Some of the books he wrote are: "Story of the American Flag" Profusely illustrated. "The Real Abraham Lincoln" "The Life of Alexander Hamilton" "The Real Robert Morris" (A Pennsylvania banker known as "the financier of the American Revolution.") "Story of the Great Seal of the United States." "History of American Emblems" "The History of American Heraldry" The Father of Flag Day Bernard J. Cigrand was first and foremost an American patriot. From the 1880s through the 1930s, he preached respect and honor for the nation and its flag. In 1885, however, Cigrand still a teenager and only at the beginning of his journey. He
Flag Day June 14th The History Of Flag Day The idea of an annual day specifically celebrating the Flag is belived to have first originated in 1885. The Father of Flag Day was Bernard J. CiGrand, who was a schoolteacher at Stony Hill. In June 1886 he made his first public proposal for the annual observance of the birth of the flag when he wrote an article titled "The Fourteenth of June" in the old Chicago Argus newspaper. Bernard J. CiGrand In the years that followed, Cigrand authored hundreds of other magazine and newspaper articles advocating recognition of the June 14th adoption
Holidays, Festivals, Cultural events TALLINN - If you're looking for entertainment in Estonia this summer, you are really spoiled for choice. Festivals and events dedicated to the consumption of beer are a lot of fun, but if you want to get the true feel of the country, you need something a little more ethnic. Like a town fair. Just as July becomes August, the seaside town of Haapsalu will host a grand spectacle of rural Estonian entertainment. The White Lady Days is a summer celebration filled with amusement for all the family. Held in and around the remains of the Teutonic-knights-era castles, the fair combines enchanting medieval legends with modern countryside charm to create a comprehensive experience of Estonia beyond the big cities. But the legend of the White Lady of Haapsalu, which is at the heart of the festival, is perhaps the most famous tall tale of the many that are so abundant in Estonia's folklore.
followed; in the mid-1800s many estonians emigrated to Russia, North-America etc. to find a farmland better living conditions, estonians made 88.2% of the total population of their native land; WW II caused war casualties, deportations and mass emigration of refugees, in 1945 there were 854000 people in Estonia; Estonians, Russians, Ukrainians, Belorussians, Finns and others were the communities; citizenship was given to the poplke who had held it before 16 June 1940 and tgeir descendants Public holidays: Some national holidays: 23 June: Victory Day the Battle of Võnnu in the Estonian War of independence; 24 June St. John's Day; 2 February anniversary of the Tartu Peace Treaty; 14 March Mother Tongue Day; May second Sunday Mothers' Day; 2 November All Souls' Day; 14 February Valentine's Day. Some annual events: The Tartu Ski Marathon, Jazzkaar, Old Town Festival; Grandma-Granpa Days, Tallinn Rock Summer, Viru
When they grow up, they play as members of important amateur teams or as a professional in teams competing in football ,,leagues". Professional football is as much a business as a sport. Rugby football was first played in 1823. In rugby every player is allowed to carry the ball. The ball is oval, not round. Each team contains 15 players. The oldest game of football in England is probably the football match which takes place at Ashburn on Shrove Tuesday every year. The game starts in the centre of the town, and the distance between two goals is two miles. The only rule is not to use motorcycles, cars and lorries in the game. In 1958 one team buried the ball. The other team didn't know and ran after them. Later first team took the ball and won. 3) JAMES WATT He was born in the small port of Greenock on the river Clyde in Scotland in 1736. His father was a mathematical-instrument maker and also kept a shop to supply ships with goods for their voyages
