to parts of some garments before ironing, to stiffen them. Mixing most starches in warm water produces a paste, such as wheatpaste, which can be used as a thickening, stiffening or gluing agent. Slide 3 Starch is the major component of natural food, sometimes taking about 70% of the mass. Therefore it is important to know how starch content and its characteristics like size, cell thickness change starch digestion in gastrointestinal tract. Slide 4 In mammals starch is hydrolysed by enzymes into glucose through several steps. The first step takes place in the mouth were the salivary alfa-amylase reacts, but its efficiency degrades when it reaches the stomach. In the stomach different digestive fluids, which contain starch degrading enzymes, do the hydrolysis. The third step and the majority of starch hydrolysis takes place in small intestine where pancreatic alfa-amylase break the most bonds and creates new products. The fourth and last stepi s hydrolysing the remaining
anesteetikum suksinüülkoliin põhjustab osadel patsientidel, kas lühema või pikema lihaste paralüüsi ja apnea. Põhjus pseudokoliinesteraasi erinev kineetika. Päritavusviis: AR. *Isoniaziidi teraapia erinevused tuberkuloosi puhul. Põhjus N-atsetüültransferaas 2 alleelid (NAT2*5ja NAT2*6). Seotud tundlikusega paljude ravimite suhtes. Aeglastel atsetüleeriatel tekkisid perifeersed neuropaatiad. *1977 a. debrisokviin R.Smith laboris (CYP450 perekond). *A. Motulsky "Drug reactions, enzymes and biochemical genetics". *1970 a. farmakogeneetilised seosed halvaloomulise hüpertermia, düsaotonoomia, porfüüria, hemolüüsiga. *Seosed alkoholdehüdrofenaasi madala aktiivsusega, resistentsus kumariini antikoagulantidele. *Momendisituatsioon: kõik olemasolevad ravimid mõjuvad läbi ca. 400 märklaudmolekuli!
biosüntees – biosynthesis orgaaniline süntees – organic synthesis bioaktiivsus – bioactivity biokatalüsaatorid – biocatalysts toidulisandid - dietary supplements; food supplements; nutraceuticals 3. Eesti Märksõnastikus kirjutasin otsingusse „bioaktiivsed ained“, sealt kitsamad märksõnad. biogeensed amiinid – biogenic amines digitoniin - digitonin ensüümid - enzymes feromoonid - pheromones fütontsiidid - phytoncides fütotoitained - phytochemicals; phytonutrients; plant chemicals hormoonid - hormones katehhoolamiinid - catecholamines looduslikud ühendid - natural products semiokemikaalid - semiochemicals steroidid - steroids vasoaktiivsed ained - vasoactive drugs vitamiinid – vitamins 4
3) Otsing Yahhoo´st. Kasutasin inglise keelt: biocatalytic stereochemical synthesis http://search.yahoo.com/search;_ylt=Aur0Lgsn1nx5CzTv_t7fiHSbvZx4? p=biocatalytic+stereochemical+synthesis&toggle=1&cop=mss&ei=UTF- 8&fr=yfp-t-701 18 900 tulemust Nii suure hulga tulemuste seas õigete ülesleidmiseks tuleks täpsustada otsingut. e) 1 teemakohase artikli kirje Biocatalyticsynthesis of hydroxylated natural products using aldolases and related enzymes. (2001) [WWW] http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958166901002658 (03.04.2012) 6.2 Patendiinformatsiooni otsing ülemaailmsest patentide andmebaasist espacenet. a) Leia kõigepealt elektroonilise programmiga zig-zag õmblusmasinate Euroopa klassifikatsiooni number: sisesta otsikastikesse "Find classification(s) for keywords" märksõnad zig zag sewing machines b) esita klassifikaatori alajaotuse nimetus: Programme-controlled sewing machines
urine can be processed / no problem of removing urine / AW; pure / drinkable / useable, water produced; A water recycled space saving / less water needs to be taken into space; payload limit / weight reduction / AW; no problem in separating enzyme from products / product not contaminated; ref. to longer shelf-life of enzyme; no need to take more enzymes into space / enzymes reusable; A enzymes recoverable AVP; e.g. larger surface area of enzyme exposed, more stable at extremes, ref. to ease of use (of bioreactor) 3 [6] 13. (i) adding / using, water to break, bond / ester bond, (in molecule);
