Leidsid 33 sarnast õppematerjali, mis on seotud failiga "Business peciliarities in Ukraine and Bealrus". Need materjalid aitavad sul teemat sügavamalt mõista.
ukraine, belarus, bank, foreign, invest, rate, other, able, ratio, reside, companies, inter, part, nation, resident, cons, share, russia, lion, come, import, banks, good, service, year, income, account, than, report, cent, marketrrency, economic, follow, services, country, hold, payment, goods, grow, doing, capita, ease, bill, late, billion, investor202 (UT code), RIE 7044 (TLU code) Reading materials: Business peculiarities in Russia Lugemismatejal: Äri eripärad Venemaal Created by Sergei Proskura Tartu 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1. LEGALIZATION OF A COMPANY WITH A FOREIGN OWNER IN RUSSIA ....................................... 4 1.1. Laws ............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.2. Documents for registration of the company ........................................................................... 5 1.3. The Head of the new company ............................................................................................... 6 1.4
copyright holder. © Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusmmenarbeit GmbH (GIZ), 2011. 2 CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK 2 Introduction For the past few years, Georgian government has carried out a number of significant economic reforms in various fields in order to create attractive business environment and to breathe a new life into Georgian economy. The main aim of the reforms was to boost foreign investments, cre- ate new jobs, stimulate entrepreneurial activities in a variety of fields and increase the welfare of citizens. As a result of economic deregulation policy which was focused on liberalization of the Economy, a number of state regulated spheres were sharply decreased and regulation procedures were sim- plified. Consequently, our achievements have been recognized by a number of international in- stitutions
The Law of Georgia on Entrepreneurs (hereinafter LOE) sets forth an exhaustive list of enterprises that can be established in Georgia and they are as follows: · Joint-Stock Company (JSC) · Limited Liability Company (LLC) · General Partnership (GP) · Limited Partnership (LP) · Cooperative (CO) · Business Partnership (BP) · Individual Enterprise (IE) The rules contained in the LOE apply equally to foreign and local companies. Therefore, foreign nationals may freely participate in the incorporation of legal entities, due to the absence of any applicable legal limitation. General Rules Applicable to All Types of Business Entities · Registering Authority All companies shall be registered with the Tax Inspections of the Ministry of Finance of Georgia. · Charter - A company may have its Charter (Articles of Association, By laws) or a Shareholders' Agreement in which
Liaison with central and local governments Liaison with branch chambers and NGOs www.investbg.government.bg GENERAL INFORMATION Official name: Republic of Bulgaria Area: 110 994 sq.m. Population: 7.4 million Capital: Sofia Time zone: EET (UTC+2) Official language: Bulgarian Currency: Lev (BGN) Fixed exchange rate: 1 = BGN 1.95583 Type of government: Parliamentary Member of: EU, NATO, WTO www.investbg.government.bg DID YOU KNOW THAT BULGARIA The best outsourcing destination in Europe, according to Cushman & Wakefield's rating for 2015. In the world our country takes the third place. Accommodated about 50 companies producing components and systems for the global automotive industry. In eight of every ten cars
concept of comparative federalism. States retain power to regulate as long as national regulation does not interfere with `federal` law. 5 Free trade E Common foreign and security policies first appear at the stage of integration called ... 6 Free Trade Area F Emerges due to decentralized approach to integration, when different national systems struggle to produce the best set of rules to attract capital and labor.
Author Group Girli Vasiljev RB1X Title of report Number of pages Economic Country Review: Finland, Estonia 20 and Hungary Teacher Kalevi Torunen The goal of this paper is to compare the economic performance of Finland, Estonia and Hungary. First, a general overview on the countries will be given. After, economic indicators (real GDP growth rate, inflation, unemployment, household consumption, investment, current account, government budget and deficit) of the three countries will be compared to draw a conclusion. Keywords GDP, inflation, unemployment, household consumption, investment, current account, government budget, deficit, surplus Table of contents 1 Introduction .......................................................................................1 2 Country Specs ......................................
