Legitimacy! AND UNITED NATIONS CRISIS In this article, we examine the current debate regarding the legitimacy crisis facing the UNSC. We consider its most usual manifestation, namely that the Council faces a crisis of legitimacy because of its inability to constrain the unilaterally inclined hegemonic United States. But we also examine the converse argument that it is the whole UN collective security mechanism (rather than just the Council) that is in crisis. According to this, it is the failure to recognize the unique dangers immanent within the contemporary security environment and the inability of the UN security system to tackle these which is the cause of the current crisis of legitimacy
Originated in Mecca Spread in the Arabian peninsula Prophet Muhammad Islamic Golden Age (8th – 13th century) DENOMINATIONS SUNNI Largest, 75-90% of population Caliph should be elected Righteous and acts according to Quran Hadith SHIA Second-largest, 10-20% of population Muhammad appointed his son-in-law as his successor Only descendants could be Imams (leaders) Son-in-law first Imam Rejecting the legitimacy of the previous three Caliphs ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria Salafi jihadist militant group Fundamentalist, Wahhabi doctorine 1999 50000 – 260000 Videos of beheadings WORLD MUSLIM POPULATION FIVE PILLARS Five basic acts Obligatory for all believers 1.) The creed 2.) Daily prayers 3.) Almsgiving 4.) Fasting during Ramadan 5.) The pilgrimage to Mecca PILGRIMAGE Performed during the Islamic Month
talk shows, guest of the week, press conferences, panel discussions; advertisements) Broadcasting/posting of basic information on NIDs (what, when, who, why) News coverage of NIDs preparations and implementation Interviews with leaders, satisfied caretakers, and experts Public service announcements, spot announcements, on-location promotion/ announcements Often good for: Not usually good for: Creating general awareness Giving the basic facts Giving information a sense of importance and legitimacy Popularizing and reinforcing messages Creating a bandwagon effect that can encourage & pressure people to join in Providing time-sensitive information (when, where, who is eligible) Creating a festive atmosphere, reinforcing information, identifying vaccination teams Giving short, key messages on schedules, dates, location, basic information (local language posters). Reaching many people simultaneously Reaching rural communities (local radio)
74. Give rise to- põhjustama 75. Government - valitsus 76. Granting - tagama 77. Guide juhend 78. Haul - saak 79. Implementation - juurutama 80. Indicate indikeerima 81. Industry tööstus 82. Initiation- tõuge, aje 83. Inspect- kontrollima, inspekteerima 84. interconnections - ühendused 85. Internal - siseriiklik 86. Intriguing- intrigeeriv 87. Inventory inventar, varu 88. Investigate - uurima 89. Justice õiglus 90. legitimacy seaduspärasus 91. Longetivity- pikaealisus, kestvusaeg 92. Long-term - pikaajaline 93. magnitude - Suurus 94. manage - juhtima 95. margin profit- kogukasum 96. Military sõjaline 97. Nation rahvus 98. Oblique- kaudne 99. Observe jälgima, vaatlema 100. Obstacles takistused 101. Obtain- saavutama 102. Occult - üleloomulik 103. offering - pakkumus 104. Official - ametlik 105. Opposition opositsioon 106. organization - organisatsioon 107
The master plan: the deniers say the Nazi's didn't have an intention to exterminate European Jewry, but to deport the Jews out of the Reich (regime or empire). They say that the Holocaust was the invention of the Jews and that the concentration camps were `'inventions of the Jewish mind''. WHY DENY IT? Holocaust deniers deny the happenings of the holocaust to reduce perceived sympathy to Jews; to plant seeds of doubt about Jews and the Holocaust; to undermine the legitimacy of the State of Israel; and to draw attention to particular issues or viewpoints. To innate hatred towards the Jewish: Mark Weber generalises the Jews into a unified whole and suggests that they present a unified threat to American and world culture. Money as a motive: David Irving is said to earn his living by lecturing and selling books; the more he revises the holocaust the more books he sells and the more lecture invitations he gets.