under its influence until the beginning of the 18th century. During Swedish rule, the first university in Estonia was founded at Tartu in 1632. Tartu University is still widely considered the most important university in Estonia. The period is still often remembered by Estonians as "the Good old Swedish time". In the early 18th century, the Great Northern War left Estonia under Russian rule. A high point of the Estonian national movement was the first nation-wide Song Festival in Tartu in June 1869. In 1918 on the 24th of February, the Estonian Republic was proclaimed. It is a highly important holiday in Estonia. At first it was merely a decision on paper. True independence was fought for in the following years, in the War of Liberation. Independence lasted until 1939 when a pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was signed. Following the Soviet occupation in 1940, Estonia was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1942 to 1944
Lacrosse is the most popular summer sport. Basketball, soccer, curling, baseball and golf are also widely played in Canada. Education Education is a provincial responsibility under the Canadian constitution, which means there are significant differences between the education systems of the different provinces. However, education is important to Canadians, and standards across the country are uniformly high. In general, Canadian children attend kindergarten for one or two years at the age of four or five on a voluntary basis. All children begin Grade One at about six years of age. The school year normally runs from September through the following June but in some instances, January intake dates are possible. Secondary schools go up to Grades 11 or 12, depending on the province. From there, students may attend university, college or Cégep studies. Cégep is a
.................................................................................23 During the first questionnaire 30 students of the 9th and 10th class of Gymnasium were questioned about the British national symbols...........................................................................23 Surprisingly, according to the results, more than 50 percent of students are aware of the national flags of Great Britain, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales. As can be seen, quite a lot of children also know the name of the Great Britain flag. However, almost all of the students have no idea about other names of the British flags, as well as about the patron saints. In addition, almost 90 percent of students are also unaware about the national holidays..........23 All things considered, we see that there is a need for students to pay more attention to Scotland, Northern Ireland and Wales and to learn more information concerning those parts of the United Kigdom...............
century and early 7th century, which was found in 1939. The wooden ship, which was buried there, contained lots of armour, weapons, jewellery, symbols of power and other treasures, but no bodies were found. 10. Roman conquest In the 1st c. BC the Roman Empire began to make contact with Britain (wine, pottery, small bronze statues) Julius Caesar's first raid was in 55 BC (the troops were afraid of the sea crossing) In the following year he invaded again, this time he marched inland In AD 43 the Emperor Claudius decided the full-scale invasion (army of 40,000 men) The Roman occupation lasted nearly 400 years. They couldnt conquer Scotland or as they called it caledonia, and so they built a strong wall along the northern border, named after the Emperor Hadrian who planned it. (70 miles or 117km long) The army established Roman Rule in the South and SW of the country.
The successful Norman invasion of England in 1066 brought Britain into the mainstream of western European culture. Unlike the German invasions, the Norman invasion was small-scale. On 14 October 1066, an invading army from Normandy defeated the English at the Battle of Hastings. The battle was close and extremely bloody. At the end of it, most of the best warriors in England were dead, including their leader, King Harold. On Christmas Day that year, the Norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowned king of England. He is known in popular history as “William the Conqueror” and the date is remembered as the last time that England was successfully invaded. There was no such thing as a Norman area of settlement. Instead, the Norman soldiers who had invaded were given the ownership of land and of the people living on it. A strict feudal system was imposed. 12. Magna Carta.
