Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "kosmosecool". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
tarand, university, rosin, anderson, biography, february, reserve, civil, prime, bologna, italy, student, during, soviet, occupation, finished, career, hosting, radio, television, held, director, museum, member, parliament, received, eldest, mother, known, elder, sister, viiding, spouse, children, photos, thanksmother of director/actor Roman Baskin. Ever has appeared in stage and film productions based on the works of: Oskar Luts, A. H. Tammsaare, Mats Traat, Agatha Christie, Nikolai Gogol, William Shakespeare. Edgar Savisaar Born 31 May 1950 in Harku, Harju County, he is an Estonian politician, one of the founding members of Popular Front of Estonia and the leader of the Centre Party. He has served as the acting Prime Minister of Estonia, Minister of the Interior and Minister of Economic Affairs and Communications. Currently he is the mayor of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. Edgar Savisaar has been married three times and is the father of four children Birgit Õigemeel Born 24 September 1988 in Kohila, Estonia she is an Estonian singer. She started her musical career as a choir singer on Estonian Television children's
Otto August Strandman Otto August Strandman was an Estonian politican, who served as State Elder of Estonia in 1929 and Prime Minister in 1919. He was one of the leaders of the centre-left of Estonian Labour Party. Strandman was born on 30 November, 1875 in the village of Vandu. Vandu is pretty close to Kadrina. Vandu is situated in Undla Parish, Viru County. His father was Hans Strandman, who was a schoolteacher in Undla Parish, Neeruti Mansion. He had also one brother Andres and one sister Anna. Otto was his third child. Hans was a very good father, because first education got Otto by father
nine different schools and in four different languages. In addition to his native Estonian, Lennart Meri fluently spoke five other languages: Finnish, French, German, English and Russian. The family was in Tallinn when Estonia was occupied by the armed forces of the Soviet Union in June 1940 and in 1941, the Meri family was deported to Siberia. They came back to Estonia 1945. In 1953, Lennart Meri graduated cum laude from the Faculty of History and Languages of the University of Tartu. Interesting fact would be that, on 5 March 1953, the day of Joseph Stalin's death, he proposed to his first wife Regina Meri, saying "Let us remember this happy day forever." The politics of the Soviet Union did not allow him to work as a historian, so Meri found work as a dramatist in the Vanemuine and later on as a producer of radio plays in the Estonian broadcasting industry. Lennart Meri as a writer and a filmmaker
nine different schools and in four different languages. In addition to his native Estonian, Lennart Meri fluently spoke five other languages: Finnish, French, German, English and Russian. The family was in Tallinn when Estonia was occupied by the armed forces of the Soviet Union in June 1940 and in 1941, the Meri family was deported to Siberia. They came back to Estonia 1945. In 1953, Lennart Meri graduated cum laude from the Faculty of History and Languages of the University of Tartu. Interesting fact would be that, on 5 March 1953, the day of Joseph Stalin's death, he proposed to his first wife Regina Meri, saying "Let us remember this happy day forever." The politics of the Soviet Union did not allow him to work as a historian, so Meri found work as a dramatist in the Vanemuine and later on as a producer of radio plays in the Estonian broadcasting industry. Lennart Meri as a writer and a filmmaker
surname is uncertain. Conan Doyle's father was an artist, as were his paternal uncles (one of whom was Richard Doyle), and his paternal grandfather John Doyle. Conan Doyle was sent to the Roman Catholic Jesuit preparatory school St. Mary's Hall, Stonyhurst, at the age of eight. He then went on to Stonyhurst College, but by the time he left the school in 1875, he had rejected Christianity to become an agnostic. From 1876 to 1881 he studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, including a period working in the town of Aston (now a district of Birmingham). While studying, he also began writing short stories; his first published story appeared in Chambers's Edinburgh Journal before he was 20. Following his term at university, he served as a ship's doctor on a voyage to the West African coast. He completed his doctorate on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885. In 1882, he joined former classmate George Budd as his partner at a medical practice in
MARRIAGE Prince Charles had known Diana for several years, but he first took a serious interest in her as a potential bride during the summer of 1980, when they were guests at a country weekend, where she watched him play polo. The relationship developed as he invited her for a sailing weekend to Cowes, followed by an invitation to meet his family. There, Diana was well received by Queen Elizabeth II, by Prince Philip, and by the Queen Mother. The Prince proposed on 6 February 1981, and Diana accepted, but their engagement was kept secret for the next few weeks. Their engagement became official on the 24 th of February in 1981, after Diana selected a large ring consisting of 14 diamonds, similar to her mother's engagement ring. 20-year-old Diana became The Princess of Wales when she married Charles. She did not say that she would "obey" him; that traditional vow was left out at the couple's request, which caused some comment at the time. Diana wore a dress
