To: Environmental protection agency From: Subject: Wind power versus oil shale Date: September 22 Wind power vs oil shale Introduction The purpose of this report is to analyse if wind power is better than power which is produced from oil shale. The report is based on EWPA (Estonian Wind Power Association) article which is published on their web page. Wind power It is said that the wind power is the most expensive source of power, but this statement is not plausible, because the recourse -wind- is for free. Calculations have shown that if new oil shale blocks were built, it would cost 3473 million EEK in a year per capita. On the other hand, if wind power were renewed in similar amount, it would cost only 868 million EEK per
Good afternoon, i talk about environmental problems in Estonia. plakatile ei kirjuta :D Main environmental problems in estonia: · Oil shale mining and burning · Excessive tree felling · Air pollution · Eutrophication Oil shale mining and burning. Estonia environmental problems are mostly caused by oil shale mining and burning. About 30 000 Hectare ground is unusable. We have a large ash mountains thanks to burning of oil shale. To reduce pollution we need to decrease mining of oil shale and shale-based electricity producing. Air pollution the biggest air pollution is in large cities. It´s caused by big factories, a lot cars and deficient environment ordinance. To decrease air pollution we need to use less cars and more public transport. Eutrophication It means water enrichment of nutrient. In eutrophic water there is less oxygen and water quality low. There are some things to improve it:
Most are very small, with the largest, Lake Peipsi being 3,555 km² .There are many rivers in the country. The longest of them are Võhandu (162 km), Pärnu (144 km), and Põltsamaa (135 km).Estonia has numerous fens and bogs.. The biggest islands are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Before the Second World War Estonia was mainly an agriculture country (butter,milk and cheese) Estonia is nearly energy independent supplying over 90% of its electricity needs with locally mined oil shale. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy.
The Republic of Estonia Estonia lies on the shores of the Baltic Sea. Its nearest neighbours are Finland, Sweden, Latvia and Russia. The total are of Estonia is 45,215 square kilometres. Estonia is one of the most sparsely populated countries in Europe. It has population neraly 1.4 million. There are lot of bays and peninsulas along the coast of Estonia.It has about 1,200 islands, the largest of which are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Nort-estonia is relatively flat and low-lying. There is a nice coastline here. Sout- estonia is hilly, but there are no high mountains in Estonia. The highest point is Suur-Munamägi, is only 318 meters above sea level. The largest industrial urban areas are in East-Estonia and there are some beautiful nature reserves in West-Estonia. Estonia is mainly agricultural country. Estonia is famous for its thousands of lakes and beautiful nature. One of the most interesting sights is...
Endangered Natural Environments Eva Häidov LM11 Indrotucion I choose this topic because I am interested in it. Why should I choose for the outside when we are in these problems here. Estonian environmental problems Oil shale mining and burning Air pollution The draining of swamps and peat Water pollution Excessive forest cutting ...and so on 1. Combustion of oil shale 10 thousand hectares of land covered with dump rock hills underground mining is unfit for further use of 20 thousand hectares The pollution leaving from the chimney of a power plant fly ash 2. Air pollution Am b ie nt a ir p o llutio n a nd a ir p o llutio n in c itie s a d ve rs e ly a ffe c ts h um a n h e a lth e c o s ys te m s a nd b uild ing s . North Estonian cities, depending on the increase in
differently but I am not sure is it because of TUT or not. Through my entire life I have seen Estonia as a strong and fast growing country which is also a fact because Estonian economy was one of the fastest growing in the world until 2006 with growth rates even exceeding 10% annually. I find it being quite impressive. There are some fields which Estonia can fill with supplies by itself. We are nearly energy independent country, supplying over 90% of our electricity need with locally mined oil shale. Estonia has also an alternative energy sources such as wood and peat. I could call myself earth friendly because I love walking around the forest and breading some fresh air but I do not like the knowing that somewhere else our own people are cutting down the trees and mining oil shale for eleritcity and warmth but I know that we need those two things to survive and it does not make any different if we cut the trees in Estonia or in Finland. There are some
18.09.2012 Mari-Liis Eha 120876KAKB My interest in chemical engineering I studied for 3 years in an english-science biased class in secondary school. My favourite subjects were chemistry and biology. We had many field trips. For instance, we had field trip to Kohtla-Järve to see the oil shale industry and also tours to see the wind generators. This is where my attraction to environment and chemistry grew together and I wanted to know more about further job and education opportunities in this field. I had a chance to be a job shadower at a company called ,,Orto", which is a chemical industry. One of the employees who I was shadowing had learned food chemistry and the other employee chemistry and environment. The job was truly fascinating and based on their
Environment in Estonia Nowadays environmental problems are too big to be managed by individual persons or individual countries. In other words, it is an international problem. But what are the biggest problems in Estonia,why and how people could solve it? Air, water, and land pollution rank among Estonia's most significant environmental challenges. The combination of 300,000 tons of dust from the burning of oil shale by power plants in the northeast part of the country and airborne pollutants from industrial centers in Poland and Germany poses a significant hazard to Estonia's air quality. Estonia's water resources have been affected by agricultural and industrial pollutants, including petroleum products, which have also contaminated the nation's soil. Some rivers and lakes within the country have been found to contain toxic sediments in excess of 10 times the accepted level for safety.
