Topic No. 4 Thanksgiving In the United States, the fourth Thursday in November is called Thanksgiving Day. On this day Americans give thanks for the blessings they have enjoyed during the year. Thanksgiving is usually a family day, celebrated with big dinners. The first American Thanksgiving was held in Plymouth. The Puritans from England came to America because they were unappreciated. They were called the Pilgrims. They came to America on a ship called Mayflower. September was the worst season of the year for sea crossing. After 65 days they landed at Cape Cod. The Pilgrims suffered a great deal during their first winter, because they were poorly equipped and poorly trained. One spring morning an Indian came and introduced him in a friendly way. The Indian chief offered assistance to the pilgrims and the Indians thought the Pilgrims how to hunt, fish, and grow food
TOPIC 4 Thanksgiving In the United States, the fourth Thursday in November is called Thanksgiving Day. It is usually a family day celebrated with big dinners. On this day, Americans give thanks for the blessings they have enjoyed during the year The first Thanksgiving was held in Plymouth in the 17th century. The people of Plymouth had come to America from England. In their native land they had been called Puritans, but they called themselves Pilgrims. When the Pilgrims landed in America they were poorly trained to cope with life in the wilderness. One spring morning an Indian came into the little village of Plymouth . Later, he brought The Indian chief, who gave gifts and offered assistance. The Indians taught the Pilgrims how to hunt, fish and grow food. They also taught them, how to use fish for fertilizer in growing corn, pumpkin and beans. The Pilgrims had a good harvest. Governor William Bradford issued a
2. The Italian period "Troilus and Criseyde" 3. The English Period "The Canterbury Tales" Chaucer's works are written in Middle English of London in The 1300s. "The Canterbury Tales": · He planned to write 120 tales but managed only 20. · They travel one April from an inn in a London fifty miles to the cathedral city of Canterbury to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. · The pilgrims can be divided into three groups: the feudal group, the church group and the city group. · It has been thought that Chaucer went on a pilgrimage himself. · The tales are connected by links that relate what happened among the pilgrims travelling together. · The Ellesmere manuscript of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales is an early 15th century manuscript of the Canterbury Tales.
supplications in Avignon, which describes a miracle that happened in the chapel of Vastseliina castle. On a September night in 1353 music was heard from the empty castle chapel and people saw two wax candles burn with a supernatural light. The cross, which was otherwise attached to the wall in the northern part of the altar, was now standing in the middle of the altar without any support. The cross was still there during the writing of the letter in January 1354. Pilgrims started to flow to Vastseliina both from Livonia and Germany after what happened and many who were blind and deaf had their sight and hearing restored. The Archbishop of Livonia asked the Pope in his letter for forgiveness of sins to the visitors of the chapel, giving the following reason for his request: the growth in the number of pilgrims would provide funds for the extension of the chapel in the borderlands of Christendom. So the visitors of Vastseliina were granted a forty-day indulgence
Over the next few years, as life for Puritans became more uncomfortable in England, more and more made the journey across the Atlantic. By 1630, their numbers were such that the Puritans were able to establish the Massachusetts Bay Company and establish Boston, which was to grow as a major port. Despite the privations of 1620, the Puritans founded colonies that thrived and their success depended on fishing, shipbuilding, trade and farming. Unfriendly natives were not the Pilgrims' only problem. December was a bad time to start a settlement, especially when so many of them were too sick to do the hard work which founding the settlement required . The minority who were fit enough erected shelters near the beach at Cape Cod for a start, and then set about reconnoitring the hinterland for sustenance. Had it not been for friendlier native Americans who taught them their skills, the Pilgrims might never have survived
Essay based on ,,The General Prologue" by G. Chaucer Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury tales at the end of the 14th century. It is a collection of stories where a group of pilgrims have a storytelling contest. All of them are on their way from Southwark to visit the shrine of a holy martyr who had brought health to them when they were ill. Chaucer joined the twenty nine of them in a tavern and started to talk to them. They quickly became friends and then there were thirty. All of the stories and very different characters create a body to the story, which depicts the picture of the English society at that time. Chaucer depicts the knight as a typical hero
Slavery started in America in 1619, when the first slaves were brought to Jamestown, VA from Africa. Colonists bought slaves for cheap/free work force in the plantations they couldn’t have kept up otherwise due to large plots of fertile land and small families. 9. Name the original 13 colonies. VA, MA, MD, RI, CT, NH, NC, SC, NY, NJ, PA, DE, GA. 10. Which groups of colonists came to the New World in search of religious freedom? How did their views differ? Pilgrims in 1620, Puritans in 1630. Pilgrims were working men who believed in the importance of physical work, whereas Puritans valued education and thus were higher in the social and economic status. Pilgrims wanted to separate from the Church of England, while Puritans simply wanted to “purify” it. 11. What was The Mayflower Compact and why was it an important document? Name two important principles that this document included.