She is the Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland.. She is the youngest child of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia. She has two older siblings, Crown Princess Victoria and Prince Carl Philip. Princess Madeleine has been to preschool and after that she went to school. She took English lessons when she was in U.K. She has also studied architecture and science. Since 2003, Princess Madeleine has studied at the University of Stockholm. She has completed courses in art history, ethnology and history. In January 2006 she completed her studies at the University and went to New York for a trainee program at the UNICEF. During the fall of 2006 she continues her studies at the University of Stockholm and she will work at the World Childhood Foundation in Stockholm. Hobbies: She also works with children and helps them. Since childhood, Princess Madeleine's
*-tor - person, doer, masculine form. The suffix is attached to the stem: victor (`winner', from the verb vincere `to win'), spectator (spectare). *-orium - place, where the activity marked with the verb occurs: dormitorium (dormire `to sleep'). In English the suffix is -ory: dormitory. *tas - it denotes an abstract notion, derives from the adjective: celebritas (celeber), libertas (liber), universitas (universus). In English the suffix is -ty: celebrity, liberty, university. *-tudo - characteristic or condition, derives from the adjective: longitudo (longus), fortitudo (fortis). In English -tude: longitude, fortitude. 5. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes. The Angles were one of the main groups that settled in Britain in the post-Roman period, founding several of the kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England, and their name is the root of the name "England". The Saxons were a confederation of Old Germanic tribes. Their modern-day descendants are generally
textile production are prominent. In agriculture: milk, milk products, meat, grain, potatoes, fruits and vegetables. Estonian cultural life is manifold and intense, initiated by the National Awakening movement during the second half of the 19th century. Estonian folk arts date back to the remote past. In Estonia there are 27 higher educational establishments, among them seven universities with more than 25,000 students and post-graduates (1996); the oldest is Tartu University (founded in 1632), which enjoys a high international reputation. In Estonia there are unions of writers, artists, composers, actors, cinematographers etc; ten professional theatres, two film studios, and the state institution Estonian Concert Agency. The first Estonian book was published in 1525; in 1996 2,234 books and booklets were published in Estonian. The first film company began in 1920. A National Broadcasting Company was established in 1924, and Estonian Television in 1955.
tried to impose Anglican practises on Scots. His persecution of Puritans and other eligous dissidents resulted in his execution. He wanted to return a more realistic church with vestments and ornaments, to return bischops high Church not the presbyterian individual congreagtions. The Long Parliament. 1640-1653 Summoned in 1640 by King Charles I after the dissolution of the Scots parliament. It sat alomost continuously during the English Civil War. Wanted to establish control over the arbirtary rule of king. Its first session abolished all prerogative courts and declared illegal any taxation without parliamentary consent. Declared king unfit to command the army. Tension between king and the parliament increased until Civil War broke out. The Civil war An armed conflict between English royalists and Parliamentary forces bc of constitutional, economic,
He was the second-youngest President (after Theodore Roosevelt), the first President born in the 20th century, and the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43.Kennedy is the first and only Catholic and the first Irish American president, and is the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize.Events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early stages of the Vietnam War. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime but was shot and killed two days later by Jack Ruby before he could be put on trial. The FBI, the Warren Commission, and the House Select Committee on Assassinations concluded that Oswald was the assassin, with the HSCA allowing for the probability of conspiracy based on disputed acoustic evidence
of the Estonian Students' Society and was consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884. Today there is a memorial plaque on the church wall commemorating the event. The Flag Museum, opened in an annex in 1996, attracts tourists who take an interest in the history of the flag. After about half a century, during which it was prohibited by the Soviet authorities, the flag was seen again in public for the first time in Tartu in May 1988. 24 February 1989, Estonia, still part of the Soviet Union, hoisted its tricolor on the tower of Pikk Hermann in Tallinn. Since then the flag has always been hoisted with ceremony on that day, which is the national holiday the anniversary of the republic. According to the Estonian tradition, the national flag is hoisted at sunrise and lowered at sunset except on June 23, Victory Day, when it is left out for the shortest night of the year, followed by another public holiday, Midsummer Day.