prohibited by the Soviet authorities, the flag was seen again in public for the first time in Tartu in May 1988. 24 February 1989, Estonia, still part of the Soviet Union, hoisted its tricolor on the tower of Pikk Hermann in Tallinn. Since then the flag has always been hoisted with ceremony on that day, which is the national holiday the anniversary of the republic. According to the Estonian tradition, the national flag is hoisted at sunrise and lowered at sunset except on June 23, Victory Day, when it is left out for the shortest night of the year, followed by another public holiday, Midsummer Day. The Estonian national anthem - entitled My Native Land, My Pride and Joy, was composed in 1848 by Friedrich Pacius, a Finn of German descent. The Estonian- language words were written by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. In 1869 it was performed at the first all-Estonian Song Festival in Tartu and gained popularity during the period of the national movement
During that period the gentry of Baltic-German origin prevailed in Estonia. They kept estates in Estonia until 1919. Under Russian rule the Palace of Kadriorg was built and the park was laid out. The National Awakening in the middle of the 19th century brought rapid advances in the Estonian education system, general living conditions and culture. The national epic "Kalevipoeg" was published, theatre and music societies appeared and the 1st Song Festival was held in Tartu in 1869. Since then the Song Festivals have become a national tradition, being held every 4-5 years. This all lead to Estonia's independence on 24 February 1918. In June 1940 Estonia became a part of the Soviet Union. On 20 August 1991 the Republic of Estonia was restored without any bloodshed. CULTURE? National emblems. The Estonian blue-black-and-white national flag was originally the flag of the Estonian Students' Society, consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884
A few days before the wedding, the young man gave his fiancée a wedding basket with lacework (handkerchiefs, mantilla, fan), a cashmere shawl, gloves, and jewelry. She could not wear the jewelry before the wedding, nor could she leave the house for three days before the wedding. 4 The Creoles liked to have weddings on Mondays or Tuesdays in Saint Louie Cathedral in New Orleans in the late afternoon. The bride wore a silk dress with pearls and lace. The veil was held in place with a crown of orange blossoms. The bride carried the same flowers in her bouquet. Later she left the bouquet in the church, put it on a relative's grave, or sent it to the convent where she studied. After the ceremony the members of the family signed the register. The guests then went to the bride's home for the banquet. The bride cut the cake and gave pieces of it to single girls to put under their pillows. When the guests began to dance, the bride and her mother went
durin the Soviet years; tears were rolling down their cheeks. On 24 February 1989, Estonia, still part of the Soviet Union, hoisted its tricolour on the tower of Pikk Hermann in Tallinn. Since then the flag has always been hoisted with ceremony on that day, which is the national holiday the anniversary of the Republic. According to Estonian tradition the national flag is hoisted at sunrise and lowered at sunset exept on June 23 when it is left out for the shortest night of the year. NATIONAL ANTHEM The Estonian national anthem, entitled "My Native Land, My Pride and Joy", was composed in 1848 by Friedrich Pacius, a Finn of German descent. The Estonianlanguage words were written by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. In 1869 it was performed at the first allEstonian Song Festival in Tartu and gained popularity during the period of the national movement. Estonians carried the melody in their hearts and souls during Soviet occupation, when it was banned
can be very cold. The cold winter does not necessarily mean constant snow; in fact snowfalls are few and far between. When it falls it stays though, and there tends to be a layer of snow on the ground constantly. The deepest snow cover is usually in the south-eastern part of Estonia. Temperatures range from a summer average of 30°C to an average in winter of -8°C.The coldest month is considered to be February and the hottest July. There are about 160 to 181 rainy days a year. Rainfall is distributed throughout the year with the heaviest rainfall in August. Nature Waterbodies Estonia is a country of thousands of lakes. There are about 1450 natural and man-made lakes in Estonia. The two largest of them are Lake Peipsi (the fifth largest in Europe; 3 555 sq km, shared with Russia) and Võrtsjärv (270 sq. km). Of all the other lakes, only 45 have an area of more than 100 ha. Lake Peipsi and Lake Võrtsjärv are rich in fish. In Lake Peipsi you can find
who had won a architectural design competition in 1792. Hoban's design is said to have been very similar to a plan from James Gibbs' "Book of Architecture". Extra pavillions were added to the White House later; they were designed by the architect Benjamin Latrobe. The first US President to live in the White House was John Adams ( the second President of the USA). Adams and his family moved to the White House in 1800. They had previously lived in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania (which had been the temporary capital of the USA while Washington, D.C., was being built). When the Adams family moved into the White House, the interior of the building was not quite finished. Construction was completed during Thomas Jefferson's' term (1801-1809). As a means of preserving the history of the White House, no substantive architectural changes have been made on the house since the Truman
Australia and landed in Botany Bay. He declared that Australia was very suitable for settlers. Britain had to send their convicts to the new country after loss in the American War of Independence to replace the North Atlantic colonies. In 1788 the First Fleet with eleven ships, with 1500 people on board were sent to Australia with Captain Phillip. They landed in Port Jackson on January 26th in 1788 and that day is now called Australia Day. It is the biggest day of celebration in the country and in observed as a public holiday in all the states and territories of Australia. During the 1850s, settlement was boosted by gold rushes. Gold was first found at Bayhurst in 1851. The idea of unifying all the states first came to Earl Grey in 1847. On the 1st of January, in1901, Australian colonies federated to become the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia had declared independence from the federation of UK colonies.