Anaerobic Energy Systems Anaerobic Pathways · Anaerobic Glycolysis (lactate system) 10 s to 2 minutes. · ATP-PCr (phosphate system) Less than 10 s · 200 m Sprint (50-100 m Sprint swimming) Men's WR:19.32 s - Michael Johnson (37.3 km/h) Women's WR: 21.34s - Flo Griffith-Joyner (34 km/h · Energy system: The lactate system · Fuel: Carbohydrate only Anaerobic Glycolysis · Breakdown of glucose or glycogen via special glycolytic enzymes. · First glucose or glycogen must be converted to Glucose 6-phosphate. Glucose to glucose 6-phosphate costs 1 ATP · Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, without oxygen pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid. · Net gain 3 moles of ATP (glucose = 2 ATP) Anaerobic Glycolysis · Reserve fuel activated when a person accelerates during race, during the last 200 m of a mile run, or performs a 400 m run or 100 m swim. Lactic Acid/Lactate Formation
suurepärase ülevaate valkudest. 16 Võõrkeelne lühikokkuvõte Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. Like other biological macromolecules, proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in every process within cells. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism. Most proteins are fold into unique 3- dimensional structures such as primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure. The best-known role of proteins in the cell is as enzymes, which catalyze chemical reactions. Your body uses the protein you eat to make lots of specialized protein molecules that have specific jobs. For instance, your body uses protein to make haemoglobin,
bacteria to adhere to the corneal surface. Attachment keeps bacteria safe from blinking activity of the eyelids and being washed off by the lachrymal secretions (Postma et al., 2007). The pilated strain of Moraxella bovis is the only form able to cause infection and clinical signs. Nonpilated forms do not cause infections. Moraxella bovis has some factors associated with fibroblasts, neutrophils and collagenase release from epithelial cells. One of these factors are hydrolytic enzymes which have the ability to degrade lipids, matrix proteins, mucopolysaccharides may cause corneal ulcerations. There are also necrotizing and cytotoxic factors released by bacteria, that exterminates corneal epithelial cells. Moraxella bovis has ability to produce hemolysin and it is essential virulence factor of bacteria. Nonhemolytic strains are not so capable to cause IBK. The source of hemolytic isolates can be recovered when there is enough UV radiation (Brown et al., 1998).
Summary Metabolism is one of the things that can be used to classify bacteria. For example aerobic and anaerobic bacteria are differentiated on the bases of their need for oxygen in the metabolism. The following report is a brief overview of bacterial metabolism, that is mostly concentrated on the diffrence between anaerobic metabolism ja aerobic metabolism. Because of the complexity of bacterial metabolism the report is mainly about the fundamental diffrences in catabolism (enzymes used and energy and products that are gained) and the defenceses that are used against oxidative stress. To write this report different literary sources, review journals and articels have been used to describe the metabolism in anaerobes and in aerobes. Sissejuhatus Metabolism on kõikide rakus toimuvate protsesside ja reaktsioonide ühine nimetaja. Need protsessid võib jagada kahte rühma vastavalt lõhustumis (katabolism) või sünteesi protsesside (anabolism) hulka
Biokeemia protokoll Ensüümideks nimetatakse polüpeptiidilisi valke mille toimeks on tõsta reaktsioonikiirust ehk neid nimetatakse bioloogilisteks katalüsaatoriteks. Looduses on erinevaid ensüüme millel on oma süstemaatiline nimetus ja triviaalnimetus. Süstemaatilist nimetust saab ensüümidele ära määrata Ensüümi klassifikatsiooni järgi (Enzyme Classification). Süsteem leiutati aastal 1956 Rahvusvahelise Ensüümi Komissiooni (International Comission of Enzymes) poolt. Klassifikatsioonis määratakse ära missuguse ensüümiga on tegemist ja millega too reageerib. Ensüümi klassifikatsioonis on kuus peamist rühma millel on oma nimetus olemas: 1) Oksüreduktaasid mille funktsiooniks on redoksreaktsioonid ehk elektronide ülekanne. 2) Transferaasid mille funktsiooniks on funktsionaalsete rühmade ülekanne ühelt molekulilt teisele. 3) Hüdrolaasid ehk keemiliste sidemete katkestamine hüdrolüüsi teel.
