Estonia and a train to some places like Tapa and Tartu. As for the economic factors, here are some facts according to Statistic Estonia. In the 3rd quarter of 2014, the GDP at current prices was 4.9 billion euros. Compared to the 3rd quarter of 2013, the GDP increased 2.2%. In 2013 the GDP per capita in current prices was 14 217.6 euros. In the 3rd quarter of the last year, the increase in average monthly gross wages was 5% compared to the year before that. The average monthly gross salaries were 977 euros and the average hourly gross salaries were 5.89 euros. The labour market remained quite stable. The unemployment rate was 7.5% and there were nearly 8,600 job vacancies in the enterprises, institutions and organisations of Estonia. According to statistics the labour force participation is trending upwards as the participation rate was 69.1%, compared to the same quarter of 2013 when it was 68%. In my opinion Estonia is doing rather well, but of course it could do better
It is normal to have computers in Information Technology classroom, where students learn to use computers for their own good. Sitting in front of a computer screen all day, every day, is bad for students' health, it can damage their eyesight. Also, it will be too expensive. It would be difficult to buy computers for every student. Setting up and updating the software will create additional costs. If schools buy too many computers, there may not be left money to pay salaries for the teachers. Will it ensure the high quality of teaching? On the other hand, we are living in the 21st century and nowadays everything is done with computers. Computers can be convenient and useful. For example, they can help students search for information. In conclusion, I believe that computers are great inventions, but students should not use them in every school subject. Students should do things with their own hands, not using the technology.
Options after secondary school Im going to talk about different choices after secondary school. Firstly, a lot of students after graduating secondary school want to study more. There are two ways to continue your studies. The first choice is to continue the academic education in universities. It is the best way to educate yourself and later after graduation there will be some jobs with quite big salaries. The other way to continue your studies is to get vocational education. It includes different professions on technical field. It is a really great way to quarantee yourself a job, because after vocational school you have the necessary skills to work on certain job. In addition to that, there is one more option going to work. It is the best choice for some people who just do not want to study anymore or who do not know yet what to do with their lives
In Estonia the most needed professions are connected with computers, different hi-tech machines and healthcare. Firstly, in my opinion the biggest deficit is in doctors. The main reason for that might be that the studies take a lot of time, sometimes about 10 years, which means that we can start working at the age of 28 to 30. Another reason could be that doctors are in my opinion very often underpaid and with that comes up another problem. In hope to get bigger salaries they often go abroad leaving our small independent country without highly qualified doctors. Secondly, nowadays our environment is more and more connected to technology. A lot of factories are using more robots and sundry machines that help factories to speed up their producing rates. For those machines to work we need men or women who are qualified enough to program very complex programs that make those machines work.
It is my considered opinion that higher education is necessary for a number of reasons. To begin with, people who lack educational degrees are more likely to be limited to basic jobs in service and manufacturing industries since today's job market is competitive and employers may not be interested in hiring candidates who do not have a degree. While employees with higher education have a better opportunity to get jobs with a lot of benefits and greater salaries. What is more, a lot of university courses include practical parts and work experience. Having a previous job experience in the field they have chosen, before they actually enter to the job market, is a huge advantage. Moreover, the more connections students collect during their internships, the more options they will have when they begin job search. On the other hand, there are people who believe that higher education is not necessary in order to get a good job
