Estonian Defence League In this world, different people like different things. Some people are into dancing, but some people are into war games and military things. For those, who like the last ones, there is a special organisation, that raises love to our home country in young people. Estonian Defence League even protects our country in case of a war or emergency. It has and always will be free and open to all of those, who are even a little bit interested in it. The Estonian Defence League was preceded in 1918 by Estonia's first armed home defence organisation: The Citizens' Defence Organisation (Omakaitse) against the public disorder accompanying the Russian Revolution. On 11 November in 1918 the Citizens'
Republic during its birth." (point to the list of students on the slide.) The youngest students of our school in the War of Independence were 15 and the oldest, Martin Hendrikson, celebrated his 21st birthday in 1918, making the average age for our schoolboys 17 years. After a few weeks of training for troops, boys went to war with the battalion for students, the armored trains, the naval battalion and naval landing. Some went to the machine-gun company, the Estonian Defence League, Kalevi Malev or straight to battle. The teachers formed their own unit. (point to the picture of teachers) In December 1918, the youngest of the teachers in our school at that time joined the battalion for teachers in the Tallinn's Defence League and went to war on the 14 th January 1919. The unit of teachers took part in battles in the southern parts of Estonia and in the areas of Latvia. The unit was dismissed and the teachers returned to schoolwork in March 1919. The school
Organisations Merilin Tamme Xa Tallinna Järveotsa Gymnasium 2008 The schedule · 04.04.1949 establishment of NATO. · 1951 Supreme Headquarters Allied Power Europe (SHAPE) was created near Paris in France. Later, SHAPE was relocated to Mons in Belgium. · 1952 Greece and Turkey join NATO. · 1955 Western Germany joins NATO. · 1982 Spain joins NATO. · 1991 Rome summit. Estonia is one of the founding members of the NACC. · January 1994 Brussels summit. Estonia joins PFP on 3 February. · March 1995 Estonia submits the first Individual Partnership for Peace (IPP) to NATO. It contains priority areas of cooperation with NATO and future cooperation events, altogether in 23 subject fields. · March 1997 beginning of involvement of Estonia in peacekeeping mission in SFOR (Stabilisation Force) in Bosnia Herzegovina (ESTPLA).
However, the Government headed by Prime Minister Konstantin Päts decided not to give up without a fight. During the first month of war Estonian soldiers were forced to retreat and the Red Army was able to occupy North- and South-Eastern Estonia. The university town of Tartu soon fell to the Red Army and in the beginning of January 1919 the enemy was just 40 kilometers from Tallinn (the capital of Estonia). At the time when few military units and volunteers of the Defence League showed desperate resistance on the front, intense organizational work took place in the rear. Colonel Johan Laidoner (since January 1919 Major General) who became Commander-in-Chief on December 23, 1918 was the coordinator and soul of these efforts. By January 5, 1919 14,000 additional men had been mobilized. Estonian forces could now set to counterattack and on the first birthday of the Estonian Republic (February 24, 1919) General Laidoner could report to
org/wiki/Tallinn Old Tallinn The Old Town can historically be divided into two distinct areas: Toompea Hill and the Lower Old Town, which were separated by a dividing wall since medieval times. The elevated area of Toompea Hill with its castle was occupied by the residences of Tallinn's rulers and gentry. The Lower Old Town meanwhile developed as an autonomous merchantile centre, flourishing during the 13th-16th centuries, when the city enjoyed membership of the powerful Hanseatic Trading League. Generally speaking these two districts are now collectively referred as the Old Town. The Town wall and towers Medieval fortresses, which emerged during the development of the medieval town at the end of the 13th century, surrounded the city centre as a closed defence zone. By the 16th century, Tallinn's defence system was one of the most powerful in Northern Europe. The city wall was three meters thick, sixteen meters high, and four kilometres long, completely
