Latin Abbreviations e.g-exampli gratia-for example-näiteks CV-curriculum vitae-biography-elulugu NB!-nota bene-pay attention-pane tähele a.m.-ante meridiem-before noon-enne keskpäeva p.m.-post meridiem-after noon-pärast keskpäeva AD-anno domini-after Christ-peale Kristust(pKr) BC-before Christ-enne Kristust(eKr) Repetito mater studorium est.-Kordamine on tarkuse ema. Errare humanum est.-Eksimine on inimlik. Citius, altius, fortius.-Kiiremini, kõrgemale, kaugemale. Lupus in fabula.-Kus hundist juttu.
Place Texas Hill Country New Orleans Miami London Plot Evan gets an emergency phone call from his mother Evan understands his life has been a lie Evan starts discovering the truth What he finds out The Deeps Ending Comments Positive Negative Too fast action changing Easy to read Abbreviations Interesting story Emotional Characters Thank you for your attention!
Abbreviations m metre(s), mile(s),million(s), male, married f - female MP Member of Parliament, milatary policeman the USA the United States of America UFO Unidentified Flying object BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BC Before Christ, British Council AD Anno Domini, in the year of Our Lawd, of the Christian era kph kilometres per hour am aute meridiem, before noon pm post meridiem, after noon no(s) - number(s) pp pages PM Prime Minister PS Postscript, post scriptum / at the end of the letter yr - year Xmas Christmas vs versus Sq Square Str Strait St Saint the UK the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland IBM International Business Machines VIP very important person EEC European Community (the common market) VAT Value added tax MSc Master of Science BA Bachelor of Arts GB Great Britain W - west E east etc et cetera, and so on, and...
Vocabulary list 1. internet service provider company that provides internet for a fee 2. globalization - or extending to other or all parts of the world 3. flash drive a portable miniature solid state drive that connects to a computer via a USB port 4. abbreviations a shortened form of a word 5. nonverbal communication communication without talking 6. social networking service that connects people who for example share interests, backgrounds or real-life connections 7. addiction - state of being enslaved to a habit or practice or to something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming 8. plagiarism presenting someone else's work as your own 9. distractor a person or thing that distracts the attention
g. burger from hamburger or kiwi from kiwi fruit), and especially when a long uncommon word becomes (for one reason or another) more common. A very recent example in Italian is super from supermercato `supermarket'. In all languages there is a rough correlation between the frequency of a word and its length; this is known as Zipf's Law (see Crystal 1987). In languages with widespread literacy, other means of forming new words are based on the writing system. In English both abbreviations (e.g. BBC, MP, PC, etc.) and acronyms (e.g. radar) are common. (Radar stands for RAdio Detection And Ranging.) Other languages use other devices (for example, in languages that use the Chinese writing system, it is common for long compounds to be reduced to the first elements of the subcompounds they contain, so that Japanese too-kyo dai-gakku `Tokyo University', literally `east-capital big-school' is usually referred to as too-dai literally `east-big' but more idiomatically translated as
Authors' name(s) are given in lower-case lettering. If the book is edited the abbreviated (ed.) or (eds., if more than one editor) appears in parentheses before the date. 3 The date (in parentheses) is followed by a full stop. FOR BOOKS continued Each key word in the title starts with a capital letter. Book titles are underlined and followed by a full stop. The abbreviations rev. ed. or 2nd. ed. for revised edition and second edition are used where appropriate: these should be placed after the book title and preceded by a comma. A colon follows the place of publication. The publisher's name is followed by a full stop. FOR ARTICLES IN BOOKS Authors' name(s); authors' initial(s); date of publication; initial(s) of editor(s) ; editors' name(s); date of publication (if different); title of book; place of publication; name of publisher. For example:
writing to, you have to use ,,Dear Sir/Madam" or ,,Dear Sir or Madam" In case you know you are writing to a female person, but not her name, you have to use: ,,Dear Madam" In case you know you are writing to a male person, but not his name, you have to use: ,,Dear Sir" In case you know who you are writing to (for example John Doe or Jane Doe) you have to use: ,,Dear Mr Doe" or ,,Dear Mrs Doe"/,,Dear Ms Doe". NB! There is no punctuation after abbreviations ,,Mr", ,,Mrs" or ,,Ms". In case you are writing to a female person and you do not know wheter she has been married or not, it is not important whether you use ,,Ms" or ,,Mrs". You have to use one of them. 1. The first paragraph is meant for saying why you write, where did you get the information from and what the advertisement was about. In case newspaper's name is not mentioned in the task, it would be good if you could make one up. P1: General information
