Tower Bridge General · Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, England, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, which gives it its name. It has become an iconic symbol of London. Design · In the second half of the 19th century, increased commercial development in the East End of London led to a requirement for a new river crossing downstream of London Bridge. · Subway Committee was formed in 1876, chaired by Sir Albert Joseph Altman, to find a solution to the river crossing problem. It opened the design of the crossing to public competition. Over 50 designs were submitted. · Jones' engineer, Sir John Wolfe Barry, devised the idea of a bascule bridge 800 feet (244 m) in length with two towers each 213 feet (65 m) high, built on piers. The central span of 200 feet (61 m) between the towers was split into two
For a while London probably lay in ruins, but it eventually developed again, partly because of its position on the river was good for trading. The Tower of London There is more of London's history in the Tower than anywhere else in London. It is the oldest surviving building in the capital. The Tower of London was begun by William the Conqueror in 1078 as a castle and a palace but even before the site had been used by the Romans and Anglo-Saxons. The tower comprises not one, but 20 towers, the oldest, the White Tower, dates back to the 11 th Century. The Roman stone wall, parts of which can still be seen on the territory of the Tower, may have been a small Roman fort near the river. The White Tower, called so on account of the white Caen stone Brought from Normandy, is the original Norman stronghold. It is the central building of the Tower of London. The white tower has three small square towers and one round one. Later other buildings were added
THE CITY OF LONDON History The City of London occupies one square mile in the middle of the capital. It once made up entire town of London, surrounded by the wall first built by Romans. The Romans also built a bridge over the Thames and there has been one in the same area ever since. The Roman Londinium grew up on the northern side of the bridge. In AD 61 the native Celtic tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, rose up against the Romans. They burnt down Londinium to the ground and killed most of its inhabitants. Roman armies eventually defeated Boudicca and Londinium was rebuilt. At the end of the fourth century AD the Roman Empire began to crumble and the Roman armies were recalled from Britain to defend Rome itself. Once they had left, tribes such as Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded and settled in from Holland, Germany and Denmark
Foreword Bridging rivers, gorges, narrows, straits, and valleys always has played an important role in the history of human settlement. Since ancient times, bridges have been the most visible testimony of the noble craft of engineers. A bridge can be defined in many ways, but Andrea Palladio, the great 16th century Italian architect and engineer, hit on the essence of bridge building when he said "...bridges should befit the spirit of the community by exhibiting commodiousness, firmness, and delight." In more practical terms, he went on to explain that the way to avoid having the bridge carried away by the violence of water was to make the bridge without fixing any posts in the water. Since the beginning of time, the goal of bridge builders has been to create as wide a span as possible which is commodious, firm, and occasionally delightful
unsuccessful. They made their way to the river Thames and sailed up it. The Romans knew it was important to control a crossing point at the river Thames, so they decided to build a settlement on the north bank. Although small settlements had been built on the banks of the Thames, the Romans were the ones who built the first city. They called their city Londinium. The Roman engineers noticed that the point where the swampy river narrowed would make an ideal crossing point, they built London Bridge. Less than 20 years later the native Iceni tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, rose up against the Romans in revenge for mistreatment and burnt Londinium to the ground. The well disciplined Roman army defeated her forces and Londinium was rebuilt. By AD 100 it had also become the capital of the Roman province. A massive wall was built to protect the city from further attacks. The Roman Empire came under increasing attack across Europe and in AD 410 they retreated.
London. This is where the Romans founded Londinium almost two thousand years ago. The City covers about 2,6 square km (1 square mile) and is often called the Square Mile. Today, the City of London is one of the world's most important business and financial centres, with over 500 banks. Over 400 000 people work within the Square Mile during weekdays and it is a crowded and noisy place. The Barbican Centre is a very big complex of buildings, towers, garages and walkways. It was built in the 70s and most Londoners don't like the way it looks. It is the largest performing arts centre in Europe and home to two symphony orchestras, and art gallery and the amazing Museum of London. Fleet Street once was a road between the City and Westminster. Then it became the centre of publishing and newspaper business for centuries. The Daily Courant was the first newspaper published there.
