Gay rights
According
to an opinion widely held , homosexuality is said to be freer today than ever before . It is present and visible everywhere : in the street , in the newspapers , on television, at the movies . It is even supposedly completely accepted, judging by the recent legislative
advances made in many countries for the recognition of same sex
couples. Certainly, some work remains necessary in order to eradicate
the last vestiges of discrimination. But with changing public
opinion, it will only be, according to some people, a matter of time,
the time needed for a movement begun many decades earlier to achieve
its goals .
To
tell the truth , the 20th century has undoubtedly been the most
violently homophobic period of history: deportation to concentration camps under the Nazi regime, Soviet gulags, blackmail and persecution
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2009-05-17
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but due to its unique status (covered by Geneva conventions etc), then it is a subject of PIL. PIL directly regulates private persons, e.g. punishment of international crimes (crimes against peace=crime of aggression, genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes). This is if specific countries do not want to punish the criminals, specific international tribunals etc are created to do the job for them. Humanitarian doctrine if a certain country violates human rights very severely and if other attempts have failed to prevent and stop this, then war can be used as a method to stop this stuff. Süüria chemical weapons doctrine is one of the strongest doctrine ever, respected by almost everyone, that's why people are so shocked about the events there. It's a grave violation of PIL. If there's enough evidence that chemical weapons were used, then war is basically a legal method, but
If a similar dispute has been resolved in the past, the court is bound (having a moral or legal duty to do something) to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision. When there is no precedent with similar facts then the judge has to make decision based on legal principles and this decision will be a precedent for other courts to follow. Another important aspect of common law is equity. Courts of equity recognized rights that were not enforced in common law. For example in a breach of contract claim the court of equity forced the other party to fulfill a contract and common law court forced the other party to pay damages. In 1873 the two systems were unified. Sometimes governments make new laws which are called statutes (a law that has been formally approved and written down) to modify or clarify the common law, or to make rules where none existed before. This was a short overview of common law. 4
THE FAMILY Marriage changes over the centuries constantly, surprisingly and swiftly. It cannot be defined as a sacred union between a man and a woman, as marriages have not always been considered sacred. Marriage has often been seen as a union between one man and several women. And sometimes marriage has been seen as a union between one woman and several men, as in southern India, for example, one bride may be shared by several brothers. Marriage has also, at times, been recognized as a union between two men (as in ancient Rome, where marriages between aristocratic males were recognized by law), or as a union between two siblings (as in medieval Europe, when valuable property was at stake); or as a union between two children (again in Europe, when parents wanted to protect their property); or as a union between two unborn (ditto); or as a union between two people of the same social class (once more in Europe, where medieval peasan
Then the decision of the court with my own words. (5 things all together!): 1. Name and nr of the case 2. The parties (there is a trick queen v Smith might mean state v Smith (in UK) a not criminal case; people v Smith it is a criminal case; Brown v Smith means that it's a civil case.) 3. Relevant problems and events (no details!) 4. What is the question asked from the court? (concrete) 5. The decision of the court (in my own words) (Read the Miranda rights / case, Microsoft case, they are landmarks.) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft ) When we retell, we concentrate on the terms, not on the examples etc. NB! Märkmeid võib teha ja TÕLGI KINDLASTI ETTE ÄRA JUBA!!!!!!!!!!!! HOMEWORK - Academic writing Title Introduction Body conclusion Lõikude vahele 1 rida, taandrida ei jäeta! Argumendid millegi poolt, argumendid millegi vastu. Väldime I-vormi, vaid kasutame
functions of another (legislative, executive, judicial) pressure group (surve gurpp) - an interest group that attempts to influence legislation, for example through propaganda dangerous driving (ohtlik sõitmine) - a way of driving that threats other's safety or life international law (rahvusvaheline õigus) - body of rules that nations recognize as binding in their coundct towards one another operating law (õigusega töötamine) - ensuring obidieance to regulation; to have the rights to impliment justice on others political structure (poliitiline struktuur) - institutions or groups and their relations to each other within political systems as they constitute the political landscape of the political entity social values (sotsiaalsed väärtused) - larger concept which includes the subjective aspects of the citizens' well-being, such as their ability to participate in making decisions that affect them
TRADERUN ANSWERS 1. Have the ENP and EaP been successful in terms of their original goals? Which has been the theoretical logic to cause it? Bring examples! The main idea of the ENP is to offer our neighbours a privileged relationship, building upon a mutual commitment to common values (democracy and human rights, rule of law, good governance, market economy principles and sustainable development). The ENP goes beyond existing relationships to offer political association and deeper economic integration, increased mobility and more people-to- people contacts. The level of ambition of the relationship depends on the extent to which these values are shared. Some examples which steps ENP has made in the field of human rights and which are
reforms in western Europe and other OECD countries give evidence of relative failure rather than success." (van Mierlo 1998: 401; see Manning 2000, section "Did it work?" on global evidence along these lines this is the web-page of the World Bank!) The catchword promises have empirically not been delivered flat hierarchies are a matter of appropriateness and depend in their suitability entirely on context; taking the citizen merely as customer takes away her participatory rights and duties and thus hollows out the state; the abolition of career civil service will usually let administrative capacity erode; depolitization and thus de-democratization leads to the return of the imperial bureaucrat (in its worst sense, disguised as the entrepreneurial bureaucrat same power, less responsibility); and contracting-out has proven to be excessively expensive and often infringing on core competences of the state as well as on the most basic standards of equity
EU Internal Market Group Work I: History and Purpose of the Internal Market Please connect terms (numbers) with correct description (letter), for example 17 M 1 Common Market A ... is characterized by free movement of goods between the participating countries, but autonomous external trade policies in relation to non-participants. 2 Comparative B A top-down approach to integration that can be best Advantage explained by market failure. 3 Customs Union C Allows for specialization, specialization leads to competiti
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