In the second half of the eighteenth century revolutions in the United States (1776), France (1789), and Haiti (1804), had a profound impact on political thought within all of Spain's American colonies. The criollos resented the political power of the peninsulares, but the power of the Catholic Church and their shared loyalty to the Spanish crown worked against revolution. In 1808, however, Napoleon Bonaparte put his brother Joseph on the throne in Madrid and thus called the legitimacy of the Spanish crown into serious question. Revolutionary thought throughout New Spain gained momentum as a result. On September 16, 1810, in Guanajuato, Mexico, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a criollos parish priest, gave the Grito de Dolores, the Cry of Dolores, which called for Mexican independence. In California events in Mexico were followed as closely as possible and stimulated a great deal of discussion. The Californios were definitely attracted to political concepts
South Africa Apartheid and before South Africa was created by peoples from Africa, Asia, and Europe. created their own states , combined (sometimes through war, sometimes through negotiation) to form the current South African state. The important thing is not what states were called or how long they lasted, but how they were organised, maintained control, gained and lost legitimacy. South African state formed out of: Conquest Colonization Slavery Indentured labour Racially discriminatory laws reserved jobs for whites; differential pay-scales etc Post 1910 state strong and centralized institutionalised racism: "power, wealth and privileges [distributed] unequally on a racial basis" (Giliomee, 1995, p190) Farming and mining (the basis of the economy) both required large work forces
....................................................15 2 Sissejuhatus Otsustasin valida allikaanalüüsiks XII tahvli seadused, sest mind paelus kontrast XII tahvli seaduste ja tänapäeva õiguse vahel. Soovisin heita pilku Vana-Rooma kodanike mõttemaailma ja ühiskonda, et teada saada, milline õigus oli nende arvates sellel ajal õiglane ja hästi argumenteeritud. Kirjutatud töö põhineb suures osas Meyer'i teosel ,,Legitimacy and Law in the Roman World: Tabulae in Roman Belief and Practice." Autor on käsitlenud teoses tervet kultuuri seaduse ümber ning näitlikult põhjendanud, miks kasutatakse tahvlitel kindlat kirjutamisviisi. Töö käigus leidsin, et mitmeti on XII tahvli seaduste põhimõtted tänapäevase õigusega sarnased juba kaheteistkümne tahvli seadused eristasid jumalikku ja sekulaarset õigust, keel oli mõistetav ja kättesaadav kogu rahvale ning üritati
Thus, if disobeying the social order is in the interest and capacity of the individual, only the presence of the state and its jurisdiction prevents the society from developing into a "war of all against all". Engels (Engels, 2009) would rather see the society apportioned into different classes, which are prone to create conflict between them. As Hobbes, Engels sees that coercion is the power that maintains social order among the lower classes. Weber (Weber, 1978), however, adds legitimacy into the equation, identifying three types of authority structures of which bureaucracy is most evident in our formal lives. He explains, that order still regularly persists among all, because states "trade" the individuals' obedience for a feeling of security. Milgram (Milgram, 1974) has conducted tests on how far do people power and authority and under which circumstances it occurs. As Milgram elaborates, power has the ability to make people obedient
The Hymn itself was composed between 658 and 680, recorded in the earlier part of the 8th century Middle English Geoffrey Chaucer 13431400 Known as the ,,Father of English literature", the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages An author, philosopher, alchemist and astronomer, diplomat Wrote The Book of the Duchess, the House of Fame, the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde Best known today for "The Canterbury Tales" Crucial figure in developing the legitimacy of the vernacular, Middle English, at a time when the dominant literary languages in England were French Modern English William Shakespeare 26 April 1564 23 April 1616 The Elizabethan Era English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's most important dramatist ,,England's national poet" Early plays in 1590's were mostly comedies (The Taming of the Shrew, The Merchant of Venice..)