5. Financial Institutions and Services Objectives and Outcomes To give overview of main players. 5.1. Introduction It is common to distinguish between monetary financial institutions (MFIs) and other financial intermediaries. The distinction is based on the functions of institutions institutions in the first group (MFIs) play important role in the process of money creation in modern economies. European Central Bank (ECB) describes Monetary financial institutions as including national central banks (and also ECB in the euro area), credit institutions and non-credit institutions which receive deposits from general public (individuals and non-MFI firms) and grant credit and/or invest in securities. Major non-credit MFIs in Europe are money market funds. Credit institutions are defined in the directive 1 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions as:
-All Member States must obey the Charter. -Countries must try to settle their differences by peaceful means. -Countries must avoid using force or threatening to use force. -The UN may not interfere in the domestic affairs of any country. -Countries should try to assist the United Nations. The basic structure of the United Nations is outlined in an organizational chart. What the structure does not show is that decision- making within the UN system is not as easy as in many other organizations. The UN is not an independent, homogeneous organization; it is made up of sovereign states, so actions by the UN depend on the will of Member States, to accept, fund or carry them out. Especially in matters of peace-keeping and international politics, it requires a complex, often slow, process of consensus-building that must take into account national sovereignty as well as global needs. The organization won the 2001 Nobel Peace Prize, and a number of its
transit in the Estonian economy has been consistently decreasing. Slightly more than 70% of the freight flow of the ports and 57% of the rail freight is connected with transit. Such shares are constantly diminishing as Russian oil flow goes through her own ports on an increasing scale. Presently about one third of the freight flow may be related to transit. The principal part thereof is constituted by the export of petroleum products from Russia -- first by rail, then by sea with tankers. Other Russian goods that have been transported through Estonia are grain and fertilizers, sometimes other goods as well. The transit from the West to Russia has gradually grown, mostly in the form of containerised freight. The Estonian national air company Estonian Air has also proven successful as it has managed to increase both cargo volumes and the number of passengers in spite of the hard times in the world's aviation business. In 2004 the number of passengers in Estonia
TALLINNA ÜLIKOOL POLITICAL SCIENCE AND GOVERNMENT INSTITUTE ANNELI PALM CRITISIM ABOUT IMF AND WORLD BANK INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY (RIR6032/RIR6004) ESSAY 2014 Contents TALLINNA ÜLIKOOL.............................................................................................. 1 Introduction............................................................................................................ 3 Basic of liberalism.................................................................................................. 4
I read book about direct investments in the Estonian economy. The book is issued by University of Tartu and the writers are also scientists from University of Tartu. "Foreign direct investments are relatively new phenomenon for Estonia because during the nearly five decades as part of the Soviet economic system, our economy received virtually none. Such economic isolation from the West lasted until the early 1990s. In consequence of the mid-1990s' radical macroeconomic reforms, foreign direct investments started to play a significant role in the Estonian economy. Currently Estonia ranks third after Hungary and the Czech Republic by per capita indicators of the inflow of foreign direct investments. Presumably, the experience of our recent past provides sufficient data to analyze how foreign direct investments impact on different aspects of the economic restructuring process in Estonia." Urmas Varblane Foreign investments
Direct tax- are collected by the government from the income of individuals and businesses. Indirect tax- are levied on the production or sale of goods and services. They are included in the price paid by the final purchase. Business profits are generally taxed twice- After the company pays tax on its profits, the shareholders pay income tax on any dividends recieved from these profits. Progressive tax- people with higher incomes pay a higher rate of tax than people with lower incomes. Proportional- tax that is imposed at a fixed rate. Regressive tax- (direct taxes are usually) people with a lower income pay a proportionally greater part of their income than people with a higher income. Indirect taxes are slightly regressive- people with a lower income pay a proportionally greater part of their income than people with a higher income. Avoid tax on salarys? Instead a taxable money, some employers give staff advantages such as
Preparing for exam. Focus areas Defining innovation ● “An innovation is an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new by an individual or other unit of adoption.” (Rogers 1952) ● CIS survey: “Product innovations must be new to your enterprise, but they do not need to be new to your market”. ● “Companies achieve competitive advantage through acts of innovation. They approach innovation in its broadest sense, including both new technologies and new ways of doing things” – (Porter 1990) ● “An innovative business is one which lives and breathes “outside the box”. It is
Russian philology The meaning of the word "philology" is "love for word". This is love that unites teachers and researchers of modern and Classical languages and literature, interpreters and diplomats, journalists and publishers, writers and poets. Russian philologis are highly demanded in various spheres of scholarly research and education, in the mass media, in civil service at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in archives, libraries, museums, in travel agencies, as well as Russian and international companies. Curriculum within in philological faculty includes courses of Russian and European languages and literature, courses of Linguistics and Theory of Literature for students to familiarize themselves with various schools and trends of Russian and foreign philology. The core curriculum also includes a number of Liberal Arts courses (Philosophy, History,
purpose. · Gross domestic product comes under the heading of national accounts, which is a subject in macroeconomics. Gross National Product Gross national product (GNP), in economics, a quantitative measure of a nation's total economic activity, generally assessed yearly or quarterly. The GNP equals the gross domestic product plus income earned by domestic residents through foreign investments minus the income earned by foreign investors in the domestic market. Gross Domestic Product GDP can be determined in three ways, all of which should in principle give the same result. · They are the product (or output) approach, the income approach, and the expenditure approach. The most direct of the three is the product approach, which sums the outputs of every class of enterprise to arrive at the total.