Industry-tööstus Industrial-tööstuslik Insurance-kindlustus Machinery-masinad Manufacture-tööstuslikult tootma Mining-kaevandamine Productive-tootmis-(sektor) Product-toode Raw-toor-;toores Supply-varu,varustama Tertiary-kolmanda astme Primary sector-esmane sector, põllumajandus Secondary sector-teisene sector Industrial sector- tööstuslik sector e secondary Service sector- teenindussektor e tertiary Private sector-erasektor Public sector-avalik sector The gap between the salaries-palgalõhe Corporate sector Financial sector Personal sector Can be divided into – jagatakse Concentrate in – konsentreeruvad Doubled- kahekordistunud Over the last 5 years –viimase 5 a jooksul In the days- sel ajal kui Productive sector-tootmissektor Goods that are required by the productive sector-kaubad mida on vaja tootmissektorile Made to be sold-tehtud ära müümiseks Money can be exchanged for doods and services. Tõlgi eesti keelest Machinery hire-masinate rent
For example, in many Arabic countries, women have very little rights and their lives are dictated by men. They can't go out, without being accompanied by a man, they are forced to wear clothes that cover their entire bodies and they have no political rights. Even though western countries, including Estonia, have made great advances in providing equal rights and opportunities for everyone, there are still some things that need to be changed. For example the differences of salaries between men and women should be erased. Equality is very important, as a person does not get to choose, where he or she is born, whether she or he is a boy or a girl, what color her or his skin is and how wealthy his or her parents are. Equality should be made an universal idea, existing in every part of the world. Timothy Henry Charles Tamm 10B
Government consumption can be treated as exogenous. Different government spending levels can be considered within a meaningful macroeconomic framework. Income Approach This method measures GDP by adding incomes that firms pay households for the factors of production they hire- wages for labor, interest for capital, rent for land and profits for entrepreneurship. The "National Income and Expenditure Accounts" divide incomes into five categories: - Wages, salaries, and supplementary labour income - Corporate profits - Interest and miscellaneous investment income - Farmers' income - Income from non-farm unincorporated businesses These five income components sum to net domestic income at factor cost. Two adjustments must be made to get GDP: - Indirect taxes minus subsidies are added to get from factor cost to market prices. - Depreciation (or capital consumption) is added to get from net domestic product to gross
However, a bigger majority of teenagers decide to go to university. But before doing so, teenagers have to be certain what kind of study program they will be taking. This puts young people under a lot of stress, because they have a lot of doubt and fear. For example, over the years, there has been an increase of people, who have decided to study Information Technology in University, including myself. The increase has been due to the immense labor shortage in Estonia and the high salaries students will be earning after university. For me these are not the reasons I want to study IT, but because I am genuinely interested in developing new software and applications for computers. But since a lot of teenagers want to study IT, I find myself questioning, if so many people are getting degrees, will there be enough jobs for all of us graduates? Another minor fear I have about working in the IT sector in the future is tied to gender inequality.
men are dolts and wusses and think that foreigners make much better husbands for them and better fathers of their children. So, this is the point where young Estonian men should step out for themselves and prove that this belief is not true. There is yet another a well-known saying that describes the attitudes of Estonian young very well: it states that people always want that they have not. Looking from here everything seems to be better in the West education has higher quality and salaries are bigger. That is why youngsters are not satisfied with their lives. If Estonia offered similar conditions, young inhabitants would also stay here as the surveys have also clearly shown. All thing considered, it seems to me that more young people are becoming patriots of our homeland, because it is becoming clearer for us, that our country should and could stay alive in order for our culture and language to endure.