2007 1. Introduction The United States of America's territory is over 3.7 million square miles (over 9.6 million km²) and population more than 300 million people. The capital city is Washington D.C. Although the United States has no official language at the federal level, English is the de facto national language. English is the most common language for daily interaction among both native and non-native speakers. Spanish is the second language. The largest city is the New York City. The Government is Federal constitutional republic and the president is George W. Bush. 2. Geographical position The United States of America is located on the continent of North America. It has borders with two countries Mexico and Canada. There are also the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico surrounding the big country. There are 50 states in America. Most of the people live in towns. The biggest state is Alaska; next by size are California, Alaska and Montana
It is a naturally- formed limestone hill. Lower Town was a merchantile centre, Tallinn also belonged to the Hansaetic League (1285). It is often referred to as the town of citizens. Any grown-up, married and economically independent person, born in a legal marriage between two free people and having lived in the town for at least 3 months, could apply to the Magistracy for citizenship. Serfs could escape from serdom after having successfully hidden in town for a year and a day. Two parts remained separated until the end of the 19th century. Four Names Lyndanise - mentioned by Henricus de Lettis in his Chronicle; derives from the name Linda - the wife of Kalev and mother of Kalevipoeg Koluvan - mentioned in Russian chronicles; derives from the hero Kalev from our national epic Reval - comes from the German words “REH” and “FALL”, meaning the falling of the deer; could be deers trying to escape from the Danes, running down the Toompea hill
The Angles, Saxons and Jutes began to settle from the sixth to the eighth centuries, and the Angles gave England its name. These invaders introduced a new culture to Britain, and even today British customs and habits are described as ´Anglo-Saxon`. Anglo-Saxon England was one of the most civilised countries in Europe, with organised systems of agriculture and trade. The Vikings came from Scandinavia in the tenth century; they settled in the north and made the town of York the capital of their kingdom. The last successful invasion of Britain was in 1066, when William the Conqueror defeated the English at the Battle of Hastings, and the Normans and the French settled in Britain over the next three centuries. In 2001, the population of the United Kingdom was recorded at just under 59 million people. The UK flag is called the Union Flag. It is sometimes referred as the Union Jack. It is the flag of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
The fires are one reason why Toompea looks architecturally different and newer than the Lower Town. Toompea Castle A wooden fortification was originally built on the same hill in the 9th century, but was toppled by the Danes shortly after 1219 - who then constructed an impressive stone edifice, much of which still remains today. In the summer of 1227 the castle at Toompea was conquered by the Order of the Brothers of the Sword, who remained there for the following ten years and played a key role in the history of the development of Toompea. The Order divided the stronghold into two parts: castrum maius or the Great Castle, and castrum minus or the Small Castle. The Great Castle was located in the place where the Dome Church stands today and it became an episcopal centre. The Small Castle stood in the same place as today’s castle and became the centre of secular power. Immediately after the conquest the Order started to fortify the hill
Estonian Public holidays New Year's Day January 1 New Year is the time at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count is incremented. In many cultures, the event is celebrated in some manner. The New Year of the Gregorian calendar, today in worldwide use, falls on 1 January, as was the case with theRoman calendar. There are numerous calendars that remain in regional use that calculate the New Year differently Independence Day Independence from the Russian Empire in 1918. Independence re-declared from the Soviet Union in 1991 An Independence Day is an annual event commemorating the anniversary of a nation's assumption of independent statehood, usually after ceasing to be a group or part of another nation or state; more rarely after the end of a military occupation. Most countries observe their respective independence days as a national holiday, and in some
European Union (EU). Smoked salmon is considered an Irish specialty, as are Irish stew and Irish lamb. Irish breads include soda bread and brack, a rich, dark loaf containing dried fruit and traditionally served at Halloween. Tea and coffee are popular drinks in the home, and Dublin is rapidly developing a café culture. Ireland is also the home of stout, a rich, black beer brewed by Guinness and Murphy's. The traditional cooked breakfast consists of any or all of the following: bacon, sausages, grilled or fried tomatoes, mushrooms, eggs, white and black pudding (a form of blood sausage) and toast or bread fried in fat or oil. Fewer people now eat such a morning meal, however, preferring a lighter breakfast. In recent years, the Irish, particularly those in urban areas, have become much more adventurous in their diet, and now eat a wide variety of European and ethnic food. Pubs (public houses) and cafés serve both snacks and full meals.
