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Mardi Gras in the USA Mardi Gras, from the French words meaning "Fat Tuesday," combines religious tradition with a carnival or festival to welcome spring. It is also called Shove Tuesday or Pancake Day (in UK pancakes have an important role in celebrating Mardi Gras). Mardi Gras is the final day of Carnival- a festival season. Carnival begins 12 days after Christmas on January 6 and ends on Mardi Gras, which always falls exactly 47 days before Easter. The date of Mardi Gras changes every year. In the year 2008 it is on the 5th of February. "Fat Tuesday" is also the last day that Catholics can eat meat before Lent, the forty-day period of fasting before Easter The cities most famous for their Mardi Gras celebrations include New Orleans, Louisiana; Venice, Italy; and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
PROHI BITED B EYOND THI S POINT A Pictures can be taken behind the sign. B Pictures can be taken by a photographer. C Photographs can be taken before the sign. D Photographs cannot be taken by anybody. Task 2 (10 points) Read the text below. Ten words have been removed from the text. Decide which word best fits into each gap. Write a correct letter (A-L) into the appropriate gap. There is one extra word that you do not need. An example (0) has been done for you. The Notting Hill Carnival Dancing policemen, steel drums, street stalls, sound systems and Rastas. This can only mean one thing: The Notting Hill Carnival. The biggest street festival in Europe takes place every year on the August (0) __I__ as two million people gather in west London to eat, drink and dance to music. What was once started by a small group of dedicated Trinidadian steel drummers in the 1960s is now one of the biggest (31) ____ festivals in the World. The festival has something for everyone
Lighting up the sky with heavy blazing torches, the flambeaux carrier originally served as a beacon for parade-goers to better enjoy the spectacle of night festivities. The flambeaux carriers were originally slaves. Crowds tossed coins to slaves trying to earn money for their task of lighting the way for the floats - a custom that continues today. Now, the torches may be lighter and use butane or kerosene, but the entertaining exchange between the crowd and the flambeaux is a rich Carnival tradition. Mardi Gras History Mardi Gras came to America in 1699 with the French explorer Iberville. Mardi Gras had been celebrated in Paris since the Middle Ages, where it was a major holiday. Iberville sailed into the Gulf of Mexico, from where he launched an expedition up the Mississippi River. On March 3 of 1699, Iberville had set up a camp on the west bank of the river about 60 miles south of where New Orleans is today. This was the day Mardi Gras was being
May Queen. Spring Bank Holiday – the last Monday of May each year. There is at least 200 years old Spring Bank Holiday celebration still taking place. It is the cheese rolling event at Coopers Hill in Gloucestershire where contestants chase cheese down the hill. Summer Bank Holiday – last Monday of August each year. It represents the end of summer. In London the Notting Hill Carnival takes place. Christmas Day - 25 December. Houses are decorated with evergreen, ivy and fir. Mistletoes hang above the doorways and the couples passing underneath must exchange kisses. Traditional foods are roast turkey, sweet mince pies, the Christmas pudding, a rich Christmas cake. Boxing Day - 26 December. In the shops there are Boxing Day sales and it is also known as a popular day for football matches and other sporting fixtures.
The Renaissance In the history the Middle Ages were followed by the Renassance period. During this period a new class called bourgeoeisie came into being. This is the period when monarchies based on nationality were estabilished. The Renaessance started in Italy In the 14th century. Then it spread all over Europe, reached England in 16th century. The struggle for power culminated in a war called The War of Roses. It was a civil war between two dynasties, families. They had different emblems on one side the Yorks (white rose) other Lancasters (red). They couldn't decide who gets the throne. War ended 1485. A new dynasty came to throne, Tudor, the first king in this dynasty was Henry Vll. When he came to throne a period of stability followed because he built a nation based state. He was good at diplomacy.He could avoid quarrels and wars with neigbouring countries. France, Spain - greatest enemies.So he could save much money and thus laid a good economi
Holidays, Festivals, Cultural events TALLINN - If you're looking for entertainment in Estonia this summer, you are really spoiled for choice. Festivals and events dedicated to the consumption of beer are a lot of fun, but if you want to get the true feel of the country, you need something a little more ethnic. Like a town fair. Just as July becomes August, the seaside town of Haapsalu will host a grand spectacle of rural Estonian entertainment. The White Lady Days is a summer celebration filled with amusement for all the family. Held in and around the remains of the Teutonic-knights-era castles, the fair combines enchanting medieval legends with modern countryside charm to create a comprehensive experience of Estonia beyond the big cities. But the legend of the White Lady of Haapsalu, which is at the heart of the festival, is perhaps the most famous tall tale of the many that are so abundant in Estonia's folklore. It is the story of a poor girl who falls in love with the son of the
Libraries. We know a lot of things thanks to books, but we do not know exactly when and where they originated, and what should be considered the first book in the world. Ancient document, written on parchment, papyri and vellum can hardly be qualified as books the way we understand the word today. Centuries went before paper replaced parchment and papyri. In the 15 th century Johann Gutenberg invented a mechanical process of duplicating texts, which we today call book printing. The first book was printed between 1444 and 1446, so these years can be considered as the beginning years of book printing. His most important preserved printings are the 40 copies of the Bible. By the end of the 15 th century there were about 1000 print-shops in Europe already. The oldest Estonian book dates back to 1535. Libraries form a vital part of education. They make available-through books, films, recordings and other media- knowledge that h
Sonnets the genre was developed in Italy, perfected by Petrarch, Shakespeare and Milton. In his poems there are the characters The Dark Lady, the Young Friend, the author. In his sonnets he criticizes human vices. Shakespeares ideal beauty differed greatly from the traditional beauty of the time. The Earl of Southampton was his friend. Comedies The Taming of the Shrew, A Mid-Summer Night's Dream, The Twelth Night, Much Ado About Nothing, The Merchant of Venice, The Merry Wives of Windsor, The Two Gentlemen of Verona, As You Like It. Although the comedies take place in Italy, they reflect Renaissance England and the characters are men and women whose raison d'etre is enjoying life. There is sorrow and heartbreak in the comedies, but the ending is always relatively happy. The aim of the autho is to take the reader away from everyday troubles. The comic effect comes through comic characters and situations. Shakespeare believed in man's virtues
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