The films are shown at various cinemas in Tallinn please visit the festival website for more details. Black Nights Film Festival main programme (28 November 7 December) International competition programme EurAsia and Baltic feature film competition. Informative side programmes include fiction and documentary features from previous 2 years, retrospective of a filmmaker, genre or studio, and focus on a country Jazzkaar http://www.jazzkaar.ee/ february Jazkaar in Jazzikuu When: Apr 2009 (annual) Since 2007 Estonia has chimed with the international designation of April as jazz month (jazzikuu). Within the month there is a more focused festival named after organiser Jazkaar, playing host to many talented musicians and top jazz performers. Concerts take place in a variety of venues including City Hall, the Sakala Centre and some of the city's theatres and clubs.
Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens was the foremost English novelist of the Victorian era, as well as a vigorous social campaigner. Considered one of the English language's greatest writers, he was acclaimed for his rich storytelling and memorable characters, and achieved massive worldwide popularity in his lifetime. Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Portsmouth in Hampshire, the second of eight children to John Dickens n 7 February 1812. The 12-year-old Dickens began working ten hour days in a Warren's boot-blacking factory. In May 1827, Dickens began work in the office of Ellis and Blackmore as a law clerk. At the age of seventeen, he became a court stenographer and, in 1830, met his first love, Maria Beadnell. Maria's parents disapproved of the courtship and effectively ended the relationship when they sent her to school in Paris. In 1834, Dickens became a political journalist, reporting on parliamentary debate and
Denmark and Northern Germany. Estonians were reduced to the status of peasantry until the 19th century. From 1558 onwards, Estonia became the battleground for the Livonian War involving Denmark, Sweden, Russia and Poland. Sweden emerged as the winner and Estonia remained under its influence until the beginning of the 18th century. During Swedish rule, the first university in Estonia was founded at Tartu in 1632. Tartu University is still widely considered the most important university in Estonia. The period is still often remembered by Estonians as "the Good old Swedish time". In the early 18th century, the Great Northern War left Estonia under Russian rule. A high point of the Estonian national movement was the first nation-wide Song Festival in Tartu in June 1869. In 1918 on the 24th of February, the Estonian Republic was proclaimed. It is a highly important holiday in Estonia. At first it was merely a decision on paper. True
There is certainly a need for up-to-date literature on the subject. The author proposes to create a database that would have a list of all the buildings in the Old Town with a short summary of the history of each building and an explanation why the building is important. 15 References 1. Mäeväli, S. 1986. Architectural and Art Monuments in Tallinn. Tallinn: Perioodika (lk 54, 103-107) 2. Raam, V. 1995. Eesti arhitektuur I. Tallinn: Valgus. (lk 97-111) 3. Tarand, K. 1998. I'd Like to Show You My Town. Tallinn: Remall (lk 48-49) 4. Viirand, T. 2009. Tallinn. Tallinn: Koolibri (lk 68-71) 5. Kivi, A. 1972. Tallinna tänavad. Tallinn: Valgus (lk 62-63) 6. Kuuskemaa, J. 2012. Legends and Tales of Old Tallinn. Tallinn: Aleksandra (lk 103) 7. Väinsalu, K. 2011. A DAY IN TALLINN on Foot and by Bus: Travel Guide. Tallinn: Greif (lk 70-71) 8. Hallas, K., Kodres, K., Kaim, M. 2000. 20th Century Architecture in Tallin
Bob Marley This article is about the reggae musician. For the comedian, see Bob Marley (comedian). Bob Marley Bob Marley in concert, Zürich, 1980. Background information Birth name Robert Nesta Marley Also known as Tuff Gong February 6, 1945 Born Nine Mile, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica May 11, 1981 (aged 36) Died Miami, Florida, United States Genre(s) Reggae, Reggae Rock, Ska, Rocksteady Occupation(s) Singer, songwriter, guitarist Instrument(s) Guitar, vocals, percussion Years active 1962 1981 Studio One, Beverley's, Upsetter/Trojan, Label(s) Island/Tuff Gong Associated The Wailers Band, The Wailers acts Website www
Estonian presidents Estonia has only had 4 presidents, since it's been a republic for little time. Konstantin Päts (1874-1956) was the first president of Estonia. His reign as a president started in 1938 and ended in 1940. Päts' political career started early. He served as a municipal advisor in 1904 and had many political positions after that. With his speech during the War of Independence he put a basis to Estonian economy. Päts' position as a president ended when Soviet Union occupied Estonia in 1940. Päts was forced to leave his office and was deported to Leningrad with his family. In 1941, he was arrested. In time he ended up in psychiatric hospital, where he died in 1956. Konstantin Päts giving a speech in 1919. Lennart Meri (1929-2006). His reign as the second president of Estonia started in 1992 and ended in 2001. He started out as a writer and filmmaker. Through his political activeness he got the position of Foreign minister in 1990. In 1992 he became the preside