Mount Kailash, Tibet Martina Kroon History Mount Kailash is a striking peak in the Himalayan mountains of western Tibet. According to Hindu mythology, Shiva, the god of destruction and regeneration, resides at the summit of a legendary mountain named Kailash. Mount Kailash is regarded in many sects of Hinduism as Paradise, the ultimate destination of souls and the spiritual center of the world. Pilgrimage Every year, thousands make a pilgrimage to Kailash. Pilgrims of several religions believe that walking all the way around Mount Kailash on foot is a holy ritual that will bring good fortune. The peregrination is made in a clockwise direction by Hindus and Buddhists. 52 km long. 6714 m high. Reasons for the pilgrimage Religion Peace of mind Tourism Location https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3kRbSb6MfFc Sources http://www.allnepal.com/tibet/tibet_pilgrimage.php http://www.allnepal.com/tibet/tibet_pilgrimage.php https://sacredsites
They started growing tobacco in Virginia, using African slaves in the fields. In 1620 a new group of British settlers reached Plymouth, Massachusetts, with a ship called Mayflower and they were called 'Pilgrim Fathers' due to their strong belief in religion. They left England because they didn't agree with the Church of England. They became farmers and businessmen who thought that all men were equal and they didn't have slaves. Many of the Pilgrims died in the first year in America, but they were helped by the Indians, who showed them how to grow corn. In the autumn of 1621, the Pilgrims had a big dinner to thank the Indians who had helped them to survive the hard winter. That day is now known as Thanksgiving and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in America. More and more people arrived. Over a time settlers from many other countries joined the English in America the French, the Spaniards and the Dutch
· As a writer he was very prolific · His early works show a strong influence of French and Italian poets, especially the great Italian Renaissance geniuses Boccaccio, Dante, Petrarch · His masterpiece "The Canterbury Tales": o He imitates what Boccaccio does in Decameron. Introduces frame story/narrative. A springtime pilgrimage to Canterbury cathedral (which contained the important relics of St Thomas à Becket). Pilgrims would gather in groups because it was easier to protect themselves. The protagonists gather at an inn and wait for others. GC chooses people from the three major classes of the society: feudal the Knight, the Squire (a smaller landowner), the Yeoman (farmer), the Miller, the Ploughman etc; ecclesiastical the Parson (a priest in charge of the parish), the Summoner (an official in a church court), the
The farmers discovered that it was easy to grow tobacco in Virginia, so they bought black people as slaves to work on the fields. They found a big market for their tobacco in Europe. In 1620 another group of English people landed in America. They called tehir landing place Plymouth, similary with the place they started their journey in Britain. These people are known as Pilgrim Fathers. The didn't want to live in England because they didn't agree with the church. The pilgrims had rough times also, but friendly Indians helped them. In 1621 the Pilgrims had a huge dinner to give thanks for the first food that they had grown themselves. That day became known as the Thanksgiving, and is celebrated every year in America. INDEPENDENCE WAR By the end of the 18th century, the whole of the Eastern coast of North America had been colonized, largely by the British, but also French and Spanish. There were very high taxes and people in Boston refused to pay them
He was one of the first to attempt what he did, and one of the first to put a name to his work. It must not be forgotten also that his location aided him a great deal he lived in London, an area which dominated the economy and therefore his dialect became dominant in following centuries. Describe the setting of the prologue. (When and where does the action take place?) The late fourteenth century, after 1381, in the T abard Inn and on the road to Canterbury. Why do the pilgrims go on the pilgrimage? Whose grave do they visit? People see a pilgrimage as a cure for sick relatives or friends and you of all your sins. People go on pilgrimages to seek inspiration and to show that they are willing to devote themselves to god and to prove that they believe in him and that they love him. How many pilgrims did the narrator meet at the Tabard Inn in Southwark? 29 How does the narrator describe his role