Off-shore comapny- is a company what is registered in tax haven. Evasion-illegal tax avoidance. Trying illegally not to pay tax. Corpotation tax- (ettevõtte tulumaks)Tax on the profits made by a company. Value-added tax- (lisaväärtusmaks)goods bought in stores. Tax imposed as a percentage of the invoice value of goods and services. Transfer tax, inherited tax, death duty- money recived from relatives after their death Income tax, social security tax, national insurance- salaries and wages. Tax on persons income. Tariffs- goods made in other countries. Capital gain tax- income tax 21/79- (kapitali kasumaks)money made by selling stock at a profit. Proportional- flat tax- a tax that has one rate is the same for everybody. Progressive income tax- a tax that has a higher rate for taxpayers with higher income. Collect, pay, impose(kehtestama), levy(võtma), charge(võtma) TAX Direct taxes- * income tax *capital gains tax *a capital transfer tax/death duty/inheritance
academic studies, has proficiency in the Estonian language at the advanced level, is of high moral character and has the abilities and personal characteristics necessary for working as a judge, may be appointed judge.A judge shall be appointed to office for life. Judges of first and second instances shall be appointed to office by the President of the Republic on the proposal of the Supreme Court. The main problems of Estonian court system are: Uneven workload of courts/judges,Salaries of court clerks,The qualification of court clerks,Housing and Information systems. Statitistics in year 2005: 43 000 civil cases (usually 25 000) 9000 criminal cases 3000 administrative cases 5000 petty crime 5300 cases in the courts of appeal (2500 civil, 1600 criminal, 1000 administrative, 200 petty crime) Estonian court system words. country court-maakohus administrative court- halduskohus circuit court-ringkonnakohus supreme court-Riigikohus court of first instance-esimese astme kohus
only only taxi out ground roll (to ToC) route mngmnt t'down roll ground taxi in ▼cost element fuel 6,3 49,1 37,6 128,5 144,9 maintenance 3,0 3,0 4,3 4,1 6,8 6,4 crew salaries and expenses 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 ground and passenger handling 0,0 airport charges 6,2 6,2 0,0 -1,7 0,0
Once and for all - fingers crossed - the leaning tower has been .................................. .(RIGHT) 20. I ............................. this morning and was late for my English classes.(SLEEP). 21. The film, though poor in artistic values, was a ............................... success. (FINANCE) 22. The doctor ......................................my illness as a rare ape-like syndrome, taking into ......................... my strange facial mimics. (DIAGNOSIS; CONSIDER) 23. The lower salaries would be a slight ..................................... from the original project.(DEVIATE) 24. It is impossible to .............................. everybody. (PLEASURE) 25. There was no ............................. on her side so he proceeded with his work.(RESIST) 26. If you need anything I am at your ......................., madam. (SERVE) 27. ............................... in the wardrobe he waited for her husband to fall asleep. (HIDE) 28. "Will you ..............................
investbg.government.bg INDUSTRIAL ZONES IN BULGARIA www.investbg.government.bg UNEMPLOYMENT IN MUNICIPALITIES 0% corporate tax rate in zones with unemployment 25% or higher than the average www.investbg.government.bg BUSINESS PROCESS OUTSOURCING The Sector: More than 30 000 people work in The Sector 3% of GDP was generate by The Sector in 2015 8nnual starting salaries per Employee Advantages: Bulgaria offers qualified and cost-effective workforce and advantageous rents of commercial space BPO sector generates over 964 million revenues Bulgaria is the best outsourcing destination in Europe The average BPO company in Bulgaria provides services in more than 25 languages Successful examples: www.investbg.government.bg INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY The Sector:
questioning of why he was trying so hard to win a friendly match during a tour of China. The two men squared up to each other, with Capello reportedly shouting at Di Canio: "You are an ugly c*** and your face looks like a penis." Di Canio, at the time employed by Milan, never played for the team again. 2 Such unabashed low regard for some of the biggest reputations - and salaries - in football has been a defining feature of Capello's lengthy career, which ended as a player in 1979 after respectable spells with Roma, Juventus and the national side. Despite immersing himself in management - he spent 15 years running the youth sides of Milan before being plucked from relative obscurity in 1991 to run the first team by the club's owner, Silvio Berlusconi - the Armani-clad coach has deliberately eschewed its social scene and has virtually no friends in football.
for it outright 8. Buy on credit - if you get something from the shop right now and pay later 9. Buy in bulk - if you buy many things at the same time; you can get a discount 10. Give a refund - money that seller will give you back if you bought something and you want to return it and you have a receipt 11. Fee - money that you pay for some service that you get 12. Fare - money that you pay to get somewhere( for a journey) 13. Income tax - the tax that the government collects on wages and salaries 14. Inheritance tax - the tax that the government collects if people inherit something from others 15. Excise duties - customs that have to be paid on things that are imported from other countries 16. VAT - value added tax which is paid when you buy or purchase something 17. Corporation tax - companies tax on their profits 18. Tax rebate - money that you have given back if you paid too much tax 19. Dole - money that the government pays to those who are in need 20
tourist industry The sun rises in the east. • when referring to general geographical areas: the country(side), the sea, the seaside, the beach, the forest, the west I like to spend my holidays in the countryside. • before some collective nouns referring to a whole group of people: the police, the public, the army, the management, the government The government has raised the teachers’ salaries. • to turn an adjective into a noun to refer to a group of people in general: the poor, the rich, the young, the old, the unemployed, the homeless, the disabled, the British, the Spanish, the Dutch The rich can never understand the poor. • before superlatives and ordinals: the best, the most beautiful, the nicest the second, the fourth, the twenty-first My birthday is on the fourth of July.