republic Andrus Ansip Toomas Hendrik Ilves Famous places Established in 1919 314m high Orginally based in Kadriorg Palace, but Construction completed has spanned thoughout Estonia in 1980 Geography Mainly a lowland Bordered by the Baltic sea,Latvia & Russia Moderate winters and cool summers Oil shale and limestone deposits Forests covers over 47% of the land Hiiumaa The second largest island Territory: 989 km² In the Baltic Sea, north of the island of Saaremaa Coastline: 310 km Population: 8400 people Kärdla Kõpu Lighthouse One of the best known symbols and tourist sights. One of the oldest lighthouses in the world (1531). At the top of the highest hillock
United Kingdom is at the top thirty, with its public debt being 89.30 percent of the GDP. Natural resources can benefit a country greatly, if the country was lucky to enough to have anything valuable as in oil. United Kingdom is way more lucky at this point as they way surpass Estonia in natural resources. As United Kingdom has gold, iron, natural gas and so on. Estonia’s only natural treasure really is oil shale that they used to make electricity and peat. So UK really dominates Estonia at this category. Same goes for the population, while Estonia has a shy of one million, UK trumps that with around sixty five million. The main population is mostly white ethnic group for both of the countries, so we can consider that a similarity.
Estonias mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded, offshore lie more than 1,500 islands. From the north flat and from the east is Estonia hilly. It's highest peak is Suur Munamägi(318 m). Sometimes flooding occurs in the spring in Estonia. It's biggest lakes are Lake Peipsi and Lake Võrtsjärv. It's biggest islands are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. In Estonia there is 26.5% arable land, 0.35% permanent crops and 73.15% other land. Natural resources in Estonai are oil shale, peat, phosphorite, clay, limestone, sand, dolomite, arable land, sea mud. The population of Estonia is about 1,341,000 people. Estonia, as a new member of the World Trade Organization, is steadily moving toward a modern market economy with increasing ties to the West, including the pegging of its currency to the euro. The economy benefits from strong electronics and telecommunications sectors. Estonia has been a member of the European Union from May 2004. The economy is greatly influenced by
Estonia is located in the Northern Europe and is a state in the Baltic region It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia, and to the east by Lake Peipus(Peipsi) and the Russian Federation.Estonia also has a number of islands: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, which are the most known are also the two biggest ones.The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km2. There is 3,794 kilometers of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. The Republic of Estonia is divided into fifteen counties: Hiiumaa, Saaremaa, Läänemaa, Harjumaa, Lääne-Virumaa, Ida-Virumaa, Tartumaa, Jõgevamaa, Järvamaa, Raplamaa, Viljandimaa, Pärnumaa, Valgamaa, Põlvamaa and Võrumaa. The capital city of estonia is Tallinn. Estonia is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Estonia has four seasons of near-equal length. July is the warmest month, and February is the coldest month. Snow cover, which is d...