1% are Estonians, 25.1% Russians, 4.9% of which are of different nationalities for example Ukrainians, Belarusians and Finns. Rest are of unknown nationality. 68.5% of population speaks Estonian as a mother language, 29.6% speaks Russian as a mother language and 0.6% Ukrainian. Estonia has only one official language which is Estonian. According to information by the Institute of the Estonian Language there are about 75% of Estonian people who speak Estonian. The most common foreign languages learned by Estonian students are English, Russian, German and French. Other popular languages include Finnish, Spanish and Swedish. Tallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. In Estonia there are 47 cities/towns. More than 70% of the population lives in towns. The largest cities are Tallinn, Tartu, Narva, Pärnu. According to the information from tallinn.ee there are 439 517 people living in Tallinn of the 1th of January.
no Js were before 1941, not GULag inmates, free SU citizens, living marginally, some employed. During war, major food and housing shortages, no infrastructure. Exiled suspect pops, class, natl enemies, tens of thousands from Crimean, Germans, Bulgarians, Tatars, once war started 41. Nationalist, including Zionist, leaders sent E as chauvinists, more efficient sovietization, 5th column potentiality, 50-60,000 Js, most survived the war. Factory owners, bank managers, large shopowners, ideological enemies. Also religious enemies, rabbis, cultural leaders, writers. Another group rounded up were refugees from Germ-occupied Poland, tens of thousands of mostly young Js. Couldn't go S, Czechoslovakia annexed, Romania fascist and anti-Semitic, sea lanes closed, mostly E. SU identifies as suspect, could be a spy. J identity very different from SU J, more use of Yiddish, more traditional, state of mind diff
Value-chain analysis: sequence of business functions in which customer usefulness is added to products and services. 1. Research and development 2. Design of products, services, or processes 3. Production 4. Marketing 5. Distribution 6. Customer service. Supply chain describes the flow of goods, services, and information from the initial sources of materials and services to the delivery of products to consumers, regardless of whether those activities occur in the same organization or in other organizations. Five step decision making process: 1. Identify the problem and uncertainties. 2. Obtain information. 3. Make predictions about the future. 4. Make decisions by choosing among alternatives. 5. Implement the decision, evaluate performance, and learn. Steps 1-4 are collectively referred to as planning. Planning comprises selecting organization goals, predicting results under various alternative ways of achieving those goals, deciding how to attain them
BEPS project Action 4: Interest deductions and other financial payments Maris Leemets 10.08.2016 Peer Assignment in Module 3 The OECD with its Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project is working towards proposing politically feasible and multilaterally acceptable ways to minimize the corporate tax base erosion and profit shifting activities since 2013. Out of its 15
The last Russian troops left on August 31, 1994, and Estonia joined NATO on March 29, 2004 and the European Union on May 1, 2004. Karksi - Nuia Karksi Nuia is small town located in south of Viljandimaa. It has population of 2200 people. In Karksi Nuia is on gymnasium , kindergarten, few shops and big cultural centre. In culture centre there are café, library, parish government etc. There take places acting lessons, theatres, parties and other activities. There is music school also. This is for children's, but older people can learn there too. Karksi Nuia has many interesting places to visit and look. One of them is Maies farm, few kilometers from city centre. There you can visit the birth place of A. Kitzberg, famous Estonian writer. There is skiing mountain too, it is opened in winter when there is a lot of snow. Near Karksi Nuia are many lakes, capes, nice parks and mansions, Near the Karksi is beautiful ruins of castle,