His secretary has chosen alternative words or phrases which have the same meaning, but which are either neutral or formal in style. Text 1 Text 2 got worse and worse deteriorated lots of a number of OK satisfactory doing nothing unavailable for use more than enough chance ample opportunity get in touch contact Abbreviations Text 1 uses a lot of abbreviations. In Text 2 these are avoided an the full form of the word or phrase is given: Text l Text 2 Ref With reference to phone telephone hrs hours reps representatives Contractions One reflection of the spoken language found in Text 1 is the use of contractions I've, they'll,
Supervisors are: 1. Suliko Liiv (country study, grammar, contrastive studies, methodology) 2. Liliana Skopinskaja (methodology) 3. Jaanika Marley (foneetika, methods) 4. Ene Alas (translation, methods) 5. Paul Rüsse (literature (Am.,Br.), methods) 6. Annika Namme (American literature, methods) 7. Irina Ladusseva (lexicology, methods, stylistics) Choose your topic and find a supervisor. Language needs to be very transparent, but do not use colloquial elements and abbreviations (e.g. I'll, you're). Start collecting the expressions you like (e.g. "many" "the abundance" etc.) How to elaborate a topic? collaborate with supervisor (a topic has to be narrowed down). Background studies who else has written about this topic (what has been already done and what else I can do here). Papers of this kind test logical thinking. What is assessed: - the ability to collect material (both theoretical (who has written about it) and practical;
According to another theory, the term came from the election slogan by the O.K. Club, boosters of Martin Van Buren's 1840 re-election bid, referencing to his nickname Old Kinderhook. Third theory is that OK was spelled out as okeh in 1919 by Woodrow Wilson, supposedly representing Chocotaw okeh “it is so”. However, the earliest known usage of OK is from 1839. One explanation is that was the survivor of a slang fad in Boston and New York where abbreviations of common phrases were deliberately misspelled (O.K. – “oll correct”). Second explanation is from the French expression “au quai” (“to the quay”) which was used when merchandise was finally ready to ship and could be interpreted as “everything is fine”. Tex-Mex – The term was first used in the English language as a nickname for the Texas Mexican Railway, built in 1875 in southern Texas. In the 1800s, the names of railroads were oftentimes
Here belong: 1. Colloquial synonyms of neutral words (e.g. "clever" "smart", "man" "chap"/"guy"). 2. Interjections introduce colloquial touch (e.g. gosh, gee). 3. Neutral words used figuratively (e.g. "windbag" talkative person, "juicy" good or fine, "a big gun" important person). 4. Diminutive forms e.g. "daddy", "sweetie", "lambkin". 5. Special forms of address (e.g. "Hello, old thing!", "sweet heart", "honey"). 6. Abbreviations (e.g. "op." operation, "sis" sister, "mo" moment). 7. Compound w-s, ablaut combinations, rhyming w-s, and w-s based on reduplication are colloquial (e.g. "hoity-toity", "helter-skelter", "riff-raff", "chit-chat"). 8. Intensifying adverbs (intensifiers) (e.g. "terribly healthy", "perfectly terrible", "foolishly smart" cases of trite oxymoron). 9. There are words with a wide range of application (e.g
(NOT This is the fifth cup of coffee I drink today.) 43. Use be, not have, to give people's ages. My sister is 15 (years old). (NOT My sister has 15 years.) 44. Use between, not among, to talk about position in relation to several clearly separate people or things. Switzerland is between France, Austria, Germany and Italy. (NOT Switzerland is among France, Austria, Germany and Italy.) The bottle rolled between the wheels of the car. 45. We don't normally use the before abbreviations that are pronounced like words (`acronyms'). My cousin works for NATO. (NOT My cousin works for the NATO.) The money was given by UNESCO. (NOT ... by the UNESCO.) 46. Everybody is a singular word. Everybody was late. (NOT Everybody were late.) Is everybody ready? (NOT Are everybody ready?) 47. Use any, not some, in negative sentences. She hasn't got any money. (NOT She hasn't got some money.) I didn't see anybody. (NOT I didn't see somebody.) 48
2. Interjections introduce colloquial touch (e.g. gosh, drat, gee). 3. Neutral words used figuratively (e.g. "windbag" talkative person, "juicy" good or fine, "half-baked" silly, "a big gun" important person). 4. Diminutive forms e.g. "daddy", "sweetie", "lambkin". 5. Special forms of address (e.g. "Hello, old thing!", "sweet heart", "honey". 6. Abbreviations (e.g. "op." operation, "sis" sister, "mo" moment). 7. Compound words, particularly ablaut combinations, rhyming words, and words based on reduplication are colloquial (e.g. "hoity-toity", "helter-skelter", "riff-raff", "chit-chat"). 8. Intensifying adverbs (intensifiers) (e.g. "He was walking terribly slowly.", "terribly healthy", "perfectly terrible", "foolishly smart" cases of trite oxymoron). 9
literary (renaissance) democratic, juvenile, sophisticated, aberration, enthusiasm, pernicious, imaginary, allusion, anachronism, dexterity scientific (17th-18th nucleus, formula, vertebra, corpuscle, atomic,carnivorous, incubate, aqueous, centuries) molecule The plurals of nucleus, verterbra, corpus, etc. Latin abbreviations in English i.e. = id est that is to say viz = namely etc = et cetera Latin adjectives for English nouns nose – nasal sun – solar son – filial mother – maternal mouth – oralmoon – lunar daughter – filial father – paternal stone – lithic 5. Greek borrowings The Greek language has contributed 50,000 words to the world. Christianity: New Testament in Greek. Catholic Church – Scclesiastical Latin.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 What is ECS? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 Final remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 ANNEX I Glossary/list of abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21 ANNEX II Comparison of paper charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 ANNEX III Types of Digital Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 ANNEX IV IMO SN/Circ. 207 Differences between RCDS and ECDIS . . . . . . . . . .47 ANNEX V ECDIS - Procedural and organisational considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .49