electric car, how much costs electric cars. The problems for electric cars, there are many problems why peoples still can´t use quiet and more green cars. But even the electric car is not all green because the electricity produced for nuclear, coal, oil shale and natural gas. These ways to get electricity pollutes nature, the only difference between lies in the fact that pollution is in the one place. Coal Electric power station Oil shale power station in Narva What is a electric car An electric car is a plug-in battery powered automobile which is propelled by electric motor. Electric cars are a variety of electric vehicle (EV); the term "electric vehicle" refers to any vehicle that uses electric motors for propulsion, while "electric car" generally refers to road-going automobiles powered by electricity. While an electric car's power source is not explicitly an on-board battery, electric cars with motors
two consecutive terms. Estonia is a member of the European Union and of the eurozone and, according to the IMF, an advanced economy. Estonia's economy was one of the fastest growing economies in the world until 2006 with growth rates exceeding 10% annually. The GDP (Gross Domestic Product) grew 8% in 2007 alone. In the first quarter of 2008, however, GDP grew only 0.1%. Estonia is nearly energy independent, producing 90% of its electricity needs with locally mined oil shale. Oil shale energy along with electronics, banking and IT solutions are some of the key sectors of the economy. The flag of Estonia is a tricolour featuring three equal horizontal bands of blue, black and white in the downwards order. The Estonian flag first came to prominence in the 1880s as the flag of the Estonian Students' Society at the University of Tartu. The flag became associated with Estonian nationalism and was used as the national flag when the Declaration of Independence was issued in 1918
· Vesi voolab tammi allosas olevast torust HEJ · Voolav vesi paneb keerlema turbiini rootori · Turbiin paneb tööle generaatori · Generaator muundab liikuva vee-energia elektrienergiaks · Saadud elektrienergia juhitakse elektrivõrku Hüdroenergia - Tootmine TÄNAME TÄHELEPAN TÄHELEPAN U EEST ! Kasutatud allikad · Eesti energia - Taastuv energia · Eesti energia - Põlevkivi · TTÜ soojustehnika instituudi materjalid · Wikipedia - Oil Shale · Pildid google images / erakogu · Eesti Tuuleenergia Assotsiatsioon · Eesti Gaas - Maagaas
46. Conflated Segunema 96. Lucrative Tulus 47. Consumption Tarbimine 97. Methodology Metoodika 124. Required Nõutav 98. Monolithic Monoliit 125. Retrieved Andmebaasist 99. Monopolistic Monopolistlik 126. Reverse Tagasikäik 100. Mount Alus 127. Sequence Jada 101. Noncommittal Ebamäärane 128. Shale Gas Kildagaas 102. Nuisance Tüütus 129. Significant Olulisi 103. Obliged Kohustatud 130. Sizing Dimensioneerimine 104. Occur Tekkida 131. Sophisticated Keerukamaid 105. Peripheral perifeerne 132. Source Allikas 106. Permits Lubasid 133. Squeezing Pigistada 107. Persuade Veenma 134. Standardized Standardiseeritud 108
Hydropower is energy derived from the movement of water in rivers and oceans,it can be used to generate electricity using turbines, or can be used mechanically to do useful work. It is a very common resource. Besides these , there are a lot more renewable resources such as animals, plants, forrests and so on. Non-renewable resources: Some resources take hundreds, thousands and even millions of years to be made. These are called non-renewable resources like coal , oil shale, petroleum, natural gases, rocks. Natural gas- is a gas consisting mostly of methane. It is used to produce electricity and heat, to produce different products like fertilisers, glass, plastic, it can also be used as a fuel to our cars. Petroleum is a liquid that can be found in earth's crust. It is used as fuel and as a raw material in chemical industry. It is very important we use renewable and non-renewable resources wisely. If a resource is
põlevkivi aastase kasutusmahu järk-järguliseks vähendamiseks, et põlevkivi kasutamisega kaasnevat negatiivset keskkonnamõju oluliselt vähendada. Eesti suundumused: a. Põlevkivi kaevandamisest tingitud veekõrvaldus on püsivalt suur. b. Põllumajandustootmise intensiivistumine toob kaasa nitraatioonide ja võib kaasa tuua taimekaitsevahendite sisalduse suurenemise maapinnalähedastes põhjaveekihtides. Analüüsis ,,LifeCycle Analysis of the Estonian Oil Shale Industry" räägitakse sellest, et põlevkivi globaalsed ressursid ületavad nafta tagavarasid mitmekümnekordselt. See urimus avab põlevkivi kasutamisega seotud varjatud ohte ja riske kahes mõttes. Ühelt poolt on tegu tõepoolest kõige ehtsama varjamisega Eesti põlevkivitööstuses; teine aspekt varjatusest, nimelt kergesti kättesaadavate ja ka mittespetsialistidele arusaadavate koondteadmiste puudumine põlevkivienergeetika keskkonnamõjude kohta. 1980
Hinterland is mainly agricultural. Estonia is known for its thousands of lakes and beautiful nature. One of the most interesting sight is Jägala waterfall. The largest Lake called Peipsi separates Estonia from Russia. The biggest river basin is around the Pärnu river. There are very large forested areas in Estonia and wood is an important export article. Unfortunately is Estonia quite poor in other natural resources. The main mineral resources are sand, limestone and shale. The climate in Estonia is moderate, but hinterland winters are pretty rough. Fortunately, the volcanoes, hurricanes, floods and eartsquakes have no threats to Estonia. Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic and is devided into fifteen counties. The Parliament of Estonia is called Riigikogu. The Riigikogu elects and appoints several high officials of the state, including the President of the Republic.
5. Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence and the third U.S. president, was a leading figure in America’s early development. During the American Revolutionary War (1775-83), Jefferson served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress and was governor of Virginia. 6. The current constitution was adopted in 1788. The Constitution has been changed 26 times since 1789. 7. The main natrural resources in the United States of America are: oil shale, gold, coal, copper, iron, silver. 8. The agricultural products are: wheat, corn, soybeans, milk. The main industries in USA are textile, chemical, mechanical and electronics. 9. The legislative branch enacts legislation, confirms or rejects presidential appointments, and has the authority to declare war.The executive branch carries out and enforces laws.The judicial branch interprets
Järgnevalt on toodud lühiülevaade sellest, milliseid aineid võib sisaldada pesupulber ja millised on neist ohtlikud. Pesupulbrite koostisosadeks on pindaktiivsed ained, polüfosfaadid, perboraadid, persulfaadid, pleegitusained, lõhnaained, jms. Pindaktiivsed ained: puhastus-vahendites ja pesupulbrites leidub peamiselt anioonsed, vähem ka neutraalsed pindaktiivsed ained. Sünteetiliste pesuainete leviku tõttu 1940 aastatel hakkas vahutama jõgede ja järvede vesi, milledesse juhiti linnade heitveed. See oli tingitud sellest, et sünteetilised pindaktiivsed ained ei lagunenud looduskeskkonnas. Alates 1960. aastatest nõutakse enamikes maailma riikides, et sünteetilised pesuvahendid peavad põhiliselt koosnema bioloogiliselt lagunevatest ainetest - see hoiab ära kahjulike ühendite kuhjumise keskkonnas. Fosfaadid: Tavalised pesupulbrid sisaldavad fosfaate kuni 5%, ümberarvestatud fosforile. Fosfaate lisatakse pesuainetele vee pehmendamise eesm...