*Estonians conquered by the crusaders 1208 *Reformation 16th century establishments of new school, Estonians first book appeared in 1525 *Tartu University 1632 founded by King Gustavus II Adolphus, classical university, member of the Coimbra group *Abolition of serfdom 1816 *Song festival 1869 in Tartu, an organiser was J.V.Jannsen, 822 singers, men only *Declaration of independence 24th February 1918 *War of independence 1918-1920 during the Russian Civil War, resulted in a victory for Estonia *Deportation 1949 *Estonia becomes independent 20th August 1991 *Joining EU 1st May 2004 Language: Estonian language, belongs to the Balti-Finnic group of the Finno-Ugric languages,
The Estonians were the first to build a stronghold on the spot of the Toompea Hill, but the real Tallinn was built by the Danes who conquered the north of Estonia in 1219. Legend has it that one day, when the Danes were about to lose a bloody battle, the sky suddenly opened and a red flag with a white cross on it dropped down upon them from the heaven. This is how the Danes obtained their national flag. In 1346 the Danish king sold his Estonian lands to the Teutonic Order, who a year later resold them to the Livonian Order. The Germans renamed Tallinn and called it Reval. Toompea became the seat of the German-born gentry. A fortified wall was built between Toompea (the Upper Town) and the Lower Town, as there were conflicts between the two. The Lower Town was the home of simple people, the artisans and the merchants. The doors and gates in the wall were locked at night. Tallinn joined the German-dominated Hanseatic League in 1285 and became a junction
Many noblemen of the Baltic provinces had remarkable military careers, the most brilliant being Michael Barclay de Tolly who excelled in the war against Napoleon. Highly-educated and with good language skills, the share of Baltic Germans in the Russian diplomatic corps was considerable; several became ministers and governors general. 3|Page Population and social structure Systematic pillaging by Russian forces at the time of the Northern War, and the 17101711 plague epidemia, caused a huge demographic catastrophe. It is thought that after the Northern War there left no more than 150 000170 000 Estonians. The early 18th-century post-war crisis marked the lowest ebb in the Estonian population. But due to a high natural population growth and partly also to immigration, the number of Estonians began to rise rapidly. In 1725, the Estonian population was 220 000, in 1765, 400 000 and in 1858, 750 000.
PIL regulates relations between states. Thats why PIL is important for international relation students. PIL influences the life of everybody, it doesn't regulate people directly but indirectly (through the decisions of the states), because it's everywhere. It's like air. E.g. when you want to send a letter to Brazil, you put a stamp from your own country and send it from your post office and the letter gets delivered. Why is this so easy, because there are certain international conventions that regulate postal services. E.g. traffic signs are almost the same everywhere, why? Because of certain int conventions that require the states to have more or less unified traffic signs. States apply international regulations to national regulations and they have to be in accordance with each other, the states can always specify these regulations. Therefore, PIL regulates people indirectly.
refer to a land called Eistland, close to the German term Estland for the country. Early Latin and other ancient versions of the name are Estia and Hestia. Until the late 1930s, the name was often written as Esthonia in most English speaking countries. Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic and is divided into fifteen counties. The capital and largest city is Tallinn. With a population of only 1.4 million, it is one of the least-populous members of the European Union. Estonia was a member of the League of Nations from 22 September 1921, has been a member of the United Nations since 17 September 1991, of the European Union since 1 May 2004 and of NATO since 29 March 2004 Estonia has also signed the Kyoto protocol. Economy Estonian economy was one of the fastest growing in the world until 2006 with growth rates even exceeding 10% annually. Despite some concerns both in and outside of the country, the Estonian economy and its currency remained highly resilient and solvent.