1 January 2008 due to continued high inflation, and finalised the design of Estonia's Euro coins in late 2004. Some people try to avoid paying taxes. But the situation has changed positively from 1991 and now about 25% of the people don't pay them. Personal income tax in Estonia is 26% and it is the same for all the people with different incomes. Corporate income tax is also 26% but comes only from profit so nothing is deducted from wages/salaries. Value added tax is the country's main income. It is not noticeable as it is already added to prices and no papers have to be filled. Economy. Estonia is not rich in mineral resources. The main natural resources are: building materials such as clay, sand, gravel, dolomite, oil shale, phosphorite and peat. Oil shale is mined in the northeast (Kohtla-Järve) and it is used as fuel in thermal power stations. Dolomite is found in Saaremaa.
Kristina Smigun. They have won many medals. Football and basketball are also popular sports among Estonians. Many children go to football trainings but there are no world-famous footballers in Estonia. Mart Poom is the most well-known because he plays in the English Premiership and that league has very many viewers and fans. The best players go to play in foreign countries because our league level is quite low. They need to go elsewhere to improve as players and the salaries are also low. People don't go to watch the league games but Estonians love to watch the national team games. The ones who don't go to the stadium watch the games on TV. The Estonian team hasn't got any medals and they haven't even reached the World Cup or Euro Cup finals but still they can sometimes compete against the big countries. Basketball is also popular. People come to watch the national team games but
Total Amount Received €55,000 0 0 Sources of Funds “Your Fitness” will expect to fund itself largely thought a bank loan and use it for the renovation of new rooms, purchase of the gym machines and equipment. Its own cash reserve and investors loan will be used for rent new premises for gym and its 3 months deposit, staff salaries and bills. Use of Funds The funds needed include: * 4000 EUR for purchase of building equipment * 40 000 EUR for gym machines and equipment * 1000 EUR for marketing and advertising These expenses are going to be covered by bank loan, the total amount of 45 000 EUR. Loan will be repaid within five years period. Additional funds needed include:
People are thrifty (managing money and resources in a cautious and sensible way so as to waste as little as possible). Large amount of savings. People persevere (keep carrying on despite dificulties) for slow results Power distance - the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally In large power distance cultures: subordinates expect to be told what to do, wide range of salaries exist In low power distance cultures subordinates = supervisors, salary ranges rather small Individualist cultures stress self-realization, collectivist ones require that the individual fits the group Individualist cultures- people look after themselves and their immediate family In collectivist ones they look after a wider group in exchange for loyalty Uncertainty avoidance- the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations
The foundations fot the Estonian financial system were laid in 1992. the aim of banks is not only keeping money, but also giving loans. They are directly interested in the good work and profit of enterprises. The Estonian Tax System is made up of the following: Social Tax: 33% paid on gross income from employment. 20% of the money goes into the Social Security Fund which finances state pensions and social welfare. This tax is not detucted from wages/salaries, but paid by the employer. Personal Income Tax: 22% paid on earned income (except for tax free minimum) by all people, it is called proportional income tax and is equal for people with different income. Value Added Tax: 18%, one of the government's main sources of income, paid by people when they buy any goods. It is not noticiable because prices already include it. Excise Duties: imposed on alcohol, tobacco, petrol etc. to limit the use of these goods. POPULATION
The maximum amount of the tax rate on the assets of the enterprise may not exceed 2% of the tax base, and by the decision of the local government, this percentage can be set to a smaller size. Property tax businesses to financial results. Payers of income tax are individuals as having and not having a permanent place of residence in the Russian Federation. The object of taxation from the citizens is the total income earned in a calendar year, either in cash or in kind (salaries, bonuses, fees, dividends, profit distribution, gifts, tickets, food, subscription, 21 payment for children in child care centers, etc. .). The composition of the total income of citizens also include the amount of material and social benefits provided by companies to their employees personally and the amount of material gain on borrowings and deposits in banks. In a combined annual income does not include all types of pensions paid under the