Personal income tax in Estonia is 26% and it is the same for all the people with different incomes. Corporate income tax is also 26% but comes only from profit so nothing is deducted from wages/salaries. Value added tax is the country's main income. It is not noticeable as it is already added to prices and no papers have to be filled. Economy. Estonia is not rich in mineral resources. The main natural resources are: building materials such as clay, sand, gravel, dolomite, oil shale, phosphorite and peat. Oil shale is mined in the northeast (Kohtla-Järve) and it is used as fuel in thermal power stations. Dolomite is found in Saaremaa. Economy is primarily based on light industry and the service sector i.e. tourism, banking, trade, textile and sewing industries give work to many people. Paper and timber industries also employ many workers. Paper was first produced in Estonia in 1677 and it has retained its important role. Estonian furniture industry has
Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon pyrolysis in a variety of mainly endothermic reactions at high temperature and/or pressure. There were certain warm nutrient-rich environments such as the Gulf of Mexico and the ancient Tethys Sea where the large amounts of organic material falling to the ocean floor exceeded the rate at which it could decompose. This resulted in large masses of organic material being buried under subsequent deposits such as shale formed from mud. This massive organic deposit later became heated and transformed under pressure into oil. Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an "oil window"below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen, and above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of thermal cracking. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level
and Mart Laar, a radical free-market advocate, became prime minister. The last Russian forces were withdrawn from Estonia in August 1994. Estonia joined NATO on 29th March 2004 and the European Union on 1st May 2004. 6 Economy In the years that Estonia was part of the Soviet Union, it provided the USSR(The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) with gas and oil produced from its large supply of oil shale. It is still the world's second largest producer of oil shale. The majority of its workforce is involved in industry, which also includes shipbuilding, phosphate mining, and the manufacture of electronics and telecommunications equipment, electric motors, excavators, cement, furniture, and textiles and clothing. Its efficient agricultural sector employs some 20% of the labor force and produces meat (largely pork), dairy products, potatoes, flax, and sugar beets. Fishing is also important
1 Estonia joined the World Trade Organization in 1999. A sizable current account deficits remains, but started to shrink in the last months of 2008 and is expected to do so in the near future. In the fourth quarter of 2008, the average monthly gross wage in Estonia was 13,117 kroons (838, US$1,066.5). Estonia is nearly energy independent supplying over 90% of its electricity needs with locally mined oil shale. Alternative energy sources such as wood, peat, and biomass make up approximately 9% of primary energy production. Estonia imports needed petroleum products from Western Europe and Russia. Oil shale energy, telecommunications, textiles, chemical products, banking, services, food and fishing, timber, shipbuilding, electronics, and transportation are key sectors of the economy. The ice-free port of Muuga, near Tallinn, is a modern facility featuring good
Economy of Estonia The economic growth during the recent years has been very fast. The Estonian economy is diverse industry and transport, as well as commerce and different branches of services are all equally important. Due to the available natural resources Estonian economy largely relies on the branches related to the forest; Estonian energy sector is based on oil shale. Finland and Sweden are the most important trade partners. The Estonian economy profits significantly from the business generated by more than 2 million tourists a year. The important sectors of the Estonian economy are the processing, transport, warehousing and communications, commerce and estate, rental and letting, as well as business services, agriculture, construction and government, education and health care. In order to be able to import all the products and services, something must be exported, that's why export holds such a prominent posit...
Kaspar Bork PROJEKTITÖÖ Õppeaines: Andme- ja tekstitöötlus Ehitusinstituut Õpperühm: HE 11b Juhendaja: lektor Anne Uukkivi Esitamiskuupäev:................ Üliõpilase allkiri:................ Õppejõu allkiri:.................. Tallinn 2017 SISUKORD Sisukord.....................................................................................................................................................2 SISSEJUHATUS........................................................................................................................................3 1.Ehitusmaterjalide hinnad.........................................................................................................................4 2.Tsement..................................................................................
2015 28 781 USD according to the IMF. The country is ranked 8th in the 2015 Index of Economic Freedom, and the 4th freest economy in Europe. A balanced budget, almost non- existent public debt, flat-rate income tax, free trade regime, competitive commercial banking sector, innovative e-Services and even mobile-based services are all hallmarks of Estonia's market economy. Estonian main exported raw material is wood, because Estonia is a richly forested country. Other raw materials include oil shale, peat, limestone. Agricultural main raw materials are grain and legume. According to Statistics Estonia, the unemployment rate in was 5.2% and the employment rate was 67.2% in the 3rd quarter of 2015. The employment and unemployment figures of the 3rd quarter resemble those of the economic boom. In the 3rd quarter of 2015, compared the same quarter of the previous year, the unemployment rate decreased by 2.3 percentage points,
been diminishing. Although the extremely vigorous period of economic reforms is now over, the changes that Estonia is presently going through are far more extensive than those in the developed countries. The Estonian economy is diverse industry and transport, as well as commerce and different branches of services are all equally important. Due to the available natural resources Estonian economy largely relies on the branches related to the forest; Estonian energy sector is based on oil shale, a resource quite rare elsewhere in the world. Finland and Sweden are the most important trade partners. The Estonian economy profits significantly from the business generated by more than 2 million tourists a year, most of whom come from Finland. More than 67% of the Estonian GDP is derived from the service sectors, industrial sectors yield over 28% and primary branches (including agriculture) approximately 5.5% of the overall output.