advisor-favorites. However, the increasingly suspicious Richard banished him for ten years. Henry invaded England while Richard was on campaign in Ireland, usurping the throne from the king. Richard lacked support and was quickly captured by Henry IV. Richard was murdered while in prison. There were constant rebellions along Henrys reign by Richards' supporters. Henry died in Westminster Abbey as an extremely unpopular king. *The Wars of the Roses 1455-1485 Series of civil wars in England fought between supporters of the Houses of Lancaster (King Henry VI, red rose) and York (Richard, white rose). They were marked by brutality that is practically unknown in the history of English wars before and since. The question was which dynasty should be given royal power. The most obvious effect was the collapse of the Plantagenet dynasty and its replacement with the new Tudor rulers who changed England dramatically over the following years. Henry Tudor
bottom right of the screen to symbolize the stunt performed as risky. Nevertheless, the program has been blamed for a number of deaths and injuries involving teens and children recreating the stunts. On January 29, 2001, U.S. Senator Joseph Lieberman publicly condemned MTV and Jackass in connection with a dangerous stunt that led to a copycat incident in which a 13-year-old Connecticut teenager was left in critical condition with severe burns. Lieberman followed up with a February 7, 2001 letter to MTV's parent company Viacom urging the company to take greater responsibility for its programming and do more to help parents protect their children. MTV responded to the criticism by canceling all airings of Jackass before 10:00 PM, but Lieberman's continual campaign against the show led to MTV refusing to air repeats of the later episodes, a move which angered the cast and production crew of the series who were furious with MTV's "caving into Lieberman's demands."
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini was born on July 29, 1883 and died in April 28, 1945was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. He became the Prime Minister of Italy in 1922 and began using the title Il Duce by 1925. After 1936, his official title was "His Excellency Benito Mussolini, Head of Government, Duce of Fascism, and Founder of the Empire". Mussolini was born into a working class background; his father Alessandro Mussolini was a blacksmith and a Marxist activist, while his mother Rosa was a school teacher; unlike her husband, she was a devout Catholic. His father named Benito after Mexican reformist
"Mr and Mrs Andrews" right after marriage, masterpiece of his early years. "Mrs Burroughs" painter´s aunt, the headmaster of his boyhood school. He painted landscapes and portraits, used bright colours. Kadri Keernik: "The Swinging Sixties" Fashion, young people, pantyhose, baby pills, Volkswagen bus, flower power, anti-war movement, hippies, psychedelic drugs, Summer of Love, Woodstock festival. Art was also psychedelic and created under the effect of LSD or other drugs. Civil rights, free speech, women´s movement, first moon landing, England won FIFA world Cup. Supermodel Twiggy, The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, James Bond movies, "Breakfast at Tiffany´s", "Lolita", Salinger, Fidel Castro, Woody Allen, Martin Luther King Jr., smiley icon in 1964, Big Mac in 1960. Sandra: "John Lennon´s Career After The Beatles" Born in 1940, was a smart Beatle. 1960 The Beatles was created, 1969 the last concert on the roof of the Apple Building
New Zealand. § Her father was a doctor and her mother was a writer of commercial fiction under the pen name "Pearl Bellairs", among others. Her parents divorced when she was five. She lived with her mother, sister and grandmother until she started college and, as a result, grew up believing "the world was peopled by females". This problably influenced her works too. § She returned to England with her mother and studied economics and psychology at the University of St Andrews in Scotland. § Her actual christened name was "Franklin Birkinshaw". which she feels contributed to her being accepted at St Andrews and permitted to study economics: the school assumed she was a male student applicant. Early life § In her early twenties she was briefly married to a man more than twenty years older than her. It is not clear whether she had her first son during this marriage or earlier.