trans configuration, but occasionally in the cis configuration. Polar side chains (Ser, Thr, Cys, His, Asn, Gln) have the potential to form H-bonds with the solvent, each other and the peptide bond. This is important in what is called helix-capping, in which the unfulfilled H-bonds of the backbone are satisfied. When H-bonded and buried they are effectively no longer polar. The pK of the imidazole of His (6.7) means that at physiological pH it can function either as an acid or a base. Many enzymes use His as a general acid/base catalyst. Cys can make disulfide bonds, which act as covalent cross-links. Charged side chains are usually found on the surface. Buried ones tend to have several H- bonds to "diffuse" the charge. Salt bridges are ion pairs between an acid and basic amino acid. The Asp side chain is more rigid than that of Glu due to the shorter chain in Asp, thus Asp is more frequently found in the active sites of enzymes.
Sidorenko and Buzoleva (2007) stated that soil microbiocenosis is one of the most complicated biological communities. Various interrelationships occur between bacteria in the process of their activity, including those at the metabolic level. These interralationships can will bias the balanced system. For instance, Halasz et al. (2011) researched clearly showed that soils, degradation and transformation of natural and xenobiotics depends on the activities of soil enzymes and the number and activities of soil micro organisms. Deposited waste of dumps as an ecological factor changes the chemical composition, microflora and enzyme activity of soils. Agriculture and fertilisation of soil is another mojor game changer for the microflora of soil. Canbolat et al. (2007) state in their research that microbial biomass appeared to increase with both mineral fertilization and bacterial inoculation, whereas the microbial community
wikipedia.org/wiki/American_bison 11. http://www.gpnc.org/bison.htm 16 12. http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/american-bison/ 13. Dexter, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_cattle 14. http://www.eolss.net/Sample-Chapters/C10/E5-24-03-02.pdf 15. Why Dexters? http://www.dextercattle.co.uk/breed-info/why-dexters/ 16. Bellmanna, Wegner jpt, 2003, Beef versus dairy cattle: a comparison of metabolically relevant hormones, enzymes, and metabolites, Saksamaa 17. Heck cattle, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heckcattle 18. Bowling A.T & Ruvinsky A., 2004, The Genetics of The Cow 19. Enderby Island cattle, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enderby_Island_cattle 20. Enderby Island, http://www.rarebreeds.co.nz/endcattlepro.html 17
Science, Open Nutrition Journal, Food Cured Meat Products (2002). Analytical Methods, Open Enzyme Inhibition Professor Toldrá was awarded the 2002 Journal and Journal of Food and Nutrition International Prize for meat science and tech- Research. He is a member of the European nology by the International Meat Secretariat Food Safety Authority panel on flavorings, and was elected in 2008 as Fellow of the enzymes, processing aids, and materials in International Academy of Food Science & contact with foods. Technology (IAFOST) and in 2009 as Professor Toldrá has acted as editor or Fellow of the Institute of Food Technologists associate editor of several books in recent (IFT). xv Handbook of Meat Processing Part I Technologies Chapter 1
number of reasons. 2.2. Biofuels' feedstock and future projections There are mainly two types of liquid biofuels, which have significantly grown in the last decade: that is bioethanol and biodiesel. Bioethanol is based on sugar, extracted from sugarcane and beet, or starch, which mainly comes from maize, wheat or cassava. Starch- based crops must be first converted into sugars in the saccarification process, which requires substantial volumes of enzymes to turn starch into sugars (Soetaert, W. 2008). The starchy products represent only a small percentage of the total plant mass. Other plants' building blocks like cellulose and lignin are currently not being used to make biofuels as there is not a commercial viable production method for making ethanol form cellulosic biomass (FAO, 2008). Biodiesel is based on the oil crops, such as rapeseed in Europe and soybean in the USA and Brazil