River. Tacitius, the Roman historian, was the first one to mention it (AESTI), while the Arab scholar alIdrisi was the first one to mark it on a map (as ASTLANDA). To the ancient Scandinavians the land was known as EISTLAND; to modern Scandinavians it is known as ESTLAND. Most contemporary languages use the Latin name ESTONIA. FLAG The Estonian blueblackandwhite national flag was originally the flag of the Estonian Student's Society, consecrated in Otepää Church in 1884. today there is a memorial plaque on the church wall commemorating the event. The Flag Museum attracts tourists who take an interest in the history of the flag. After about half a century, during which it was prohibited by the Soviet authorities, the flag was sen again in public for the first time in Tartu. Many elderly people were carrying the flags they had kept in secret hiding places durin the Soviet years; tears were rolling down their cheeks. On 24 February
brought to south-eastern Great Britain in the 5th century AD by Germanic settlers from various parts of northwest Germany (Saxons, Angles). Estonian in comparison is a language that has been spoken in the area of present day Estonia for more than 4000 years, Meri (1976). 4 First links Although written evidence of regular links between Estonia and England date back only into the beginning of the 20 th century, it is clear that there have been links also earlier. These contacts might be very old. During Hanseatic times the trade on the Baltic Sea was quite active. The links might be even older. Historians have claimed that already during the second Punic war in 218 BC a northern nation called Esths controlled the north south trade of furs. It is most likely that some furs also reached the area of present day England. Even more likely contacts between Estonia and England date back to the beginning of the second millennium AD
Project ESTONIA MAP OF ESTONIA Southern Viljandimaa The southern part of Viljandi county catches the eye with its sublime scenery. The area today lies in the very heart of the historical Mulgimaa the home of hills, deep valleys and lakes brought together by a beauty spot Halliste primeval valley. According to several folk tales, it is also in these valleys, woods and bogs that Old Nick found refuge.The great variety displayed in the nature is also reflected in the local cultural heritage
227 square kilometres and a population estimated at 1.3 million. The Estonian people largely speak Estonian but many of them also speak Russian and English, Russian more common as a secondary language. As being Estonian we know that less is always more. Best to be concise and to the point. Talking a lot and taking centre stage is considered rude and disrespectful. Estonians are known as hardworking, responsible, rule-obedient simple people. For example there is law that after 18 years old finished with school, men need to serve military for one year. there is no way out of it and if they refuse they will get a fine and still get a call to come there. No wonder why Estonians can be very serious people after passed the navy. In fact I think it's a plus to Estonia as they will be always ready to defence their freedom with belief that they know what they are doing.
being the Gulf of Finland, the Gulf of Riga and the Gulf of Pärnu. Bays include the Narva Bay, Matsalu Bay, Kolga Bay, Kunda Bay, Tallinn Bay etc. Estonia has over 1500 islands, the largest being Saaremaa and Hiiumaa, Muhu and Vormsi. Saaremaa and Muhumaa are connected to each other with a bridge. The best- known smalles islands are Naissaar, Aegna, Ruhnu, Kihnu, Väike-Pakri, Suur-Pakri etc. 3. Relief Lying in the north-western part of the East-European Plain, Estonia is mostly flat with an average elevation of about 50 metres above sea level. South-eastern and eastern parts of Estonia are higher than the western parts. The relief of the present-day landscape was shaped during the Ice Age. Ice sheet has carried large boulders and limestone blocks here, not to mention that the hilly terrain in Estonia was also shaped by the continental ice and the melting water. The land is rising 25 cm every one hundred years
Taanilinn (Danish town) after the Danish conquest in the 13th century. The Knights of the Sword took Tallinn from the Danes in 1227 and made Toompea their fortress. In the middle of the 14th century Denmark sold its possessions in Estonia to the German Teutonic Order; Toompea became the seat of German-born gentry. A fortified wall was built between the Toompea (the Upper Town) and the Lower Town (inhabited by people of a lower social standing), as there were conflicts between the two. The doors and the gates of the wall were locked at night, a procedure which carried on until the end of the 19th century. Tallinn joined the German-dominated Hanseatic League in 1285 and became a junction of trade between East and West: furs, honey, leather and seal fat moved west, while salt, cloth, herring and wine moved 'in the opposite direction. As salt was an important trading commodity, Tallinn is said to have been built on it. Its geographical