The first meeting of the EU Armenia Human Rights Dialogue took place in December 2009 and the second in December 2010. Issues of democracy and human rights are also discussed with Azerbaijan in the framework of a new sub-committee for Justice Liberty Security (JLS) and Human Rights and Democracy which was established in 2010. Its first meeting was held on 30 November-1 December 2010. With Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova, human rights discussions in the framework of the respective JLS subcommittee meetings have gained new momentum. As regards Ukraine, human rights issues are extensively reflected in the new EU-Ukraine Association Agenda, which replaces the former EU-Ukraine Action Plan. A dedicated and regular EU- Republic of Moldova Human Rights Dialogue was launched in March 2010. The EU
environmental, and social dimensions of sustainability. This grouping is based on the conventional model of sustainable development and is intended to aid users of the Guidelines. However, limiting performance indicators to these three categories may not fully capture the performance of an organisation for a number of reasons. For example: changes in one aspect of economic, environmental, or social performance often result in changes to other aspects of sustainability; sustainability strategies often use one area of sustainability as a reference point when defining goals for another area; and advancing sustainable development requires coordinated movement across a set of performance measurements, rather than random improvement within the full range of measurements. 1) Economic Performance Indicators The economic dimension of sustainability concerns an organisation’s impacts on the
Empty chair crisis 1966 Luxembourg compromise – solution for the empty chair crisis: weaker commission, veto power, common argiculture policy, qualified majority voting 1967 UK re-applies to join the Community. 1968 Agreement of EEC’s common external tarif 1972 Referendum in Norway on joining; majority votes against. Launch of „snake in the tunnel“ 1973 January: Denmark, Ireland and the UK join the European Communities. 1974 April: foreign secretary James Callaghan makes statement to the Council on the new Labour government’s policy on the Community. Calls for major changes in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), "fairer methods of financing the Community budget" and solutions to monetary problems. December: the Community’s heads of state or government decide to hold meetings three times a year as the European Council, agree direct elections to the European Parliament, resolve to set up the European
Poverty and economic decline led many blacks to seek temporary work in neighboring Caribbean areas and in the United States; many left the island permanently, emigrating to England, Canada, and the United States. Indians were imported to meet the labor shortage on the plantations after the slaves were freed, and agriculture was diversified to lessen dependence on sugar exports. A new constitution in 1884 marked the initial revival of local autonomy for Jamaica. Despite labor and other reforms, black riots recurred, notably those of 1938, which were caused mainly by unemployment and resentment against British racial policies. Jamaican blacks had been considerably influenced by the theories of black nationalism promulgated by the American expatriate Marcus Garvey. A royal commission investigating the 1938 riots recommended an increase of economic development funds and a faster restoration of representative government for Jamaica
Switzerland Liisi Nigul Turundus II Sociological factors: Religions: Main religion is Roman Catholic 41,8%, then comes Protestants with 35,3% and on the third place are so called non-believers (people with no religion) 11,1%. (Other: muslin, orthodox, other Christian and so on). Birth rates: Switzerland has a birthrate of 9, 51 births to 1000 people, it's in the 199 place in the world's birth rate comparison. Leisure activities: Leisure activities range from taking part in grueling sports to relaxing with family and friends. Many people also devote part of their leisure time to the public service. Life expectancy at birth: total average is 81 years but if you look at genders separately it's: male 78 years and female 84 years.