10 Art (selection) 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Childhood Family and early life Main article: Childhood of Marilyn Monroe Marilyn Monroe was born in the charity ward of the Los Angeles County Hospital.[1][10] According to biographer Fred Lawrence Guiles, her grandmother, Della Monroe Grainger, had her baptized Norma Jeane Baker by Aimee Semple McPherson.[1] Although she took a stagename of Marilyn Monroe in 1946, she did not legally change her name until February 23, 1956.[11] Her mother was Gladys Pearl (Monroe) Baker.[12] Her family is believed to have been Anglo-Spanish originally; and possibly related to the Sepulvedas. [13] For many years it was believed Gladys' second husband Martin Edward Mortenson (18971981) was Monroe's father. His name was listed on her birth certificate. [14] Foster homes Mentally unstable and unable to care for Monroe, Gladys placed her with foster parents Albert and Ida
3. Cultural background. Discoveries, grammar schools, the first playwrites. 4. Emigration to America. Why, when, how + Thanksgiving. 5. Thomas Moore and utopia. 6. The development of drama. Mysteries and mirscles, morality plays, etc. Who were the actors? Where were thet performed? Subject? 7. Shakespeare and his three periods. Sonnets, R/J etc. 8. Hamlet's soliloqui. Civil War and Restoration (1642-1702) James I died in 1625 and his successor was Charles I, a king even more foolish and arrogant than dear old Jamesy. He was in constant conflict with Parliament, which he was financed by. At one point he even dissolved the Parliament, however, he was soon forced to reassemble it. In 1628 the king was orced to agree to the Petition of Rights, which gave inancial power to the Parliament.
state for war and air, and from 1924-1929 was chancellor of the exchequer. The next decade were his 'wilderness years', in which his opposition to Indian self-rule and his support for Edward VIII during the 'Abdication Crisis' made him unpopular, while his warnings about the rise of Nazi Germany and the need for British rearmament were ignored. When war broke out in 1939, Churchill became first lord of the Admiralty. In May 1940, Neville Chamberlain resigned as prime minister and Churchill took his place. His refusal to surrender to Nazi Germany inspired the country. He worked tirelessly throughout the war, building strong relations with US President Roosevelt while maintaining a sometimes difficult alliance with the Soviet Union. Churchill lost power in the 1945 post-war election but remained leader of the opposition, voicing apprehensions about the Cold War (he popularised the term 'Iron Curtain') and encouraging European and trans-Atlantic unity
THE HISTORY OF JOURNALISM REPORT SUBMITTED TO: JELENA SCHMIDT SUBJECT: ENGLISH BY NIKITA GUSTSHIN TMHG 19.04.2012 "The History of Journalism" What is "Journalism"? Journalism is the investigation and reporting of events, issues and trends to a broad audience. Though there are many variations of journalism, the ideal is to inform the intended audience. Along with covering organizations and institutions such as government and business, journalism also covers cultural aspects of society such as arts and entertainment. The field includes editing, photojournalism, and documentary. History of journalism. Ancient journalism. Note: "Jou
Discusses domestic matters with the Master of the Household. Towards the end of the day, there is always another pile of official papers and reports waiting to be read or acted upon. The business on constitutional monarchy never ends. 3. Who is the present heir to the throne? Speak about his education. Who are the 2nd and 3rd in line? Present heir is Prince Charles, The Prince of Wales. Has been an exchange student in Australia. Graduated from the university of Cambridge with BA (honors). 2nd and 3rd in line are Prince William of Wales and Prince Henry of Wales, respectively. 4. Make up your list of 5 top British people. Give your motivation. The Queen, Adele, Elton John, Shakespeare, JK Rowling. 5. Which 5 places attract visitors in Wales and Scotland? Edinburgh, Loch Ness, The Highlands, Snowdonia, Cardiff. 6. Name 6 islands, 5 rivers, 3 lakes, 3 mountains in UK.