Topic Sports Tallinn English College 8b form 2007 1. Introduction For some people sport plays a very important part in their lives. And to some, it is even a way of life. There are different kinds of sports. For instance, there are sports meant for playing indoors, some can be practised only at a certain time of year. There are winter and summer sports also. Skiing, figure-skating, sledding and snowboarding these four most popular are practised during winter. Good examples of summer sports are: swimming, badminton, roller skating and golf. 2. The ancient Olympic Games The first recorded Olympic Games took place in 776. B.C. at Olympia but the city may have functioned as a meeting place for worship and other political practices many years earlier. The city is located in western Greece
Kunda Ühisgümnaasium Tallin Old Town Report Student: Kristin Karu Teacher: Kristi Aron Kunda 2012 The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is an orthodox cathedral in the Tallinn Old Town,Estonia. It was built to a design by Mikhail Preobrazhensky in a typical Russian Revivalstyle between 1894 and 1900, during the period when the country was part of theRussian Empire. The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is Tallinn's largest and grandest orthodox cupola cathedral. It is dedicated to Saint Alexander Nevsky who in 1242 won the Battle of the Ice on Lake Peipus, in the territorial waters of present-day Estonia. The late Russian patriarch, Alexis II, started his priestly ministry in the church. Interior of the Cathedral. The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral crowns the hill of Toompea where the Estonian folk hero
.............................................................................11 Introduction I chose the Tallinn's Seaplane Harbour because of its secluded nature combined with great value. I want know to why it was forgotten for such a long time, what makes it unique and what are the future plans concerning this architectural wonder. History Early History At the end of 1913, research work commenced on constructing an airfield which was to be built as part of the Peter the Great's sea fortress (nowadays Patarei). For this purpose, 6,000 square fathoms of land was appropriated a couple of hundred meters in the direction of Paljassaare. The construction of Noblessner's shipyard had already begun on the adjacent plot and pursuant to the basic principles and plans of Tallinn's fortifications as approved by Nikolai II in 1911; the plan foresaw the construction of two identical and adjacent hangar complexes. At the beginning of
2 Towns (Upper & Lower Town) Tallinn used to be divided into 2 parts - Upper Town where lived the aristocracy, gentry and the clergy; and Lower Town with traders, craftsmen and merchants. Legend says the Toompea Hill is actually the tumulus mound of the great Kalev. Linda carried rocks to his grave. It is a naturally- formed limestone hill. Lower Town was a merchantile centre, Tallinn also belonged to the Hansaetic League (1285). It is often referred to as the town of citizens. Any grown-up, married and economically independent person, born in a legal marriage between two free people and having lived in the town for at least 3 months, could apply to the Magistracy for citizenship. Serfs could escape from serdom after having successfully hidden in town for a year and a day. Two parts remained separated until the end of the 19th century. Four Names
white cross on it dropped down upon them from the heavens. This is allegedly how the Danes obtained their national flag, the Dannebrog in a battle against the Estonians. In the middle of the 14th century Denmark sold its possessions in Estonia to the German Teutonic Order. Toompea became the seat of the German-born gentry. A wall was built to separate the Upper Town and the Lower Town. In 1285 Tallinn joined the Hanseatic league and became a junction of trade between East and West. Tallinn is said to be built on salt, as it was an important trading commodity. In the 16th century Tallinn had a population of about 7,000 8,000 making it one of the biggest cities in northern Europe. In 1629 Sweden took control of the whole of Estonia. Though hard times continued, the period that followed is known as the "good old Swedish era": foundations were laid for
Olympiad. In the beginning the games lasted for only one day and comprised only one event, the running of one Stadion, but gradually more events were added resulting, towards the 5th century B.C., in the games lasting for 5 days. In total the Olympic Games consisted of 10 events: running, the pentathlon (viievõistlus), jumping, discus, "ekebolon" javelin, wrestling, boxing, the pancration, chariot racing and horse racing. All Greeks who were not criminals had the right to take part in the games. Women were not allowed to compete, they could not even watch the competition. The athletes presented themselves 1 moth before the games began at Elis, the organising town. The athletes had to swear that they would compete with honour and respect the rules. The victors enjoyed great honours and on returning to their cities their compatriots pulled down part of the walls for them to enter. They were also given special privileges and high office.