Sculptures and monuments St. John's Lutheran Church St John's Church was probably built in the first third of the 14th century. There is no other brick church decorated with so much terracotta plastic in Europe Eduard Tubin Monument The Eduard Tubin monument, marking the 100th birthday of the composer, was dedicated in 2005. The authors of the statue are sculptor Aili Vahtrapuu, architect Veronika Valk, with sound installations by Louis Dandrel.Eduard Tubin (1905-1982) was a versatile composer and conductor, one of the most recognized symphonists throughout history. He served as concert master and conductor at the Vanemuise Theatre. In 1944, when the theatre was destroyed, he left Estonia to Sweden. Monument to Gustav II Adolf
The Most Interesting Historical Events in Estonia Liana Põldver · The nationwide Song Festival tradition began with the first Song Festival in Tartu, June 18 20, 1869. · 1860 marks the beginning of the period of the National Awakening. A singing society led by Johann Voldemar Jannsen started and carried through the nationwide idea of Song Festival. · During 1879 1910 six Song Festivals were held that played an important part in the nation's cultural and economical awakening and growth. In the independent Estonian Republic the Song Festivals were held in every five years (1923 1938). After World War II, the Song Festival tradition began again in 1947. Since 1950 General Song Festivals were held in every five years again. 1969 was an exception though when 100th anniversary of the Song Festival was celebrated.
Most of the people live in towns. There are 50 states in America. The biggest of the state is Texas, next by size are California, Alaska and Montana. Six states - Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut ,Rhode Island and Massachusetts are called New England. They are all small states in the U.S. that lie in the north-east. The first colony of immigrants settled down in Virginia, in the eastern part of the U.S.A. The biggest cities are New York, Washington, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, etc. The flag of America was adopted on 14 th June 1777. It is called the "Stars and Stripes". It is said that Betsy Ross sewed the first flag. It features 13 horizontal red and white stripes (for the first colonies which formed the U.S.A.) and 50 stars on the blue background. Red means courage, blue justice and white innocence. There is a star for every state of the USA.