literature and in particular with the works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The French period (up to 1370). early works were based mostly on French models. The Italian period (up to c. 1387). Was influenced by Italian literature, especially Dante and Bocaccio. The English period. Wrote Canterbury tales. CANTERBURY TALES This unfinished poem of about 17,000 lines was written mostly after 1387. The poem introduces a group of pilgrims who are journeying from London to the shrine of Thomas à Becket at Canterbury. Chaucer originally planned that the work should contain 120 tales, four for each pilgrim, but at the time of his death he had only written twenty-four and some of them were not complete. The Prologue. The pilgrims are described in the General Prologue; together, they represent a wide cross-section of fourteenth-cent. English life, although the nobility and the poor are missing as they would not have taken part
Less than one third were Separatists. The rest were immigrants, adventurers, and speculators. Their voyage took about two months, and the passengers enjoyed a happier experience than most trans- Atlantic trips. Lost at sea, they happened upon a piece of land that would become known as Cape Cod. After surveying the land, they set up camp not too far from Plymouth Rock. They feared venturing further south because winter was fast approaching. The Pilgrims had an important question to answer before they set ashore. Since they were not landing within the jurisdiction of the Virginia Company, they had no Charter to govern them. Mayflower Compact In the landmark Mayflower Compact of 1620, the Pilgrims decided that they would rule themselves, based on majority rule of the townsmen. This independent attitude set up a tradition of self-rule that would later lead to town meetings and elected legislatures in New England.
1999 ''Mein Weg''14 keelpillile ja löökpillidele 2000 ''Orient & Occident'' keelpilliorkestrile 2002 ''Fratres'' kitarrile, keel-ja löökpillidele 2003 ''Lamentate''klaverile ja orkestrile 2004 ''Fratres'' puhkpilliorkestrile Vokaalsümfooniline muusika 1959 ''Meie aed'' kantaat lastekoorile ja sümfooniorkestrile 1968 ''Credo'' klaverile, segakoorile ja sümfooniaorkestrile 1984 '' Te Deum'' kolmele koorile, ettevalmistatud klaverile, keelpillidele ja helisalvestusele ''Wallfahrtslied/Pilgrims' Song'' meeskoorile ja keelpilliorkestrile 1991 ''Berliner Messe'' segakoorile ja keelpilliorkestrile 1994 ''Litany'' solistidele, segakoorile ja orkestrile 1998 ''Como cierva sedienta'' sopranile või naiskoorile orekstriga 1999 ''Cantique des degrés'' segakoorile ja orkestrile 2000 '' Cecilia, vergine romana'' segakoorile ja orkestrile 2003 '' In principio'' segakoorile ja orkestrile 2004 '' Da pacem Domine'' segakoorile ja orkestrile Instrumentaalne kammermuusika
A monument was erected to him. 4) THANKSGIVING In the United States, the fourth Thursday in November is called Thanksgiving Day. On this day Americans give thanks for their blessings they have enjoyed during the year. Thanksgiving is usually a family day, celebrated with big dinners and happy reunions. The first American thanksgiving was held in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1621. In 1620 a small group of puritans on a ship called mayflower set sail for America. This group called themselves pilgrims because of their wanderings in search of religious freedom. There were 102 men, women and children on the ship- The pilgrims were poorly trained and poorly equipped to cope with life in the wilderness. One spring morning in 1621, an Indian came into the little village of Plymouth and introduced himself in friendly way. The Indians taught the pilgrims how to hunt, fish, and grow food. Because of this help from Indians, the pilgrims had a good harvest that year
Chaucer was captured by the French during the Brittany expedition of 1359, but was ransomed by the king. Edward III later sent him on diplomatic missions to France, Genoa and Florence. His travels exposed him to the work of authors such as Dante, Boccaccio and Froissart. 16.Cantebury Tales - what is it about? Canterbury Tales is a collection of 24 stories The tales (mostly written in verse, although some are in prose) are presented as part of a story-telling contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from London to Canterbury in order to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return.