number. Undermining of state credibility One of the most important characteristics of a democracy however is the separation of powers. If the executive power takes matters into their own hands, this notion is cast aside. It exempts the legislative and judicial branch of power. It seems that the believers of utilitarianism do not consider the long term consequences of such utilitarian handling. It can undermine the legitimacy of the state if a democratic government doesn't abide by its own laws. Illegal actions can also damage the credibility and reputation of a government. No solid ground for accusations Ignatieff (2004) claims that a state sometimes has to resort to force, secrecy, and violation of laws, if this can avoid or counter terrorism. "To defeat evil, we may have to traffic in evils: indefinite detention of suspects, coercive interrogations, targeted assassinations, even pre-emptive war"
EU integration theories are meant to address: - The speed and direction f EU integration - The speed and direction of individual policies - The failure to establish certain policies - The institutional development - Why progress takes place in certain times Federalism Ventotene manifesto - The autonomous nature of the pan European movement for the European federation - The European Constituent Assembly to command necessary democrativ legitimacy - Exploitation of the contradictions of the functional approach to European integration 1. The independent movement for the European federation - Should unite all supporters, should not be a political party - Should be supernational - Should seek direct influence on public opinion, exercise pressure on national governments 2. Constituent Assembly vs intergovernmental method: not governments but citizens - Represent the public opinion
movement which takes the first generation of Muslims as exemplary models. The Shias are making the second biggest branch of Islam, constitute 10-20%. While the Sunnis believe that a Caliph should be elected by the community, Shia's believe that Muhhamad appointed his son-in-law, Ali ibn Abi Talib, as his successor and only certain descendants of Ali could be Imams(leaders). All in all, they believe that Ali ibn Abi Talib was the first Imam, rejecting the legitimacy of the previous Muslim caliphs Abu Bakr, Uthman ibn al-Affan and Umar ibn al-Khattab. Shia Islam has some several branches. The largest of which is the Twelvers, followed by Zaidis and Ismailis. Different branches accept different descendants of Ali as Imams. After the death of Imam Jafar al-Sadiq considered the sixth Imam by the Twelvers, and the Ismaili's, the Ismailis started to consider his son Isma'il ibn Jafar as the Imam and the Twelver Shia's
increasing opposition. In 656, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the first civil war (the "First Fitna"), Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661. Following this, Mu'awiyah, who was governor of Levant, seized power and began the Umayyad dynasty. These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as Sunnis. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the Shi'a. After Mu'awiyah's death in 680, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the "Second Fitna". Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the Maghrib and AlAndalus (the
Property is an expression of self and the locus of an individual's claim to rights, since it is through property that one can say "this is mine," a claim that others respect. In the first section, Abstract Right, Hegel returns to a theme of earlier writings in which he wrestles with the fairly common belief in "natural rights" that are present in the various "social contract" theories of, for example, John Locke, where social or political order is said to derive its legitimacy from its ability to uphold and protect the rights of autonomous, sovereign individuals. For Locke and others, the social is merely the outcome of a contract between autonomous individuals to respect each other's rights. In this view, the extent of one person's relationship to another can be summed up in the slogan, "Be a person and respect others as a person." Hegel believes this view of social life to be generally accurate, but he rejects the belief that contractual
4. A federal state-- a political entity characterized by a union of partially self- governing states or regions under a central (federal) government. 5. A multinational state- A multinational state is a sovereign state which is viewed as comprising two or more nations. Such a state contrasts with a nation-state where a single nation comprises the bulk of the population. 6. A single-nation state- a geographical area that can be identified as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign nation. A state is a political and geopolitical entity, while a nation is a cultural and ethnic one. The term "nation state" implies that the two coincide, but "nation state" formation can take place at different times in different parts of the world. 7. Commonwealth realm- is a sovereign nation within the Commonwealth which has Queen Elizabeth II as its head of state. There are 16 of them (including the UK) and they have a combined area of 18
"It may be convenient for politicians to hide behind the smoke-screen of managerial decision and autonomy, but this hardly adds to the democratic quality of decision-making." (Wright 1997: 11) For many a politician, the safest and most attractive-looking move is to follow fashion and the weaker, the more insecure he is, the more this is the case. ("A statesman is a politician who uses expert advice but does not depend on it.") These are "the symbolic and legitimacy benefits of management reform. For politicians, these benefits consist partly of being seen to be doing something. ... They may gain in reputation indeed may make a career out of `modernizing' and `streamlining' activities." (Pollitt and Bouckaert 2004: 6) Rhetoric is what satisfies the demand; it does not mean that one has to do anything. The problem is only that at some point, in the not too long run, the demise of the state will progress too far, the public will
Portugal and in 1999 it was one of the founding countries of the euro and the eurozone. On 5 July 2004, José Manuel Barroso, then Prime Minister of Portugal, was nominated President of the European Commission, the most powerful office in the European Union. On 1 December 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, after had been signed by the European Union member states on 13 December 2007 in the Jerónimos Monastery, in Lisbon, enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union and improving the coherence of its action. Economic disruption and an unsustainable government debt in the wake of the late-2000s financial crisis led the country to negotiate in 2011 with the IMF and the European Union, through the European Financial Stability Mechanism (EFSM) and the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF), a loan to help the country stabilise its finances. IV. The nature of Portugal GEOGRAPHY
The specificity of social sciences is that they study groups of human individuals, their actions and their intentions. Its object of study is not careless about how he is studied. This object studies the scientist who studies him. The object of study cares about how he is studied so it is difficult to establish if what we observe is the result of the experimental apparatus or not. Social sciences between the search for scientific legitimacy and the search to handle the specificities of their subject. Philosophy of Science IV A Very Very Very Short Introduction to the Sociology of Science. Sociology of Science Science is a social activity. Scientists can be studied as a social group. Sociology of science studies the production of knowledge as a social process. It is interested in scientists, their institutions and their interactions.