· Words must be remembered · Native Americans stories creation of the world · Attidude thought their land/language · Similar stories Dates and names · America was discovered in 1492 by Columbus · 1497 John Cabot went to Canada · 1579 San Fransisco/St. Fransis · 1607 Jamestown collony/John Smith · 1620 a boat called MayFlower · 1630 Boston was established · 1636 Harvard University · 1773 Boston Teaparty · 1775 War of Independence · 1776 4 July Declaration of Independence · First President George Washington Christopher Columbus Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) was an Italian explorer who sailed across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492, hoping to find a route to India (in order to trade for spices). He made a total of four trips to the Caribbean and South America during the years 1492-1504. He discovered
Barack Hussein Obama Barack Hussein (born on August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. In January 2005, Obama was sworn in as a U.S. Senator in the state of Illinois. He would hold this office until November 2008, when he resigned following his victory in the 2008 presidential election. Born in Honolulu, Hawaii, Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. He served three terms representing the 13th District in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid against the Democratic incumbent for a seat in the United
Russian philology The meaning of the word "philology" is "love for word". This is love that unites teachers and researchers of modern and Classical languages and literature, interpreters and diplomats, journalists and publishers, writers and poets. Russian philologis are highly demanded in various spheres of scholarly research and education, in the mass media, in civil service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in archives, libraries, museums, in travel agencies, as well as Russian and international companies. Curriculum within in philological faculty includes courses of Russian and European languages and literature, courses of Linguistics and Theory of Literature for students to familiarize themselves with various schools and trends of Russian and foreign philology. The core curriculum also includes a number of Liberal Arts courses (Philosophy, History,
sound installations by Louis Dandrel.Eduard Tubin (1905-1982) was a versatile composer and conductor, one of the most recognized symphonists throughout history. He served as concert master and conductor at the Vanemuise Theatre. In 1944, when the theatre was destroyed, he left Estonia to Sweden. Monument to Gustav II Adolf In 1632, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, then at the war camp near Nürnburg, signed the charter to found Tartu University, which was also named Academia Gustaviana in his honour. The memorial statue to King Gustav II Adolf (1594-1632) stood next to the main building of the university from 1928, until 1950, when it was removed by the Soviet occupation forces. With Swedish assistance, it was repaired and re-mounted 42 years later, in 1992. The King of Sweden was present both at the original and the re-opening of the monument. Elisabeth Tebelius-Myren authored the restored work. Karl Ernst von Baer monument
Peter the Great wanted to open a window onto Europe for Russia so he started the Northern War in 1700. Estonia remained under Russian rule and the Baltic-German nobility vowed allegiance to the Tsar; the barons were restored their former privileges. In 1870 a railway line was opened from St. Petersburg to Tallinn. Tallinn grew into a major port and an industrial centre. Estonians became conscious of their national identity. Tartu was the centre of the movement of national awakening. On 24 February 1918, Estonia was proclaimed an independent democratic republic. Tallinn developed into a modern European capital. A period of prosperity followed, but independence only lasted for 20 years. During World War II Estonia was occupied by both German and Russian invaders, and Tallinn suffered heavily. The bombing of the city by the Soviet air forces on 9 March 1944 left over 20,000 people homeless. During the Russian occupation which followed (and which lasted for five decades)
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