European Union Exam 1949 France, UK and the Benelux countries decide to set in place a Council of Europe. 1951 Treaty of Paris signed by the Six (Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands), establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). 1957 Treaties of Rome establish the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). 1959 July, seven countries of the Organisation for European Economic Co- operation (OEEC) – Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK – decide to establish a European Free Trade Association (EFTA). 1960 Creation of European Free Trade Association 1961 UK applies to join the Community. 1962 The Parliamentary Assembly changes its name to the European Parliament. 1965 The Treaty merging the executives of the three Communities (ECSC, EEC, Euratom) is signed in Brussels; enters into force on July 1, 1967.
Of this number 62 per cent are Estonians. Estonians speak the Estonian language, which is closely related to Finnish. Estonia's flag has three horizontal stripes. The blue stripe at the top of the flag represents the sky. The middle stripe of black stands for the land. The white stripe at the bottom symbolizes hope in the future. The president is the most powerful official in Estonia's government. The country's parliament elects the president to a five-year term. The parliament has 101 members, who are elected by the people. The prime minister is recommended by the president and he heads the operations of the government. Modern industrial development, which began in the second half of the 19 th century was oriented toward the Russian market. Large textile mills were set up in Narva and electric motor production plants and shipyard in Tallinn. Today Narva provides most of Estonian's electricity. Developments in the Estonian agriculture have been influenced by the changes in the
Sea winds keep the weather from becoming very cold or hot. Estonia’s flag has three horizontal stripes. The blue stripe at the top of the flag represents the sky. The middle stripe of black stands for the land. The white stripe at the bottom symbolizes hope in the future. The president is the most powerful official in Estonia’s government. The country’s parliament elects the president to a five-year term. The parliament has 101 members, who are elected by the people. The prime minister is recommended by the president and he heads the operations of the government. Modern industrial development, which began in the second half of the 19 th century was oriented toward the Russian market. Large textile mills were set up in Narva and electric motor production plants and shipyard in Tallinn. Today Narva provides most of Estonian’s electricity.
and Lake Peipsi. The country is populated by Estonians who belong to the Western Finnish group of nations, a branch of the Finno-Ugric stem, and speak the Estonian language. Estonia is the northernmost of the Baltic States. From west to east the length of the country is 360 kilometres and the width, from north to south, is 255 kilometres. The area is 45,227 square kilometres of which more than 4,000 square kilometres are made up by islands and islets (over 1,000); there are more than 1,400 lakes that form nearly 5% of the total area. More than 40% of the entire area is woodland. The country is flat; the average elevation is 50 metres above sea level. The highest peak, Suur Munamägi rises to only 317 metres. High limestone features characterise the north of the country, while the south has a drumlin terrain. The maritime climate is temperate, summers are warm and winters mildly cold, the average
Milestones in Estonian History The Estonians are a Finno-Ugric people who came from the area near the Urals and the Volga and Oka rivers. They migrated westward to the Baltic shores some 5, 000 years ago. In the ninth century A.D. Viking ships invaded Estonia and the country became a vital link in the sea-trade between East and West. By the 12th century, the Arabian geographer al-Idrisi had placed the city on his maps. In the 13th century, Tallinn joined the Hanseatic League, the union of European commercial towns that stretched from London to Novgorod. Pärnu, Viljandi and Tartu were also members. Estonia became a vital link in the sea-trade between East and West. The oldest preserved book written in Estonian, a catechism, dates from 1535. Tartu University was established in 1632, on orders from Sweden's King Gustav II Adolf. Literacy spread. The Bible was translated into Estonian in 1739(pole vaja teada).