IT department with the responsible employee and it is assured that the latter is made aware of advisable improvements to the execution. As has been mentioned before, a lot of stock is put into ability of employees to govern themselves and adhere to practice of care and devotion. 4. Development Program 4.1.Expenses Typical expenses of IT department can be divided into following categories: Employee's monthly salaries Personal hardware and peripherals (notebooks, displays, keyboards, computer mice etc.) Professional development (courses, trainings etc.) Additional hardware procurement (network devices such as routers, switches; cables, portable hard drives etc.) Expenses associated with the upkeep of servers (both native ones and in the cloud) Support services Recruitment Communication expenses (internet provision, telephone calls)
industry. Some of the reasons as to why outsourcing companies in Ukraine are reporting good financial growth are discussed below: Vast talent pool at low cost: The literacy rate of Ukraine is 98% which is much higher when compared to other offshore destinations. The country's large pool of engineering and IT talents has always been a key factor in attracting foreign investors. Further, these talents are available for the BPO companies at a lower cost. The salaries for the BPO employees in Ukraine are slightly lower when compared to other European BPO destinations. Cultural and physical proximity: Ukraine shares similar culture and business values with that of US and other European countries. These prompt companies in US and Western Europe to establish outsourcing links with Ukraine BPO companies. The proximity in physical distance also makes it a favorable near-shore destination for companies in US and Canada.
low-priority tasks. As a result, they contribute little of value to their companies. Low productivity leads to lower wages and fewer opportunities. Every year, hundreds of thousands of people are laid off from large and small corporations, often from white-collar, midmanage- ment jobs. Why is this? The answer is simple. The companies have finally learned that they are paying high salaries to people who are producing very little of value. No company can survive very long under these conditions, and these companies are determined to sur- vive. So the redundant staff has to go. ■ YOU CAN DO IT If you are serious about becoming financially independent, or even better, becoming a self-made millionaire over the course of your ca- ccc_tracy_4_52-76.qxd 6/23/03 2:47 PM Page 63
Television, with its incessant system of laugh tracks and technically augmented mirth, received the most heat. The people I questioned hated canned laughter. They called it stupid, phony, and obvious. Although my sample was small, I would bet that it closely reflects the negative feelings of most of the American public toward laugh tracks. Why, then, is canned laughter so popular with television executives? They have won their exalted positions and splendid salaries by knowing how to give the public what it wants. Yet they religiously employ the laugh tracks that their audiences find distasteful, and they do so over the objections of many of their most talented artists. It is not uncommon for acclaimed directors, writers, or ac- tors to demand the elimination of canned responses from the television projects they undertake. These demands are only sometimes successful, and when they are, it is not without a battle.
It stayed there little more than a year, however, before moving to new quarters in a four-story brownstone at 141 East 37th Street, just east of Lexington Avenue. It occupied half of the ornate, divided structure, whose high ceilings did little to relieve the claustrophobic construction of its twelve-foot-wide rooms. Yardley's apartment was on the top floor. All external connection with the government was cut. Rent, heat, office supplies, light, Yardley's salary of $7,500 a year, and the salaries of his staff were paid from secret funds. Though the office was a branch of the Military Intelligence Division, War Department payments did not begin until June 30, 1921. One of the organization's first assignments was to solve the codes of Japan, with whom friction had been growing. Yardley, in an access of enthusiasm, promised the solution or his resignation within the year. He regretted his impetuousness as soon as he plunged into the task, for he
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