Which side is more interested? The main cornerstones of the EU and Russia relations are the trade and energy relations. One biggest breakthrough has been gas pipeline Nord Stream. Russia is the third biggest trade partner of the EU and is the main importer of gas and crude oil. The economic benefits are the biggest cornerstones of the relations. Cooperation between Russia and the European Union progressively strengthens in foreign policy and security issues, in combating illegal migration, organised crime and terrorism. The main achievement of recent years, which can be hardly overestimated, is the understanding increasingly gaining ground that partnership between Russia and the EU is one of the cornerstones of maintaining stability and prosperity not only in Europe, but world-wide. Joint Russian-EU program called "A Partnership for Modernization" was launched. The main
PRODUCTS and BRANDS 1. product catalogue - a list of different products of one company 2. product mix - a range of similar in some way products considered together 2. product range - different particular and specific products of a company 3. product lifecycle - the stages of product lifetime and amount of people who use it at each stage 4. product positioning - is how we see a product or how a company would like us to see it in relation to other products 5. product placement - hidden commercial of a product. Customer can see a product in films, music videos and so on. 6. raw materials - basic materials from which products are made or manufactured 7. finished goods - are goods(products) that have completed manufacturing process and are ready to be sold and used by the end user 8. consumer goods - goods which are produced to satisfy consumer current needs and are bought for individual use 9
It's geographical position in co- ordinates is 83°N north, 42°N south, 53°W east, 141°W west. Canada borders with United States of America by land; Pacific Ocean, Arctic Ocean and Atlantic Ocean by coastline. Canada is one of the largest countries in the world, second only to Russia in territorial size. It has a total area of 9.9 million square kilometers. This includes 755,170 square kilometers of water. Toronto is the largest city in Canada with a population of 4.3 million. Other major cities include Montreal (3.3 million people), Vancouver (1.8 million people). Located in the southeast corner of the nation, Ottawa is the nation's capital. Relief Canada is a vast country comprised of a multitude of very different landscapes: Atlantic provinces, the Appalachians, St. Lawrence and Great Lakes lowlands, Canadian Shield, The Prairies, mountain ranges and high plateaus of the Canadian Cordillera, and northern Canada. Climate
It is the seat for Tartu University and is generally known as a university town. The centre lies between the two most important landmarks in Tartu: Toome hill and Emajõgi. Viljandi is a beautiful, quiet garden town submerged in greenery. Valga, Estonia's southernmost town lives and works hand in hand with Latvian Valka the border splits the town in two belonging to different coutries. Otepää is the skiing and winter capital of Estonia, as the area has more snow than any other part of Estonia. WEST ESTONIA West Estonia is low lying and flat. The climate is maritime and greatly influenced by the Baltic Sea. The area features large bogs, extensive forests, coastal plains and a number of offshore islands Saaremaa and Hiiumaa being the largest. The coastal towns, Pärnu and Haapsalu, are Estonia's main seaside resorts. West Estonia includes the counties of Pärnumaa, Läänemaa, Saaremaa and Hiiumaa. Pärnumaa means sun, sea and holidays
The Swedish District Heating Association. The losses by energy conversion in Europe are of the same magnitude as the European heat demand and consist mainly of heat that is wasted by electricity generation . District heating is a means to utilise such surplus heat to cover heat demand. District heating can utilise the heat from electricity generation in combined heat and power (CHP) plants. District heating can also use other heat sources that are difficult to use for individual buildings, such as unrefined biomass fuels, heat from waste incineration and industrial surplus heat. The latter may, for example, be a by-product from production of automotive biofuel. District heating can provide cheap energy to consumers by using low-cost energy sources, such as wood, waste and surplus heat. Many of these resources can be of local origin and promote local business and industry.
customer data. 5. Watchdogs Customer protection group who are concerned about the gathering and storing of large quantities of customer information. 6. encrypt the information private data is encrypt to a secret code and the information is no longer available to others MONEY-BUYING, SELLING AND PAYING 1. current account where you pay in your salary and the withdraw money and pay your every day bills. 2. bank statement regular notis on how mutch money you have on your account. 3. savings account it where you deposit any extra money that you have and only take money out when you really need it. 4. be in the red when you account is overdrawn, you can be said to be in red. You have money but you owe it to the bank 5. be in the black - To be in black- you have money left on your bank account. 6. bank loan when you loan money from bank 7
shale. Finland and Sweden are the most important trade partners. The Estonian economy profits significantly from the business generated by more than 2 million tourists a year. The important sectors of the Estonian economy are the processing, transport, warehousing and communications, commerce and estate, rental and letting, as well as business services, agriculture, construction and government, education and health care. In order to be able to import all the products and services, something must be exported, that's why export holds such a prominent position for the Estonian economy and its growth. A couple of generations ago agriculture was the main occupation of the Estonians. Nowadays only about 4% of the workforce is engaged in agriculture. The 1990s was a hard time for agriculture competition with cheap imported products became an issue, enterprises had no money for new equipment and vehicles
Right now Estonia's most important trading partners are Finland, Sweden, Russia and Germany which Estonia is mainly influenced by. Maintaining good relations between neighboring countries and being a member of EU has opened the possibility not only for good trading business but also to take the opportunities to travel and work abroad more easily improving Estonians human capital. Furthermore, Estonia has really outstanding level of education. Compared to other countries, our students get more thorough education and have good knowledge of languages. Based on the OECD’s Education at a Glance 2014 at least 90% of 25-64years old Estonians have secondary education, while average of OECD is 75%. Their level of education is more appreciated on the job market both in homeland and abroad. Moreover, due to countrys valuable workforce, Estonia has an effective job market. Higher standards of education do not
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