Viljandi was no possible. These problems were solved with additional border agreement on November 1st, 1923. That agreement gave to border committee the right to change the disputed areas on borderland and Estonia got back that significant part of road Valga-Viljandi. This document also confirmed that the roads can be used by both neighbor countries citizens. There were 26 roads on Latvia and 24 roads on Estonia that could be used by borderland residents. Using these roads was allowed based on legitimacy cards after passing of general border checkpoints. Benefit for the borderland residents was the permission of border crossing outside of official checkpoints, but on conditions that only if selected road was shortcut for card user. Establishment of international border line not only caused problems with road connections but totally changed the situation in rail traffic. Railway network that was built up on age of
J. Joyce "Ulysses". Deep structure is the same as in "odyssey" and T.S. Elliot "the fisher king"-more complicated experiment. Aldous Huxley ,,point counter point"-builds his chapters on principles of music. R. Aldington ,,death of a hero"-a jazz novel. Polyphony-harmony. Cacophony Virginia Woolf ,,the waves"-symphony. Psychoanalysis: The greatest influence of psychoanalysis on literary production has probably been to add legitimacy to the already-existing trends towards greater psychological introspection and towards more prominent and franker discussions of sexuality. Main characteristic features of Modernism: Characteristics of Modernism Formal characteristics(11) · Open Form · Free verse · Discontinuous narrative · Juxtaposition (kõrvutamine) · Intertextuality · Classical allusions(vihje) · Borrowings from other cultures and languages
Their interpretation of the story generated some interesting discussion. launch v. to cause something to begin n. launch Syn. initiate n. launching The company launched a new program to attract more clients. The launching of the first Soviet satellite, Sputnik, created concern among the American public. legitimate adj. reasonable, lawful adv. legitimately Syn. authentic n. legitimacy The engineer had a legitimate reason for changing the design of the building. The legitimacy of the theory has yet to be determined. particular adj. a certain way or thing; unusual; hard to please adv. particularly* * especially Syn. specific The speaker has a particular way of persuading his audience. That group of workers is particularly difficult to satisfy. radiant adj
Arctic isn't regulated in the same way because it's not a continent and the law of the sea applies there, it's easier that way. Home task situation in western sahara, recognition , international court of nation un. Read the case Rainbow warrior, know details, clearly Recognition of the States A political act by which one state acknowledges an act or status of another state or government, thereby according it legitimacy and expressing its intent to bring into force the domestic and international legal consequences of recognition. Not only recognition of the country, but also the government (e.g. after a revolution there will be a new government, or when there's occupation or when government is in exile, e.g. the Polish government). Sometimes recognition required for nations fighting for their independence, otherwise they're not recognized as subject of IL.
27(1), pp.14-49. Brewster, C., Mayrhofer, W., Morley, M. 2004. Human Resource Management in Europe: Evidence of Convergence? Elsevier. Brod, C. 1984. Technostress: the Human Cost of the Computer Revolution, Addison- Wesley, Reading, MA. - Sami, L.K., Pangannaiah, N.B. ``Technostress'': A Literature Survey on the Effect of Information Technology on Library Users. Library Review, 2006, Vol. 55 No. 7, pp. 429-439, vahendusel. Chakravarthy, B., Gargiulo, M. Maintaining Leadership Legitimacy in the Transition to New Organisational Forms. Journal of Management Studies, Vol.35, No.4, pp.437-456 Mayrhofer, W., Morley, M., Brewster, C. 2004. Convergence, Stasis, or Divergence? Human, Resource Management in Europe: Evidence of Convergence? Elsevier, vahendusel. Clegg, S.R. 1990. Modern Organizations: Organizational Studies in the Post Modern World. Sage. Mayrhofer, W., Morley, M., Brewster, C. 2004. Convergence, Stasis, or Divergence
they were valid though incomprehensible lifted its attacks at Shkoder and began retreating northward. The Italians hastened to fill the military vacuum that was created, and marched the 10 miles from Kotor to Cetinje in a day. Next day the Yugoslav headquarters replied that no retreat had been ordered, but by then it was too late. It only told the Yugoslavs that their ciphers were compromised, and, unable to issue new ones in the fluid situation, they attempted to assure the legitimacy of their communications through onerous controls. Instead they gummed their command machinery at a time when every hour counted. A few days later it was all over. The S.I.M.'s fake messages had saved Italy from a crippling defeat. In a typical month during the war the S.I.M.'s Sezione 248 THE CODEBREAKERS 6 intercepted 8,000 radiograms. About 6,000 were considered worthy of study, and of these, Sezione 5 reduced 3,500 to plaintext. So great was
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