except Antarctica that is all south of the equator. Its name also means `southland'. It is the smallest continent of the World. Since it is all south of the equator its seasons are all opposite than ours. It is an island continent. The territory of Australia is 7.6 million square kilometres. Its coasts are washed by the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Australia has an even coastline. The northern coast is more idented (tasane). There are the Gulf of Carpentaria and the Cape York Peninsula in the north. The Great Australian Bight washes the southern coast. The seas and oceans that wash the coasts of Australia are warm. The Coral Sea is the warmest that is why many corals live in the seas. The skeletons of these tiny organisms have formed a great belt of coral the Great Barrier Reef. It is 2000 kilometres long and 2-150 kilometres wide. The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral reef on earth. Tourists from
ECS: ECS is specified in ISO 19379 as follows: ECS is a navigation information system that electronically displays vessel position and relevant nautical chart data and information from an ECS Database on a display screen, but does not meet all the IMO requirements for ECDIS and is not intended to satisfy the SOLAS Chapter V requirements to carry a navigational chart. ECS equipment ranges from simple hand held GPS enabled devices to sophisticated stand-alone computer equipment interfaced to ship systems. Facts about chart carriage reguirements 5 Where are the rules for professional marine navigation written down? The 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1974), subsequently amended in 2000 and 2002, specifies the requirements for the navigational
Parliament is consists of The House Of Representatives and The Senat. The House of Representatives consists of 150 members. The party with the majority provides the Prime Minister, who also forms the Government. Today the power is divided by three parties: The Australian Labour Party, the Liberal Party and National Party. The Senat's membership is wider, it comprises 12 senators from each state and 2 from each territory. Senators are elected for six year terms. The Executive power in Australia is in the hands of the Commonwealth Government lead by the Prime Minister. Today the Prime Minister is John Howard, the leader of the Liberal Party. History Australia was once a part of the giant continent Gondwana. It included Africa, South America and Antarctica. First Australia and Antarctica split from Gondwana, then Australia broke away from Antarctica and began to move north. Aborigines arrived there about 50 000 years ago
Mare Kallas Tallinn 2009 Introduction Name: The United States of America Area: ~10 mln km2 Population: ~300 mln people Symbols: The American Flag- consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of red alternating with white and represent the Thirteen Colonies. The 50 small, white stars represent the 50 U.S. states. The U.S. flag is commonly called ,,the Stars and Stripes". The Statue of Liberty, that is locatd in New York,is a gift from the France. The Libety Bell, that is a bronze bell that symbolizes freedom in the United States of America. It is located in Pennsylvania,U.S. Capital: Washington D.C Biggest city: New York National language: English Location U.S is located in North America, bordering both the North Atlantic Ocean and the North Pacific Ocean. United States neighbour countries are Canada and Mexico. The USA has the 8th longest coastline in the world at ~20 000 km. 62% of the perimeter of the
It extends about 2000 km along the coast of Queensland. Made of coral, it is the world’s largest structure created by living organism. . 4 Climate & Time Zones Australia is the driest continent in the world except Antarctica. It has low average rainfalls. About 70 per cent of the country is arid or semi arid and cannot support agriculture. The north part of the country gets about 300 mm of rain a year. Much of the rain soaks into the ground and does not form any rivers or lakes. Monsoon winds bring moist air during summer. This is the time of high rainfall. It’s known as “the wet “season. High temperature also means hat a lot of moisture evaporates or is used by plants. In the southern two thirds of the country the climate is temperate to cool. Winter temperatures can be low but not freezing. There are four seasons. The seasons are the opposite of our seasons. When we
crime rates are up. Despite this, the mood of the city remains buoyant. Václav Havel's 13 years as president came to an end in February 2003, when his place was taken by hard-nosed, right-wing economist Václav Klaus. More change was to come: the decision on whether the Czech Republic should join the European Union was settled by a referendum - with 77% voting in favour - and on 1 May 2004 the Czech Republic became a member of the EU. However, the parliamentary elections of June 2006 ended in stalemate - it looks like a rocky road ahead for Czech politics in the next few years. From the beginning The oldest evidence of human habitation in the Prague valley dates from 600, 000 BC, but more numerous clues were left by hunters during the last Ice Age, about 25, 000 years ago. Permanent communities were established around 4000 BC in the northwestern parts of Prague, and the area was inhabited continuously by various Germanic and Celtic tribes before
• Students will also become familiar with how this seemingly unimportant Austrian rose to power in post World War I Germany. Overall Purpose: The overall purpose of this presentation is to explain how this little boy on the left became the man on the right who was ultimately responsible for the death of about 50 million people all over the world!! Birth • Adolf Hitler was born on April 20, 1889 in Braunau, Austria. • Adolf was 1 of 6 children - 3 of who died at early ages Parents Alois Schickelgruber Hitler was a customs official who was illegitimate by birth. His father, Adolf’s grandfather, may have been Jewish. He died when Adolf was 14 and left him a small inheritance. Klara Hitler was very young when she married the older Alois. She showered young Adolf with love and affection. Adolf carried a picture of his mom until the day he died
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