THE TOWER OF LONDON: Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower), is a historic fortress and scheduled monument in central London, England, on the north bank of the River Thames. It is located within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and is separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It is the oldest building used by the British government. [1] TOWER BRIDGE: Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, England, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, which gives it its name.It has become an iconic symbol of London. WESTMINISTER ABBEY: Westminster Abbey is steeped in more than a thousand years of history. Benedictine monks first came to this site in the middle of the tenth century, establishing a tradition of daily worship which continues to this day. The Abbey has been the
The store occupies a 5-acresite and has over one million square feetof selling space in over 330 departments . · Hyde Park is one of the largest parks in central London, England and one of the Royal Parks of London, famous for its Speakers' Corner. It covers 142 hectares. The park was the site of The Great Exhibition of 1851, for which the Crystal Palace was designed by Joseph Paxton. The park is divided in two by the Serpentine. · Jewel Tower in London is one of only two surviving sections of the medieval royal Palace of Westminster. It was built in approximately 1365 to house the treasures of Edward III and its alternative name was the "King's Privy Wardrobe". It displays a fascinating exhibition about the history of Parliament `Parliament Past and Present', and the second
world and the secondmost extensive Buckingham Palace Buckingham Palace is the official residence and office of the British monarch Located in the City of Westminster, the palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality Originally known as Buckingham House, the building which forms the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of Buckingham in 1705 Tower Bridge Tower Bridge (built 18861894) is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London over the River Thames It is close to the Tower of London, from which it takes its name It has become an iconic symbol of London London Eye The London Eye is a giant Ferris wheel situated on the banks of the River Thames The entire structure is 135 metres tall and the wheel has a diameter of 120 metres It is the tallest Ferris wheel in Europe, and the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom
The coolest month is January. Winders are seldom below freezing. Rainfall is regular, but most often in the form of drizzle occurring throughout the year. Snow occurs sometimes in winter but rarely settles more than a few millimetres deep. History The origin of London may be dated around the beginning of the 1st century AD, when a Celtic tribe settled near a fordable point of the Thames. L achieved real importance following the Roman conquest under Claudius (43AD). The Romans build a bridge, somewhat east of the present city. This bridge soon was part of a trade road and attracted more and more traders. Soon the flourishing city Londinium came into existence. The Romans rebuilt the town into a centre of great importance. After the Romans withdrew from Britain in the Picts, Scots, Jutes, Angles and Saxons invaded London. It started to expand again under the Saxon kings. London was described as a commercial centre into which goods from all parts of the world flew by land and sea.
London for almost 1,000 years. There are several royal palaces in the capital. St James's Palace was built by King Henry VIII in the 16th century. Since 1837 the monarch has lived in Buckingham Palace LONDON'S EARLY HISTORY The Romans invaded England in 43 AD. They landed in Kent, made their way to the River Thames and sailed up it. Then they settled in a place on the north bank, where the river was not to wide. This settlement was called Londinium. A bridge was later built across the Thames. Roman London Tribes in England fought the Romans. The Iceni tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, burned down Londinium in 61 AD. The Romans later defeated the tribes and restored Londinium. It became the capital of Roman Brittan. A Basilica, forum and fort were built, plus a wall around the city. The Romans ruled until 410. Medieval London After Edward came King Harold in1066. Later that year he was defeated by William, Norman duke
grown up around it. London has been an important settlement for over two millenniums. It is also one of the world's leading business, financial and cultural centres and its influence in politics, education, entertainment and even fashion contribute to its status as a major global city. London is a major tourist attraction with four world heritage sites, several royal parks and numerous iconic landmarks such as the Houses of Parliament, Towe Bridge, the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey and the London Eye. 2. History Although there is some evidence of a permanent settlement before the Romans came in 43 A.D., it is more accepted by historians that the Romans were the first. The settlement was called Londinium. The first London lasted for just seventeen years, for around AD 61, a tribe of Celts led by Queen Boudica stormed London, burning it to the ground. The next heavily-planned London
Big Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminister in London , and is often extended to refer to the clock or the clock tower as well. Big Ben is the largest four-faced chiming clock and the third-tallest free-standing clock tower in the world. It celebrated its 150th anniversarty in May 2009 (the clock itself first ticking on 31 May 1859), during which celebratory events took place. Another famos sightseeing is London Bridge. London Bridge is a bridge between the City of London and Southwark in London , England, over the River Thames. Situated between Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Tower Bridge , it forms the western end of the Pool of London . On the south side of the bridge are Soutwark Cathedral and London Bridge station on the north side are the Moment to the Grea Fire of London and Monument tube station. The Merlin Entertainments London Eye (known
· Ever since 1660 Household Troops have guarded the Sovereign Palaces. · The Palace of Whitehall was the main residence until 1689 and was guarded by the Household Cavalry. · The court moved to St James's Palace in 1689 and when Queen Victoria moved into Buckingham Palace the Queen's Guard remained at St James's Palace and a detachment guarded Buckingham Place, as it does today. Trooping the Colour · Often cited as the ceremonial event of the year, the Trooping the Colour marks the 'official' birthday of the Queen. · Her actual birthday is 21st April but it is a long-standing tradition to publicly celebrate her birthday on a summer day. · This tradition dates back to the early 18th century when the Colours of the battalion were carried past soldiers to reinforce the colours of their regiment so that they would recognise them in battle.