Saaremaa. The Church built in the 14th century has maintained its original look practically without any changes. Decorative ceiling paintings have been preserved partly in the Church; there are magic ceiling marks on the vaults of the choir room, over the vestry there is a unique room with a fireplace, the other fireplace is situated in the attic of the choir. Supposedly so the accommodation possibilities were created for the pilgrims, who traveled through the Scandinavia and the Island of Gotland to Maarjamaa. · Panga Bank is the highest of the banks of the Northern coast of Saaremaa and Muhu. The maximum height of the Bank is 21.3m and the reach about 2.5km. In the highest point of the Bank an ancient sacrifice place is situated, where sacrifices to the sea were made in the old times. · The Field of the Kaali Meteorite Craters in Central Saaremaa is the rarest
My big boy, how I miss you! If I could only see your smile once again, at least once! But, miracles never happen... I just hope that they have good memories of us, the ones destined to the snow. 30 May We found a hare and cooked it of the fire, it was delicious !/.../ /.../ The storm is weakening, thanks to the almighty, who finally, as it seems, hears our voices... 7June Today is a great day we were rescued by Mayflower! /.../ The pilgrims agreed to take us to the New World /.../ we were crying all the time; no one expected us to return not even Joshua who has been the most enthusiastic by now. We'll be leaving tomorrow. /.../ Questions: a) Is it a letter or a diary? Why? ...................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................... .....................
Vikings. First they discovered Greenland and after a few years they found America. The next one to arrive in America was Christopher Columbus in 1492. He wasn't actually looking for America. He was looking for a shorter route to the Far East, where he would find valuable silks and spices. Columbus landed on a small island in the Bahamas which Columbus named San Salvador. He thought he had landed on the Spice Islands near India. This is why he named the people he met Indians. The Pilgrims arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620 aboard the Mayflower. The Pilgrims had a feast in 1621, after their first harvest. This feast has become known as "The First Thanksgiving." The Civil War was the most bitter conflict within the United States. The source of the conflict between the North and the South was about different ways of life. Economy in the South was heavily based on agriculture and growing cotton. The North was heavily
went there to find relogious freedom · Puritan ethics and ideology God has a preordained plan for everybody Following the Bible Hard work, spiritual health, living simply, being thrifty, and self-discipline will Leave to salvation Merriness was prohibited The chief duty of a man is to glorify God · Thanksgiving 2 Annual tradition in the U.S Fourth Thursday in Nov. Thanking God The first Thanksgiving was celebrated to thank God for helping the Pilgrims The first feast lasted 3 days Turkey and corn · Religious issues (freedom) People came to search for religious freedom, or not? Many different religions Puritans imposed their own beliefs Not lettin religion interfere politics No joy allowed · Quakers Religious society of friends Founded by George Fox They were treated as witches Big role in creation of other colonies Were up for tolerance Against slavery III Colonial life · Settlements by 1773
Health 2007 1. Introduction Health is the level of functional or metabolic efficiency of an organism at both the cellular and social level. In the medical field, health is commonly defined as an organism's ability to succesfully respond to challenges and effectively restore and keep a so-called ,,state of balance". 2. History · Early hospitals During the Middle Ages the hospital could serve other functions, such as an almshouse for the poor, or hostel for pilgrims. In ancient cultures, religion and medicine were linked. The earliest known institutions aiming to provide cure were Egyptian temples. Greek temples dedicatedto the healer-god, might admit the sick, who would wait for guidance from the god in a dream. The Romans adopted this worship. The Sri Lankans are perhaps responsible for introducing theconcept ofdedicated hospitals to the world. According to an ancient chronicle, written in the 6 th century A.D., a king had
10. How are Senators and Representatives elected? Congressional elections every two years, half of them are midterm elections. 11. Whose birthdays are celebrated as federal holidays? Martin Luther King, Jr. Day 18th January leader of the Civil Rights Movement, preached nonviolence, got a Nobel Peace Price Washington's birthday 1st president of the US Columbus day Abraham Lincoln's birthday 16th President of the US 12. Origin of Thanksgiving Day In 1620, Pilgrims - Puritan separatists - landed in Plymouth, MA. The Pilgrims celebrated the "First Thanksgiving" in1621, after their first harvest Traditional foods eaten that day large roast turkey, side dishes - cranberry sauce, stuffing or gravy, sweet or mashed potatoes, pumpkin or peach pie. Black Friday - the day after Thanksgiving Thursday The beginning of Christmas season shopping 13. Who were the first European explorers in the area of present-day New York?
