and of his judgement the highest opinion. In understanding, Darcy was the superior. Bingley was by no means deficient, but Darcy was clever. He was at the same time haughty, reserved, and fastidious, and his manners, though well-bred, were not inviting. In that respect his friend had greatly the advantage. Bingley was sure of being liked wherever he appeared, Darcy was continually giving offense. The manner in which they spoke of the Meryton assembly was sufficiently characteristic. Bingley had never met with more pleasant people or prettier girls in his life; everybody had been most kind and attentive to him; there had been no formality, no stiffness; he had soon
factors in consumer purchase decisions globin moiety is denatured by rapidly declin- because they are presumed to be indicators ing pH while the carcass is “hot” or by exces- of meat freshness and quality (Brewer et al. sively low ultimate pH. 2002). Meat color is due to the concentration In pigs, color variations may have been of heme pigments (myoglobin, hemoglobin), inadvertently selected for as pigs were bred their chemical states, and the light-scattering for high gain/feed ratios and leanness. Brewer properties of the meat (Lawrie 2002). At high et al. (2002) reported that genetic line had pH, the heme iron is predominantly in the significant effects on a* value (redness), ferrous state (Fe2+); low pH accelerates which ranged from 9.2 to 11 (on a 15-point
" "You gave us the commitment on it over three weeks ago." "1 had a promise and a commitment from you last week." "You can't buy a coin and renege on it five weeks later. You just can't do that." Individualism. Is there another factor besides age that may account for Jack Nicklaus' strong need to remain consistent with his commitments? I hinted at such a factor earlier: He is an American, born and bred in the heartland (Ohio) of a na- tion that is distinguished from much of the rest of the world by its devotion to the "cult of the individual" (Hofstede, 1980; Vandello 8{ Cohen, 1999). In individualistic nations such as the United States and those of Western Europe, the focus is on the self, whereas, in more collectivistic societies, the focus is on the group. For exam- ple, individualists decide what they should do in a situation by looking primarily at
H e also provides much-needed comic relief in the generally dark Norse myths. Loki is sometimes a comical sidekick character in stories featuring the gods Odin o r T h o r as heroes. In other stories he is a hero of sorts, a Trickster Hero who survives by his wits against physically stronger gods or giants. At last he turns into a deadly adversary or Shadow, leading the hosts of the dead in a final war against the gods. T R I C K S T E R HEROES Trickster H e r o e s have bred like rabbits in the folktales and fairy tales o f the world. Indeed, some o f the m o s t p o p u l a r Tricksters are rabbit heroes: the Br'er R a b b i t o f the American South, the H a r e of African tales, the many rabbit heroes from S o u t h e a s t Asia, Persia, India, etc. T h e s e stories pit the defenseless but q u i c k - t h i n k i n g rabbit against m u c h larger and more dangerous enemies: folktale S h a d o w figures like wolves, hunters, tigers, a n d bears
they required many more messages for success than the bewigged practitioners of chamber analysis would have ever thought necessary. A third characteristic of the new maturity was the evolution of fields of cryptanalytic specialization. Systems of secret communication had ceased to be so few and so homogeneous that a single expert could subdue them all. Their multiplicity and heterogeneity, plus the volume of traffic in each, bred the specialist. This division of labor is as much a sign of maturity in cryptology as it is in a society. Still another sign of that maturity was the emotional apprehension of the role played by the blunders of inexperienced, indolent, and ignorant cryptographic clerks. Cryptologists had had an intellectual awareness of this danger at least since 1605, when Francis Bacon wrote that "in regards of the rawness and unskillfulnesse of the handes, through which
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