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communist countries, Russia's party politics in the 2000s with its decline in party fragmentation has not led to the strengthening of democratic party competition. Instead, after the 2007 State Duma elections, it was clear that United Russia had turned into a "party of power" without any considerable opponent in the competition. That is to say, although the overall party system in Russia has remained fragile, within this fragile party system stands one considerably powerful party. Prior election results clearly demonstrate that United Russia's position has become hegemonic: since the 2007 elections, the party controls 315 of the 450 seats in the State Duma, 78 of Russia's 83 executive posts at regional level, majorities in 81 local assemblies, and a large percentage of Russia's mayoralties, including 8 of the 10 largest cities. The party has a mass membership of over 1.5 million and nearly 60,000 regional, local and primary branches (Reuter 2010: 295).
established the relationships between Estonia, Livonia and the Russian Empire. The Baltic Landesstaat reached its full development. The freedom of action in the new provinces was naturally granted to one of the most firm ideological pillars of the tsarist empire -- the Russian orthodox church; though as the Landeskirche in the Estonian and Livonian territories, the Lutheran church long maintained a de facto predominance. The most important organ of Baltic German local government was the Diet, consisting of all the noble families who had been `selected' in a list of the eligible. Although jealously guarding their privileges, the knighthoods still never became entirely closed. Between sessions of a Diet, the legislative power of the knighthoods belonged to the Council of the Diet. The towns were governed by the Town Councils, which supplemented their ranks from among the representatives of merchants and lawyers. The
Russia has suffered through rough times in war, mad leaders and tough life amongst the locals. Over times the country has had several different names and political systems. They have been an empire ruled by a czar, a communist nation, and a democratic federation. Nowadays the country's official name is the Russian Federation ("Basic facts about,"). The head of the executive branch in Russia is the president who works with the prime minister. The legislative branch is the Bicameral Federal Assembly which consists of the Federation Council and State Duma. The Judicial branch consists of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and the Superior Court of Arbitration ( M c C l e n a g h a n , 2 0 0 3 ) . R u s s i a has over 142 million people. Their major language is Russian and the major religions are Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Judaism. The capital of Russia is Moscow ("Basic facts about,"). The History of Russia
Rhine River. They penetrated the Netherlands region mainly to control the several mouths of the Rhine, which were then farther to the north than they are now. Under Roman rule, general peace and prosperity prevailed for more than 250 years. Roman traders entered the area freely, selling products from Italy and Gaul. The Romans built temples, established a number of large farms, and introduced their civilization to the region. About AD 300 the hold by the Romans began to weaken, and no indigenous German tribes pushed into the area from the east. The Frisians, in the north, held their ground, but Saxons occupied the eastern part of the region, and the Franks moved into the west and south. (3) 2.3 The Middle Ages The Franks were the most powerful of the invaders. Their lands extended southward into what is now northern France and eastward across the Rhine. Eventually, the Frankish kings subjugated the Frisians and the Saxons and converted them to Christianity. By 800 the entire
Anne miscarried a deformed male fetus, henry was convinced, God had damned this marriage. Anne was publicly executed Jane Seymour 3rd wife. Brought the male heir to the Tudor throne. Edward, later Edward VI. Jane herself died twelve days later of Tudor surgery Anne of Cleves 4th wife. Henry married her to win European allies. Thomas Cromwell persuaded Henry to agree to marry her, in the hope of securing the north German princes against the Holy roman Emperor. But Anee, did not suit. The marriage was a disaster, the alliance failed. The union was never consummated, divorce was therefore easy. Catherine Howard 5th wife. Attractive, lighthearted, fun-loving, ahigh-spirited flirt. Had been ammaid of honour to Anne of Cleves. She kept lovers before and after marring henry. Few years after the wedding she was executed for adultery. Catherine Parr
History exam *Stonehenge - is a monument located in England. It is one of the most famous prehistoric sites in the world and is composed of earthworks surrounding a circular setting of large standing stones. The surrounding circular, earth bank and ditch, have been dated to about 3100 BC. Stonehenge was produced by a culture with no written language. Many aspects of Stonehenge remain subject to debate. There is little or no direct evidence for the construction techniques used by the Stonehenge builders. *The Celts in Britain and their legacy The Cets lived in Britain in The Iron Age. They were warring tribes who were battleful amongst themselves as well as inter-tribal war. They were not centrally governed. The Celts brought iron working, iron ploughs and metal swords, horses, wheels and chariots - all these things gave them an instant superiority over the native tribes. The Celts built a number of hill forts throughout the region. The society
Union by correcting imbalances between its regions 1978 European Council establishes the European Monetary System based on a European currency unit (the ECU) and the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM). The Ecu has some characteristics of a real currency and is used in travellers’ cheques and bank deposits. ERM gives national currencies a central exchange rate against the Ecu. All the community’s members apart from the UK join the ERM. 1975 Launch of European Monetary System June 1979 – First election of the EP 1981 January: Greece becomes 10th member of the European Community. 1984 February: draft Treaty on the establishment of the European Union passed by the European Parliament. 1985 European Council in Luxembourg agrees to amend the Treaty of Rome and to revitalise integration by drawing up a Single European Act – bigger EU Schengen Agreement 1986 1 January: Spain and Portugal join the Community. February: Single European Act signed, aiming to create a Single Market by
She succeeded her uncle, William IV, in 1837, at the age of 18, and her reign spanned the rest of the century. In 1840, she married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. For the next 20 years they lived in close harmony and had a family of nine children, many of whom eventually married into the European monarchy. On her accession, Victoria adopted the Whig prime minister Lord Melbourne as her political mentor. In 1840, his influence was replaced by that of Prince Albert. The German prince never really won the favour of the British public, and only after 17 years was he given official recognition, with the title of 'prince consort'. Victoria nonetheless relied heavily on Albert and it was during his lifetime that she was most active as a ruler. Britain was evolving into a constitutional monarchy in which the monarch had few powers and was expected to remain above party politics, although Victoria did sometimes express her views very forcefully in private.
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