London London is the capital of Great Britain. It is situated on the river Thames. The Thames is a river flowing through southern England and connecting London with the sea. The Thames has a length of 346 kilometres (215 miles). The first bridge was the tower bridge, built in the 12th century. The second bridge was built in the year 1750. .The river Thames divides London into the northern and the southern part. The port of London is one of the greatest trade centres in the world. The river Thames is certainly the most famous water body in London. London is also the seat of the government of Great Britain. It is one of the largest cities in the world with its population of about seven million. Before the great fire in 1666 there were many wooden houses and
master and conductor at the Vanemuise Theatre. In 1944, when the theatre was destroyed, he left Estonia to Sweden. Monument to Gustav II Adolf In 1632, King Gustav II Adolf of Sweden, then at the war camp near Nürnburg, signed the charter to found Tartu University, which was also named Academia Gustaviana in his honour. The memorial statue to King Gustav II Adolf (1594-1632) stood next to the main building of the university from 1928, until 1950, when it was removed by the Soviet occupation forces. With Swedish assistance, it was repaired and re-mounted 42 years later, in 1992. The King of Sweden was present both at the original and the re-opening of the monument. Elisabeth Tebelius-Myren authored the restored work. Karl Ernst von Baer monument Karl Ernst von Baer was a naturalist, the founder of comparative embryology and geocryology, recognized worldwide as the discoverer of the ovum in mammals. He was a student of Tartu University, practiced in the sciences in Königsberg and St
the centre of the British Empire. Today London is a great political and commertial centre, a paradise for theatre-goers and shoppers, but it is also a very quiet place with its parks and ancient buildings, and a capital of culture with its museums and libraries. London attracts very large numbers of visitors and tourists. There are very many sights to see in London. For example: Buckingham Palace, St. Paul's Cathedral, Tower bridge, Tower of London, Houses of Parlament, The British Museum etc. Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the Queen and the Royal Family. When the Queen is at home the Royal Flag flies on top. Every day, at 11:30am at the gates of Buckingham Palace, you can see the Changing of the Guard. St. Paul's Cathedral is the centre of the city and the Royal Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana took place there.
Its maintenance is the responsibility of Historic Scotland.Crookston Castle sits atop a natural hill.To the north is a steep drop to the Levern Water. The castle has a rectangular main block, which was strengthened by a tower at each corner. This formed an irregular 'X-plan' shape, an unusual layout also seen at Hermitage Castle. Only the north-east corner tower survives to its former height, as well as the basement of the south-east tower. The two western towers were destroyed in the 15th century and never rebuilt, repairs in the 19th century have obscured even the remains of these. The main body of the castle measures about 19m by 12m, with walls up to 3.7m thick, and the north-east tower is around 6m square. The entrance is on the north side, adjacent to the north-east tower, and defended by a portcullis and two doors. A straight mural stair leads up to the right, while ahead is a barrel-vaulted basement with slit windows and a well
Official animal - Unicorn 24. Longer discussion point London: write as much as you know, its history, sights, its importance, how and why travel there, your personal views, etc. Capital of th eUK, also the capital of England. London is the biggest city in Britain and in Europe.From Estonia the easiest and. the fastest way to travel there woulb be by plane. Sights are Big Ben, House of parliament, the tower, tower bridge, buckingham palace.. London was the first city in the world to have an underground railway, known as the 'Tube'. is the business and financial heart of the United Kingdom. It was the original Roman settlement (ancient Londinium),.Also Buckingham Palace, the official London residence of the Queen and the Royal family are located there too. 25. Longer discussion point British Educational System: write as much as you can, why is it like it is nowadays,
Almost every component and construction technique would have to be invented from scratch. Glass for the capsules would have to be double-curved and laminated. And transportation of the components would take on a scale reminiscent of pyramid building: delivery would have to be timed to co- ordinate with tides in the River Thames, so that large parts could be safely negotiated under London's bridges. Clearance under Southwark Bridge would be as little as 40 centimetres. One of the world's tallest floating cranes would be needed to lift the massive quarter sections of the rim onto eight temporary platforms floating on the river. Each of the 32 passenger capsules would have to be designed to be just within the maximum width allowed on the French roads over which they would make their way to the English Channel and up the Thames. And it would all happen in just 16 months...