anesteetikum suksinüülkoliin põhjustab osadel patsientidel, kas lühema või pikema lihaste paralüüsi ja apnea. Põhjus pseudokoliinesteraasi erinev kineetika. Päritavusviis: AR. Isoniaziidi teraapia erinevused tuberkuloosi puhul. Põhjus N- atsetüültransferaas 2 alleelid (NAT2*5 ja NAT2*6). Seotud tundlikkusega paljude ravimite suhtes. Aeglastel atsetüleerijatel tekkisid perifeersed neuropaatiad. 1977 a. debrisokviin R. Smith laboris (CYP450 perekond). A. Motulsky "Drug reactions, enzymes and biochemical genetics". 1970 a. farmakogeneetilised seosed halvaloomulise hüpertermia, düsaotonoomia, porfüüria, hemolüüsiga. Seosed alkoholdehüdrogenaasi madala aktiivsusega, resistentsus kumariini antikoagulantidele. Momendisituatsioon: kõik olemasolevad ravimid mõjuvad läbi ca. 400 märklaudmolekuli! 32. Öko- ja toksikogeneetika. Ökogeneetika uurib geneetilisi variatsioone, mis on seotud vastusega keskkonnatingimustele (toksiinid, pestitsiidid, toidukomponendid,
Aldolaas: Disease Aldolase A, fructose-bisphosphatase http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/www_bget?omim+103850 Aldolase C, fructose-bisphosphatase http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/www_bget?omim+103870 Aldolase B, fructose-bisphosphatase http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/www_bget?omim+229600 Reference 1 Horecker, B.L., Tsolas, O. and Lai, C.Y. Aldolases, in Boyer, P.D. (Ed.), The Enzymes, 3rd edn., vol. 7, Academic Press, New York, 1972, pp. 213-258. 2 http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/www_bget?medline+2649077 Alefounder PR, Baldwin SA, Perham RN, Short NJ. Cloning, sequence analysis and over-expression of the gene for the class II fructose 1,6-bisphosphate aldolase of Escherichia coli. Biochem. J. 257 (1989) 529-34. Püruvaatkinaas: Disease Pyruvate kinase-3 http://www.kegg.com/dbget-bin/www_bget
TFIID is the first protein to bind to DNA during the formation of the pre-initiation transcription complex of RNA polymerase II. TBP is also a necessary component of RNA polymerase I and RNA polymerase III, and is, it is thought, the only common subunit required by all three of the RNA polymerases. · HAT histoonide atsetüültranseferaas. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) are enzymes that acetylate conserved lysine amino acids on histone proteins by transferring an acetyl group from acetyl CoA to form -N-acetyllysine. DNA is wrapped around histones, and by transferring an acetyl group to the histones, genes can be turned on and off. Histone acetylation increases gene expression. In general, histone acetylation is linked to transcriptional activation and associated with euchromatin. Jaguneb A tüüpi
metabolic or enzymatic products characteristic of a particular infectious agent. Since bacteria ferment carbohydrates in patterns characteristic of their genus and species, the 2 detection of fermentation products is commonly used in bacterial identification. Acids, alcohols and gases are usually detected in these tests when bacteria are grown in selective liquid or solid media. The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent, is bound by the antibody. This binding then
stone. 14. Though S-Allyl cysteine (SAC) is an easier molecule to get into your bloodstream and has been implicated in minimizing the damage of glycation and free radicals in diabetes, it would be premature to label this the single component responsible for lipid changes or fat-loss. The fat-loss could well be due to several synergistic compounds in garlic that activate phase I and II detoxification enzymes. Advanced ICE AGE Mastering Temperature to Manipulate Weight Don't tell me it's impossible, tell me you can't do it. Tell me it's never been done ... the only things we really know are Maxwell's equations, the three laws of Newton, the two postulates of relativity, and the periodic table. That's all we know that's true. All the rest are man's laws.
reddish-brown colour instead of black/sepia. In Shaw's terminology which can confuse modern readers, chocolate is a dilute of black (while blue is "maltesing" of black). It became apparent that Barrington dilution gene was in a different location to the ordinary black/chocolate genes and was inherited independently of black/chocolate. That means it wasn't the modern cinnamon. Genes in different locations can affect different enzymes involved in production of the same protein, in this case the production of eumelanin pigment. Shaw referred to the “standard chocolate dilution" as affecting enzyme D while the Barrington system affected enzyme B. He identified Barrington Brown as having 2 alleles; the dominant wild type and the recessive Barrington Brown dilution. B+ = Wild type gene. Apparently responsible for normal Enzyme B production, giving full intensity of melanin. b = Barrington Brown recessive gene
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