Religious (6.-7.century) o Mass, monk, nun, bishop, abbot, minster, apostle, pope, altar, hymn, angel, devil Literary (renaissance) o Democratic, juvenile, sophisticated, aberration, enthusiasm, pernicious, imaginary, allusion, anachronism, dexterity Scientific (17.-18. century) o Nucleus, formula, vertebra, corpuscle, atomic, carnivorous, incubate, aqueous, molecule Latin abbreviations o i.e – id est – that is to say Latin adjectives for english nouns o Nasal, oral, solar, paternal, maternal, lithic, lunar, filial Actual inflected Latin verbs used as nouns o Audio, audit, caveat, video. Endings dropped or adapted, often through French o add, addition, additive, agent, agentive, aqueduct, candle, colo(u)r, colossal, consider,
speech, they have more intimate tone. They are not used in literary speech. · Colloquial synonyms of neutral words (hang out, smart, get going) · Interjections (Gosh! Gee! By golly!) · Figuratively used neutral words (half-baked--silly; juicy-good; a wind bag-a talkative person · Diminutive form (sweetie, fatty, piggy) · Special forms of address (dear heart, honey; precious · Abbreviations (Mo--moment; posish) · Compounds based on repetition (hoity-toity; chit-chat) · Intensifiers (horribly smart) the result is often an oxymoron. · Words with a wide range of application (thing, stuff.) · Phrasal verbs--nouns converted from phrasal verbs (a show-off, a break-through) · Proverbs, sayings, idioms · Time fillers (you see; I mean 12. Special literary vocabulary Terms--belong to scientific discourse (spinal chord; syntax, Semantic) Outside their
It is a source of valuable information and if it is used correctly, the dictionary will serve as a useful tool toward your goal of English fluency. There are many types of dictionaries that a student may consider, including collegiate learner's, unabridged, and bilingual dictionaries. For more advanced students, collegiate or college dictionaries are preferred. In addition to the standard word entries, collegiate dictionaries often contain sections with abbreviations, foreign expressions used in English, and biographical listings. Some also contain geographical listings. Learner's dictionaries are highly recommended. This type of dictionary is written specifically for students of English as a foreign language. Definitions are written in clear, easy to understand English. These dictionaries often anticipate learners' questions with special explanatory sections. They also use a standard phonetic alphabet to indicate pronunciation of entries .
GFH. · General assistant required for small 2-star family-run hotel. Position offers experience of waiting, bar and reception work. Good pay, agreeable accommodation. Experience not necessary, but smart appearance and pleasant manner essential. Write: Jean Kerr, Riverside Hotel, Keswick CA 128DE. (The Lady, May 1st) A Reading comprehension 1. How many different jobs are advertised altogether? 2. What are the abbreviations for 'as soon as possible', `per annum' (a year) and 'minimum'? 3. You could send a CV with your application to any of these jobs, but for which two job applications is a CV most necessary? 4. In a business letter, you put the name and address of the people you are writing to on the left, above the salutation. In a personal letter, you don't do this. Which of the job applications require a personal rather than a business layout? B Writing Work in small groups
.............................................................7 1.1 PROBLEM FORMULATION ..................................................................................................................7 1.2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...............................................................................................................8 1.3 RESEARCH STRUCTURE .....................................................................................................................9 1.4 ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................................9 CHAPTER 2- PROBLEMS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY ...........................................10 2.1 PROBLEMS ......................................................................................................................................10 2.2 CAUSES OF THE PROBLEMS ..........................................................................................
olulikkuse väljaselgitamises mudelprojekteerimise edukaks elluviimiseks. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ 2 LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. 3 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................. 4 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter 1: Literature Review........................................................................................ 7 1.1. Last Decade in Steel Construction ...........................................................................