St. Paul`s Cathedral St Paul's Cathedral, London, is an Anglican cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of London and the mother church of the Diocese of London. It sits on Ludgate Hill at the highest point of the City of London and is a Grade 1 listed building. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604. The present church, dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir Christopher Wren . Its construction, completed in Wren's lifetime, was part of a major rebuilding programme in the City after the Great Fire of London. Westminster Abbey Westminster Abbey, formally titled the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, is a large, mainly Gothic abbey church in the City of Westminster, London, just to the west of the Palace of Westminster.
Tallinn, the capital city of the Republic of Estonia and of the Harju county, is a town in North Estonia on the coast of the Gulf of Finland. It has nearly half a million inhabitants and covers an area of almost 160 sqkm. It is also an important economic and cultural centre and one of the main ports in the Baltic States. Tallinn is one of the oldest cities on the Baltic Sea. It is unique for its well-preserved architecture from the 13-15 centuries. In contrast to the ancient town-walls and towers, Tallinn of today offers modern hotels, restaurants, sport and cultural centres. Every five years national song and folk dance festivals take place in Tallinn. The yachting regatta of the 1980 Moscow Olympic Games was held at Pirita. History Tallinn means in English "Danish town". The place is believed to have been settled by Finno-Ugric people about 2500 BC. It was first marked on a map of the world by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi in 1154
subdue. The Romans started to build good roads, appointed officials (governors, procurators to look after the estates and see that the goods were exported back to Rome) Romans developed a number of towns and introduced schools, new language Latin large farms, baths. In AD 410 they had to leave. 11. The battle of hastings. Bayeux Tapestry. On I 4 October 1066 an invading army from Normandy defeated the English at the Battle of Hastings. The battle was close and extremely bloody. At the end of it, most of the best warriors in England were dead , including their leader, King Harold. On Christmas day that year the Norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowned king of England. He is known in popular history as 'William the Conqueror'. The date is remembered for being the last time that England was successfully invaded. The Bayeux Tapestry is technically not a tapestry, but a huge band of embroidered linen, which
Wessex. As a result, the settlement was confined mostly to the north and east of the country. 11. The Norman Conquest. The successful Norman invasion of England in 1066 brought Britain into the mainstream of western European culture. Unlike the German invasions, the Norman invasion was small-scale. On 14 October 1066, an invading army from Normandy defeated the English at the Battle of Hastings. The battle was close and extremely bloody. At the end of it, most of the best warriors in England were dead, including their leader, King Harold. On Christmas Day that year, the Norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowned king of England. He is known in popular history as “William the Conqueror” and the date is remembered as the last time that England was successfully invaded. There was no such thing as a Norman area of settlement. Instead, the Norman
the Estonian authorities scheduled the cathedral for demolition in 1924, but the decision was never implemented due to lack of funds and the building's massive construction. As the USSR was officially non-religious, many churches including this cathedral were left to decline. The church has been meticulously restored since Estonia regained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Tallinn The church's towers hold Tallinn's most powerful church bell ensemble, consisting of 11 bells, including the largest in Tallinn, weighing 15 tonnes. You can hear the entire ensemble playing before each service. http://www.tourism.tallinn.ee/eng/fpage/explore/churches#!p_307 Old Town Twisting cobblestone lanes and iron street lamps. Gothic spires and medieval markets. Cappuccino and Wi-Fi. This is the city's famous Old Town. If you're looking for that mix of
Legend has it that one day, when the Danes were about to lose a bloody battle, the sky suddenly opened and a red flag with a white cross on it dropped down upon them from the heavens. This is allegedly how the Danes obtained their national flag, the Dannebrog in a battle against the Estonians. In the middle of the 14th century Denmark sold its possessions in Estonia to the German Teutonic Order. Toompea became the seat of the German-born gentry. A wall was built to separate the Upper Town and the Lower Town. In 1285 Tallinn joined the Hanseatic league and became a junction of trade between East and West. Tallinn is said to be built on salt, as it was an important trading commodity. In the 16th century Tallinn had a population of about 7,000 8,000 making it one of the biggest cities in northern Europe. In 1629 Sweden took control of the whole of Estonia. Though hard times