Romeo and Juliet are an example of a heroic couplet. Writing at the same time as Shakespear was Miquel Cervantes. He wrote "Donkey Hote". The next great author was John Milton. Milton wrote "Paradise Lost." Then his wife dies and he wrote "Paradise Regained." During the Renaissance America began. Christopher Columbus was a great navigator who discovered America while cursing about the Atlantic. His ships were called the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Fe. Later the Pilgrims crossed the Ocean, and the was called the Pilgrim's Progress. When they landed at Plymouth Rock, they were greeted by Indians, who came down the hill rolling their was hoops before them. The Indian squabs carried porposies on their back. Many of the Indian heroes were killed, along with their cabooses, which proved very fatal to them. The winter of 1620 was a hard one for the settlers. Many people died and many babies were born. Captain John Smith was responsible for all this.
Canonised / 'kænnasd / pühakuks kuulutatud Charter / 't:t / üürima, harta Latter / 'læt / viimane, lõpupoolne 1066 The Battle of Hastings Normans took over power in England, William the Conqueror (William I) became the King. 1170 The murder of Archbishop Thomas a Becket a fight between the King and the Church, Canterbury Cathedral became a Mecca for pilgrims after the murder of Thomas a Becket. 1215 The Magna Carta King John was forced to sign a document which limited his power and extended the rights of his subjects. 1337 The Hundred Years´ War a war with France which lasted 100 years, England tried to maintain control over the properties in France. France won. 1348 The Black Death an illness which killed a lot of people
proportion to the state's population, elected every two years for two years. 11. Federal Holidays: - Martin Luther King's birthday is celebrated as a federal holiday because he was the leader of The Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s. - George Washington's birthday is celebrated as a federal holiday because he was the first president of The United States. 12. Thanksgiving Day originated from the Native Americans who taught the Pilgrims how to cook, hunt and fish in the 17th century. Thanksgiving dinner consists of roast turkey, cranberry jelly, white mashed potatoes and pumpkin pie. Black Friday is the day after Thanksgiving aka the greatest shopping day of the year because the Christmas sales start. 13. The first European explorers in the present-day New York were Christopher Columbus, Giovanni de Verrazzano and Henry Hudson during the 15-16th century.