Milestones in Estonian History The Estonians are a Finno-Ugric people who came from the area near the Urals and the Volga and Oka rivers. They migrated westward to the Baltic shores some 5, 000 years ago. In the ninth century A.D. Viking ships invaded Estonia and the country became a vital link in the sea-trade between East and West. By the 12th century, the Arabian geographer al-Idrisi had placed the city on his maps. In the 13th century, Tallinn joined the Hanseatic League, the union of European commercial towns that stretched from London to Novgorod. Pärnu, Viljandi and Tartu were also members. Estonia became a vital link in the sea-trade between East and West. The oldest preserved book written in Estonian, a catechism, dates from 1535. Tartu University was established in 1632, on orders from Sweden's King Gustav II Adolf. Literacy spread. The Bible was translated into Estonian in 1739(pole vaja teada). A period of wars began in...
a god", whereas 54% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 26% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". According to the survey, it would have made Estonians the most non- religious people in the then 25-member EU. 12. Economy Estonia is not rich in mineral resources. The main natural resources are: building materials (such as clay, sand, gravel and dolomite), oil shale, phosphorite and peat. Oil shale is mined in Kohtla-Järve and it is used as fuel in thermal power stations. Peat is also used as fuel. Dolomite is found in Saaremaa. Economy is primarily based on light industry and the service sector i.e. tourism (one of the most popular branches of the economy), banking, trade, textile and sewing industries give work to many people. The most important branches also include machinery and equipment. Paper and timber industries also employ many workers
Radial growth of trees were determined from 65 samples of pines sampled in 2009. Samples were measured on LINTAB instrument and TSAPWin program. Measured data were analysed in Excel and TSAPWin programs. Results show that yearly growth of bog pines was the biggest during 1960-1990 - clear agreement with earlier studies. During last decades the growth has dropped: in Kõrgesoo back to level of 60s, in Puhatu on slightly higher level. Thus, nice agreement with the use of oil shale - the main source of alkaline and nutrient-rich pollution in area is observable. Changes in growth rates were well correlated with the distance of bogs from power plants, age of trees and at Selisoo also with drainage activities. The increase and drop of growth is the most evident for younger trees and almost zero for trees over 100 years old. Thus, younger trees are recommended to study nutrient load influence on growth of trees in bogs
It is a place you must visit. Geography and climate of Estonia Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising east European platform between 57.3° and 59.5° N and 21.5° and 28.1° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres (164 ft), and the country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 metres (1,043 ft). Oil shale (or kukersite) and limestone deposits, along with forests which cover 47% of the land, play key economic roles in this generally resource- poor country. Estonia boasts over 1,400 lakes. Most are very small, with the largest, Lake Peipus, (Peipsi in Estonian) being 3555 km²; 1372 sq. mi. There are many rivers in the country. The largest are the Võhandu (162 km), Pärnu (144 km), and Põltsamaa (135 km). Estonia also boasts numerous bogs, and 3794 kilometers (2,357 mi) of coastline
1.Kivisüsi, koksistamine, produktid, töötlus Piisavalt suure vesiniku saagise puhul esimesest generaatorgaas põletati soojuskandja kambris (3) õhuga Kivisüsi on olulisim tahke kütus. Väävli sisaldus kahest reaktsioonist ja suure rõhu all toimub osa ning kuumad põlemisgaasid juhiti risti läbi ülalt alla kivisöes (2-6%) põhjustab tema töötlemisel tõsiseid süsiniku metaneerimine: langeva tükilise põlevkivi (d = 10-15 cm) kihi. Põlevkivi keskkonna probleeme. On erinevate kütuste osakaal utmisel tekkinud aur-gaasi segu juhitakse utteproduktide energia tootmisel tänapäeva maailmas. Domineerib kambrisse (4) ja sealt kondensatsioonisüsteemi. Poolkoks tugevalt looduslik gaas...