metropolitan area is estimated to have a total population of just under 14 million, the largest metropolitan area in the EU. The public transport network, administered by Transport for London, is one of the most extensive in the world, Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport in the world by international passenger traffic and the air space is the busiest of any city in the world. Leisure and entertainment Piccadilly Circus at night The Trooping the Colour held in 2006 to mark the Queen's 80th birthday. Within the City of Westminster, the entertainment district of the West End has its focus around Leicester Square, where London and world film premieres are held, and Piccadilly Circus, with its giant electronic advertisements. London's theatre district is here, as are many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants, including the city's Chinatown district, and just to the east is Covent Garden, an area housing speciality shops. The United
throughout the world and are the remains of the huge former British Empire. Today Britain assists them, but they may become independent whenever they wish. There have been some difficulties with some of the territories. Argentina has made claims to the Falkland Islands and Spain to Gibraltar. History When the glaciers retreated from Britain about 10,000 years ago, Stone-Age men started to inhabit the isles. The early Britons came across the land bridge which joined Britain to the continent. They were cave-dwellers at first. This way of life was replaced by the invaders from the Mediterranean lands. These men were the first farmers. In about 500 BC came the people whose homeland was near the Rhine River. These were the Celts. The Roman invasion began in 43AD. The Romans were highly organized conquerors. They built good roads, baths and bridges. The Romans stayed in the British Isles up to the 5th century
ENGLAND Capital: London Flag: Area: 50351 sq (130410 km) Location: Symbol: The red rose is widely recognised as the national flower of England. The oak is the national tree of England. Interesting plases: Royal Opera House The Royal Opera House is the third theatre on the Covent Garden site, the previous two being destroyed by fire. The new building opened in May 1858 becoming known as the Royal Opera House in 1892. Restoration work began again in 1996 and
Then it was called Reval for some time and finally Estonians started to call the town Tallinn from Taanilinn (Danish town) after the Danish conquest in the 13th century. The Knights of the Sword took Tallinn from the Danes in 1227 and made Toompea their fortress. In the middle of the 14th century Denmark sold its possessions in Estonia to the German Teutonic Order; Toompea became the seat of German-born gentry. A fortified wall was built between the Toompea (the Upper Town) and the Lower Town (inhabited by people of a lower social standing), as there were conflicts between the two. The doors and the gates of the wall were locked at night, a procedure which carried on until the end of the 19th century. Tallinn joined the German-dominated Hanseatic League in 1285 and became a junction of trade between East and West: furs, honey, leather and seal fat moved west, while salt, cloth, herring and wine moved 'in the opposite direction. As salt was an
square kilometres. About half of the 1.7 million inhabitants live in or around Belfast, the capital, in the eastern coastal region. The centrepiece of Northern Ireland's geography is Lough Neagh, at 151 square miles (392 km²) the largest freshwater lake both on the island of Ireland and in the British Isles, and the third largest lake in Western Europe. A second extensive lake system is centred on Lower and Upper Lough Erne in Fermanagh. Northern Ireland don't have an official flag any more nor a coat of arms. Due to the division of the population along ethnic, religious and political lines, a wide variety of flags can be seen flying from lampposts and private houses across Northern Ireland. Government. The British Constitution is an unwritten constitution, not being contained in a single legal document. England and Wales have no criminal or civil code. It is case law there
..........................................................68 5.2.5 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................69 5.3 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR LC AND BIM SYNERGY.........................................................................69 5 5.3.1 Crusell Bridge case study........................................................................................................69 5.3.2 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................71 5.4 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................73 CHAPTER 6- CONCLUSION ..........................................................
5. Which fortification in Britain dates from the Roman era and is listed in the World Heritage List? 1. Area of outstanding natural beauty 2. Wetlands 3. Northen Ireland 4. Carbon dioxide 5. Hadrian's Wall, in the north of England Physical geography 1. Which of the following countries is the nearest continental neighbour to Great Britain: Denmark, Portugal, France or Greece? 2. Which of these cities are close to the same line of latitude as London: Berlin, Moscow, New York, Vancouver, Calcutta, Warsaw and Nairobi? 3. How long would it take for a plane, travelling at 750 kilometres per hour, to fly over Great Britain from the far north to the south coast? 4. Which of these islands is about the same size as Great Britain: Ireland, Iceland, Cuba, Madagascar, Honshu or Greenland? 5. Which areas of Britain have most rainfall? 1. France 2. Berlin, Vancouver and Warsaw
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