music and culture. Its aim is to bring together all the traditional songs and singers from across the country, as well as guest singers from other countries. The first AllEstonian Song Festival was held in 1869 in the town of Tartu , near the centre of Estonia. Around 870 singers took part, along with 76 musicians. Things have changed a lot, and today, the average festival gathering involves 25,000 participants, including large, joint choirs from all over Estonia. Festivals often close with choirs of around 25,000 taking part in an electrifying finale, in front of an openair audience of about 100,000. The festival takes place at the beginning of July, and it's common for many Estonians to take the week off work and travel to Tallinn to join in the celebrations
Merger of Institutions - 1965 - Elimination of Commission and council of Euratom and the High Authority and Council of ECSC Single European Act - 1986 - First relevant amendments of the treatiers after rome - Main task: making the single market possible - More powers to EP - Establishment of European Council Stress on Social Dimension - Necessity to overcome the imbalances among and within the member states - Equal employment opportunities, social rights, working conditions Schengen - 1985 – BE, FR, LU, NL, DE - Gradual abolition of borer checks, een non-EU states - 1990, supplemented by the Schengen Convention which proposed the abolition of internal border controls and a common visa policy - Freedom of movement sitt as part of single market The European Union Maastricht Treaty - 3 pillars - More powerts to EP
of the world's land surface and a quarter of its population • However, the UK had suffered 2.5 million casualties and finished the war with a huge national debt World War II • The UK entered World War II by declaring war on Germany in 1939, after the Nazis had invaded Poland and Czechoslovakia • In 1940, Winston Churchill became prime minister and head of a coalition government • UK forces played an important role in the Normandy landings of 1944, achieved with its ally the US After the war • The UK became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council • However, the war left the UK severely weakened and depending financially on the Marshall Plan • Despite rising living standards in the late 1950s and 1960s, the UK's economic
The highest point in Estonia and also in the Baltic region is Suur Munamägi. It is 318. above sea level. Estonia is a country of a thousand lakes. The Largest one is Lake Peipsi which is also the fourth biggest freshwater lake in Europe. Lake Peipsi and Lake Võrtsjärv are rich in fish. Estonia has many rivers but only nine of them are longer than 100km. The most important ones are Pärnu River and Emajõgi River Climate Estonia lies in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Because Estonia is continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream it has a milder climate despite its northern latitude. Northern latitude means long summer daylight hours (the longest summer day stretches to 19 hours), and dark winters when daylight lasts sometimes only six hours. Being on the Baltic Sea the country is subjected to sea breezes and humidity.
Saskatchewan. Canada is one of the world's most important suppliers of agricultural products, with the Canadian Prairies one of the most important suppliers of wheat and other grains. Common agriculture plants are barley, oats, rye and wheat. Canada is the world's largest producer of zinc and uranium and a world leader in many other natural resources such as gold, nickel, aluminium, and lead; many, if not most, towns in the northern part of the country, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber. 7. Climate Because of its great latitudinal extent, Canada has a wide variety of climates. Ocean currents play an important role, with both the warm waters of the Gulf Stream in the Atlantic and the Alaska Current in the Pacific affecting climate. Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location. Winters
46. has not fulfilled ei ole täitnud (nt kohustusi) 47. in active service tegevteenistuses 48. shall be revoked tühistatud/tagasi võetud 49. decree of the government valitsuse määrus 50. has entered the government or military service astuma valitsuse või sõjaväe teenistusse 51. without permission from the government ilma valitsuse loata 52. has entered the intelligence or security service astuma luure või julgeoleku teenistusse 53. has joined an organisation liituma organisatsiooniga 54. engages itself in military activities seostab ennast militaartegevusega 55. attempted to change teinud katset muuta (midagi) 56. on the basis of deliberately submitted false information tahtlikult esitatud valeinformatsiooni alusel 57. as the result of the intentional withholding of information tahtlikul informatsiooni varjamise põhjusel 58. regarding circumstances which prelude receipt of Estonian citizenship puutub
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