revolt. They contended that The Church of England had become a product of political struggles and man-made doctrines. The Puritans were one branch of dissenters who decided that the Church of England was beyond reform. Escaping persecution from church leadership and the King, they came to America. Of Plymouth Plantation Of Plymouth Plantation is the single most complete authority for the story of the Pilgrims and the early years of the Colony they founded. Written between 1620 and 1647, the journal describes the story of the Pilgrims from 1608, when they settled in the Netherlands, through the 1620 Mayflower voyage, until the year 1647. The book ends with a list, written in 1650, of Mayflower passengers and what happened to them. The Age of Reason The Age of Reason: Being an Investigation of True and Fabulous Theology , a deistic treatise
For thousands of years America was unknown to Europe. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered it while trying to reach India. He didn't stay and in the sixteenth century the first Europeans to settle in America were the Spanish, the English and the French. The first village founded by the English settlers was in Virginia in 1607. It was called Jamestown. In 1620 a new group of British settlers reached Plymouth, Massachusetts, called 'Pilgrims' due to their strong belief in religion. They became farmers and businessmen who coped with the Indians and in 1621 had a big dinner to thank the Indians as they had helped them to survive the hard winter. That day is now known as Thanksgiving and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in America. More and more people arrived. Over a time settlers from many other countries joined the English in America the French, the Spaniards , the Dutch. Africans were first
History For thousands of years America was unknown to Europe. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered it while trying to reach India. He didn't stay and in the sixteenth century the first Europeans to settle in America were the Spanish, the English and the French. The first village founded by the English settlers was in Virginia in 1607. It was called Jamestown. In 1620 a new group of British settlers reached Plymouth, Massachusetts, called 'Pilgrims' due to their strong belief in religion. They became farmers and businessmen who coped with the Indians and in 1621 had a big dinner to thank the Indians as they had helped them to survive the hard winter. That day is now known as Thanksgiving and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in America. More and more people arrived. Over a time settlers from many other countries joined the English in America the French, the Spaniards , the Dutch. Africans were first
trainings, but the university system is quite similar. 43. USA – early settlers. The strip of land along the eastern seacoast was settled primarily by English colonists in the 17th century along with much smaller numbers of Dutch and Swedes. The first successful English colony, Jamestown, was established in 1607 on the James River in Virginia. New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans. The Pilgrims established a settlement in 1620 at Plymouth Colony, which was followed by the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, were characterized by a large degree of diversity. The first attempted English settlement south of Virginia was the Province of Carolina,
13. History For thousands of years America was unknown to Europe. In 1492 Christopher Columbus discovered it while trying to reach India. He didn't stay and in the sixteenth century the first Europeans to settle in America were the Spanish, the English and the French. The first village founded by the English settlers was in Virginia in 1607. It was called Jamestown. In 1620 a new group of British settlers reached Plymouth, Massachusetts, called 'Pilgrims' due to their strong belief in religion. They became farmers and businessmen who coped with the Indians and in 1621 had a big dinner to thank the Indians as they had helped them to survive the hard winter. That day is now known as Thanksgiving and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in America. More and more people arrived. Over a time settlers from many other countries joined the English in America the French, the Spaniards and the Dutch
moments. Conrad: writer must do something like that on paper. Only by giving the impression can painter, writer can make people forget about their daily lives. New ways of presenting character and experience. Character is described as seen by other people. Impressionism in the description. Conrad's literary output -author suspects skepticism of the human condition. ,,Lord Jim"-Jim (his surname is never disclosed), a young British seaman, becomes first mate on the Patna, a ship full of pilgrims travelling to Mecca for the hajj. Jim joins his captain and other crew members in abandoning the ship and its passengers. A few days later, they are picked up by a British ship. However, the Patna and its passengers are later also saved, and the reprehensible actions of the crew are exposed. The other participants evade the judicial court of inquiry, leaving Jim to the court alone. The court strips him of his navigation command certificate for his dereliction of duty
Greek Orthodox church in N e w York, the congregants had brought along small candles which they lit from the big one. At the end of the service they exited the church, but the ritual went on as the families walked home or got into their cars, carefully shielding the flames from the wind, preserving the light of the new season to kindle their own symbolic hearth fires in their homes, just as people used to do thousands of years ago. In similar ceremonies in Jerusalem, Greek pilgrims will even carry home the sacred flames on specially chartered airplanes. W h e n we deal in drama or narrative today, we are building on forty thousand years of tradition and experience. H u m a n s have always sought orientation and emo tional release through drama. Although our entertainment is more evenly distributed throughout the year, we still partake of some of the seasonal ritual effect. New shows on television are typically launched in September, time of the fall equinox
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