THE FAMILY Marriage changes over the centuries constantly, surprisingly and swiftly. It cannot be defined as a sacred union between a man and a woman, as marriages have not always been considered sacred. Marriage has often been seen as a union between one man and several women. And sometimes marriage has been seen as a union between one woman and several men, as in southern India, for example, one bride may be shared by several brothers. Marriage has also, at times, been recognized as a union between two men (as in ancient Rome, where marriages between aristocratic males were recognized by law), or as a union between two siblings (as in medieval Europe, when valuable property was at stake); or as a union between two children (again in Europe,
children, families horribly crowded(unsanitary housing) severe economic depression in the early 1840s. Writers who speak about industrialism and its effects: Elizabet Barrett Browning(The Cry of the Chuldren), Friendrich Engels(The Condition of the Working Class), Karl Marx(The Communist Manifesto 1848), Elizabeth Gaskell(Mary Barton), Charles Dickens, Thomas Hardy, William Makepeace Thackeray. ``The Woman Question" women wanted more rights, the role of women changed, women did efforts to move beyond the home, women forced into new kinds of labour, Jane Eyre tyoe of women versus feminists(two types). Representatives: The Brontë sisters Emily, Anne, Charlotte, George Elliot. Great Britain's identity as an imperial power Joseph Chamberlain British had the moral obligation to expand its influence around the globe("great governing race"). Benjamin Kidd social evolutionist,
1. Feminism movement, ideology to defend women’s rights Suffrage – right to vote 2. Feminism isn’t a unitary movement because it represents different women and different experiences for them in different parts of the world. Different ideologies 3. Three waves of feminism • 1st wave – early 19th century – early 20th century (Political rights, suffrageright to vote) • 2nd wave – 1960s1980s (Social inequalities, gender norms, Women's Liberation Movement) • 3rd wave – 1990s2000s (ideas are the same, but they wanted to get rid of things the second wave had failed to do); feminisms, expansion, multiplicity, postcolonialism. 4. Anne Bradstreet the first feminist 17th century; the most prominent of early English poets of North America and first female writer in the British North Amer
15. Victorian times Life and conditions of Victorian people Children were expected to help towards the family budget. They often worked long hours in dangerous jobs and in difficult situations for a very little wage. For example, there were the climbing boys employed by the chimney sweeps; boys and girls working down the coal mines, crawling through tunnels too narrow and low to take an adult. Some children worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, and they sold matches, flowers and other cheap goods. During the Victorian era, the population grew immensely. At the end of 19th century the population had grown three times bigger in Great Britain! That made wages much lower, because more people were looking for jobs. Many people couldn't afford places to live and had to live on the streets. Slums started appearing in bigger towns. Crime rate was also rising because of this: many homeless children lived by stealing and respectable Victorians s
THE CAPITALIST NIGER Chika Onyeani ………………………Every African must internalise this book - period….DAA INTRODUCTION In October 1960, Nigeria received its independence from Britain. By then, Ghana the former Gold Coast had been independent for three years under the great Osagyefo Kwame Nkumah. It was a time for celebrating Africa’s coming of age, as more and more African countries received their independence either from Britain or France. It was especially a poignant time for Africa, as then British Prime Minister Harold McMillan articulated his now famous “winds of change” sweeping Africa. We had high hopes for Africa, for the Black race, that the insidious imposition of foreign rule on us, the looting of Africa’s natural resources by our colonial masters accorded us would be things of history. That is more than forty years ago. Unfortunately, the promise of independence has not been fulfilled. Today, Africa has become more desolate; there is more starvation
considerable present-day confusion as to what witches actually did, whether they harmed or healed, what role they had in the community, whether they can be identified with the "witches" of other cultures and even whether they existed as anything other than a projection. Present-day beliefs about the witches of history attribute to them elements of the folklore witch, the charmer, the cunning man or wise woman, the diviner and the astrologer. Powers typically attributed to European witches include turning food poisonous or inedible, flying on broomsticks or pitchforks, casting spells, cursing people, making livestock ill and crops fail, and creating fear and local chaos. Witch-hunts Among the Catholics, Protestants, and secularleadership of the European Late Medieval/Early
1 Change Your Thinking There is a law in psychology that if you form a picture in your mind of what you would like to be, and you keep and hold that picture there long enough, you will soon become exactly as you have been thinking. —William James Once upon a time there was a woman, about 30 years old, married with two children. Like many people, she had grown up in a home where she was constantly criticized and often treated unfairly by her parents. As a result, she developed deep feelings of inferiority and low self-esteem. She was negative and fearful, and had no confi- dence at all. She was shy and self-effacing, and did not consider herself to be particularly valuable or worthwhile
The condition of women was no doubt hard. The Church taught that women should obey their husbands. The ideas spread about women were: they should be pure & holy like the Virgin Mary; like Eve they could not be trusted & were moral danger to men. Such teaching led men usually both to worship & also look down on women. Marriage was usually the single most important event in the lives of men & women, but the decision itself was made by the family, not the couple themselves. Once married, a woman had to accept her husband children, preferably sons. The wife of a noble had other responsibilities. When her lord was away, she was in charge of the manor & the village lands, the servants & villagers, the harvest & animals. She had to defend the manor when attacked, to run the household, welcome visitors, store enough food for winter, was expected to have knowledge of herbs & plants to make medicine, visit the poor & the sick etc. She had little time for her own children who were
Kõik kommentaarid