Understanding Psychology (0)

Summary
UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY
Fourth Edition
Robert S. Feldman
CHAPTER 7. MEMORY
p. 218 – 230
KELA -I
University of Tartu Narva College
2014
Encoding, Storage , and Retrieval of Memory .

Encoding refers to the process by which information is initially recorded in a form usable to memory.
Memory specialists speak of storage, the maintenance of material saved in the memory system. If the material is not stored adequately, it can not be recalled later.
Memory also depends on one last process: retrieval. In retrieval, material in memory storage is located, brought into awareness, and utilized.
In sum, psychologists consider memory as the process by which we encode, store , and retrieve information. Each of three parts of this definition – encoding, storage, and retrieval – represents a different process.
Forgetting unnecessary information is as essential to the proper functioning of memory as is remembering material.
Sensory Memory.
The term “sensory memory” encompasses several types of sensory memories, each related to a different source of information. There is iconic memory, which reflects information from our visual system; echoic memory, which stores information coming from ears; and corresponding memories for each of the other senses.
Short-Term Memory: Our Working Memory.

Short-term memory is the memory store in which material first has meaning , although the maximum length of retention is relatively short. The specific amount of information that can be held in short-term memory has been identified 7 items .
Long-Term Memory: The Final Storehouse.

Material that makes its way from short-term memory to long-term memory enters a storehouse of almost unlimited capacity. Evidence of the existence of long-term memory, as distinct from short-term memory, comes from a number of sources . Because short-term memory following the injury appears to be operative – new material can be recalled, we can infer that there are two distinct types of memory – one for short-team and one for long-term storage.
The Modules of Memory.

Declarative memory is memory for factual information: names , faces, dates , and the like.
Procedural memory (sometimes referred to as “nondeclative memory”) refers to memory for skills and habits such as riding a bike.
Semantic memory is memory for general knowledge and facts about the world, as well as memory for the rules of logic for deducing other facts.
Episodic memory is memory for the biographical details of our individual lives.
Explicit memory refers to international or conscious recollection of information.
Implicit memory refers to memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior .
Levels of Processing .
The levels-of-processing theory emphasizes the degree to which new material is mentally analyzed. In contrast to the view that there are sensory, short-term, and long-term memories, levels-of-processing theory suggests that the amount of information processing that occurs when material is initially encountered is central in determining how much of the information is ultimately remembered .
Glossary
Encoding of Memory – кодирование, шифрование; процесс, при котором информация с исходном положении записывается (запоминается) в память.
Storage of Memory – хранилище; процесс накопления материала в структуре памяти.
Retrieval of Memory – извлечение; процесс, при котором информация извлекается и утилизируется.
Forgetting – забывание; очень важный процесс для забывания старой ненужной информации и приобретения новой.
Sensory Memory – сенсорная память; память, основанная на возникновении информации, на которую действуют определенные стимулы.
Short-Term Memory – кратковременная память; память, с которой мы работаем в данный момент.
Long-Term Memory – долговременная память; память, в которой материал хранится долгое время после многократных повторений.
Declarative Memory – декларативная (повествовательная) память; память, которая описывает имена, лица, номера и тд.
Procedural Memory – процедурная (процессуальная) память; память, которая предполагает необязательное владение какими-то определенными моторными навыками.
Semantic memory – семантическая память; память общих знаний и фактов об окружающем мире.
Episodic memory – эпизодическая память; память, отвечающая за биографические факты личной жизни.
Explicit memory – эксплицитная память; память, направленная на сознательное ввоспроизведение информации.
Implicit memory – имплицитная память; память, направленная на несознательное воспроизведение информации.