10"N + . . .: "<..~=-'i"il'.""'-I TO BAGO PACIFIC OCEAN 90 "W IIJW / izo res ~~ c CAP E V ERDE ATLANTIC I OCEAN I -+--w4 '--r-r--;-t--I--I------l Abbreviations OEM. REP . DEMOCRATIC REPUB LIC CONGO OFTHE CONGO EQ.GUINEA EQUATO RIALGUINEA NETH. NETHERLANDS N .Z. NEW ZEALAND REP . CONGO REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO U.A.E . UNITED ARAB EMIRATES U.K. UNITED KINGDOM U.S. UNITED STATES
house in Teheran, they found a complete plan of Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlevi's summer palace, showing guard posts and the number of men stationed at each, top-secret documents from Army files, reports on the disposition of artillery along Iran's Russian border, two notebooks in what were obviously cipher, and another with page after page of what appeared to be trigonometric equations, replete with the Greek letters beloved of mathematicians and the abbreviations for "secant," "cosine," "tangent," and "cotangent." The problem was that mathematically the formulas made no sense at all. Colonel Mostafa Amjadi, chief of the intelligence directorate of the Teheran military governate, and another colonel in the Iranian Army went to work on the three notebooks. By August 30, they had cracked the two overt codes, but extracted only meager information from them. Meanwhile, Abbasi decided to talk. He revealed that the Tudeh party had
nature applies only to one very special subclass of singular terms, while any adequate solution to the puzzles ought to generalize. Russell's solution to this problem was if anything even more ingenious than the Theory of Descriptions itself. In brief, it was to invoke another distinction between surface appearance and underlying logical reality, and claim that what we ordinarily call proper names are not really proper names at all, but rather they are abbreviations for definite descriptions. But I shall postpone examination of that thesis until the next chapter. Strawson's critique was radical and searching. Indeed, Russell and Strawson were respectively figureheads for two very different approaches to the study of language (and to a lesser degree for two great rival systems of twentieth-century philosophy), though we shall not go into that until chapter 6. To set the stage for Strawson's objections, I shall merely note that
stylein Laura's f o r m a -l t o s o m e o n e inauthoritY - semi-formal to someonevou do not know very InformalstYle well a abbreviations e g.I'vegot informal- to someoneyou know verywell a s i m p l el i n k i n gw o r d se . gb. u t , s o , a n d , e t c 3 Whichof the followingwouldyou expectto find in a shortersentences e.gl'dlrketoseeyou letter?Tick(/) accordingly Laura's a personal tone e.q
stylein Laura's f o r m a -l t o s o m e o n e inauthoritY - semi-formal to someonevou do not know very InformalstYle well a abbreviations e g.I'vegot informal- to someoneyou know verywell a s i m p l el i n k i n gw o r d se . gb. u t , s o , a n d , e t c 3 Whichof the followingwouldyou expectto find in a shortersentences e.gl'dlrketoseeyou letter?Tick(/) accordingly Laura's a personal tone e.q
stylein Laura's f o r m a -l t o s o m e o n e inauthoritY - semi-formal to someonevou do not know very InformalstYle well a abbreviations e g.I'vegot informal- to someoneyou know verywell a s i m p l el i n k i n gw o r d se . gb. u t , s o , a n d , e t c 3 Whichof the followingwouldyou expectto find in a shortersentences e.gl'dlrketoseeyou letter?Tick(/) accordingly Laura's a personal tone e.q
stylein Laura's f o r m a -l t o s o m e o n e inauthoritY - semi-formal to someonevou do not know very InformalstYle well a abbreviations e g.I'vegot informal- to someoneyou know verywell a s i m p l el i n k i n gw o r d se . gb. u t , s o , a n d , e t c 3 Whichof the followingwouldyou expectto find in a shortersentences e.gl'dlrketoseeyou letter?Tick(/) accordingly Laura's a personal tone e.q
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