Rahvusvaheline koostöö ja vajadused selle arendamiseks. Globaliseerumine, selle peamised tunnused, arenguetapid. Globaliseerumisega seotud riskid. Eesti rollid ja võimalused rahvusvahelises koostöös. Globaliseerumine ehk üleilmastumine on ühiskonnas ja maailma majanduses toimuvad muutused, mis on põhjustatud üha kasvavast rahvusvahelisest kaubandusest ja üha tihenevast üleilmsest kultuurivahetusest ning mis seisneb kultuuride, ökosüsteemide ja väärtuste ühtlustumises (segunemises), ruumilise mitmekesisuse kahanemises, kaugkommunikatsiooni osatähtsuse olulises suurenemises. Majanduse kontekstis seostatakse seda mõistet eelkõige vabakaubandusest tulenevate nähtustega. Globaliseerumise tõukejõuks on muutused tehnoloogias, eelkõige transpordi ja kommunikatsiooni areng ning energia odavnemine, mille tulemusena on väidetavalt tekkimas globaalne küla. Globaliseerumist seostatakse paljude nähtustega, milledest enamik on alguse saanud pärast T...
4. Mille poolest oli tähtis nn Kambriumi plahvatus? Suurel hulgal erinevate skeletiga hulkraksete üheaegne ilmumine. See on oluliseks sündmuseks elu arengus. Esimesed skeletiga organismid olid kõik väikesed. Põhiliste kehaplaanide kujunemine. Kui Kambriumis oli skeleti materjaliks põhiliselt kaltsiumfosfaat, siis Ordoviitsiumistalates kaltsiumkarbonaat. Osadel Kambriumi hõimkondadel on selged järeltulijad tänapäeval, siis esines neid, kellel puuduvad otsesed järglased (Burgess Shale, Hiinas, nad olid 80% ulatuses pehmekoelised või nõrgalt skeleteerunud) ja ei oleks pidanud säilima). Konodondid hambakesed, mis kuulusid nn konodondiloomale, ühed varaseimad selgroogsed. Ilmusid Kambriumi lõpus ja surid välja Triia lõpus. 5. Milline oli liigitekke dünaamika Ordoviitsiumis? Kas tekkis juurde ka mõni suurem rühm? Ajastu teisel poolel toimus suur liigiteke, aga päris lõpus toimus järsk väljasuremine seoses jäätumisega
TRADERUN MOODUL TRADERUN MODULE BUSINESS PECULIARITIES IN THE EU, RUSSIA AND EASTERN PARTNERSHIP COUNTRIES ÄRI ERIPÄRAD EUROOPA LIIDUS, VENEMAAL JA IDAPARTNERLUSRIIKIDES Lecturers: Ryhor Nizhnikau (responsible) Giorgi Gaganidze, Sergei Proskura, Andres Assor P2EC.00.202 (UT code), RIE 7044 (TLU code) Reading materials: Business peculiarities in Ukraine and Belarus Lugemismatejal: Äri eripärad Ukrainas ja Valgenenes Created by Andres Assor Tartu 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 4 1. UKRAINE ...................................................................................................................
woodland. The country is flat; the average elevation is 50 metres above sea level. The highest peak, Suur Munamägi rises to only 317 metres. High limestone features characterise the north of the country, while the south has a drumlin terrain. The maritime climate is temperate, summers are warm and winters mildly cold, the average annual temperature is 5 degrees Celsius and the average annual precipitation is 550 millimetres. The most important assets of the soil are oil shale, phosphorite and peat. The designation “Aestii” was first mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus in “Germania” (98 AD). By the end of the first millennium the people of Western Europe referred to the land of our ancestors with the name Estonia (derived from Germanic languages and means East). The Estonians, our Finno-Ugric forefathers settled here in approximately 5,000 BC from northern Russia and the Urals, as fishermen and hunters.
365 T H E W R I T E R ' S JOURNEY ~ T H I R D EDITION Christopher Vogler draining slowly into the canyons, unimaginable amounts of water carving new can yons and streams. T i m e and again I rounded a corner to find that the trail ahead simply vanished for fifty yards because a whole hillside had washed away, trail and all, leaving a damp scar of crumbling shale and a waterfall cascading down the raw rock. T h e freshly exposed rock is easily broken into shards called scree that flow downhill almost as easily as water, and can be as treacherous as quicksand. I could see the trail continuing again beyond the stretch where the hillside had collapsed, and had no choice but to scramble like a crab across the shifting, slippery rock face, clinging by fingertips and toes, digging into the tumbling scree until I was back on the level
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