The vikings Ursula 11. kl Who were the vikings? The Vikings were the Norse explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided, traded, explored and settled in wide areas of Europe, Asia and the North Atlantic islands from the late 8th to the mid11th century. The Vikings came from three countries of Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The Viking age in European history was about AD 700 to 1100. During this period many Vikings left Scandinavia and travelled to other
signifies a particular Scottish clan, and the Lion Rampant flag.Flower of Scotland is popularly held to be the National Anthem of Scotland, and is played at events such as football or rugby matches involving the Scotland national team. However, since devolution, more serious discussion of the issue has led to this being disputed. Language Historically, Scottish people have spoken many different languages and dialects. The Pictish language, Norse, Norman-French and Brythonic languages have been spoken by descendants of Scottish people. However, none of these are in use today. The remaining three major languages of the Scottish people are English, Lowland Scots (various dialects) and Gaelic. Of these three, English is the most common form as a first language. People The Scottish people (Scottish Gaelic: Albannaich (plural)) are a nation l "_note-3"[6] and an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. As an ethnic group, they are a
Vikings and Norman invasion, Jorvik Centre in York Who were normans? · They were descended from norse vikings. · Norman means norseman or viking. · They played a major political, military, and cultural role in medieval Europe. Invasion to England · The Norman conquest of England began on 28 September 1066 with the invasion of England by William, Duke of Normandy. · The Norman conquest largely removed the native ruling class, replacing it with a foreign, French-speaking monarchy. Battle of Hastings · The Battle of Hastings occurred on 14 October 1066.
Rothesay Castle is a ruined castle in Rothesay, the principal town on the Isle of Bute, in western Scotland.The castle has been described as "one of the most remarkable in Scotland" for its long history dating back to the beginning of the 13th century, and its unusual circular plan.The castle comprises a huge curtain wall, strengthened by four round towers, together with a 16th century forework, the whole surrounded by a broad moat. Built by the Stewart family, it survived Norse attacks to become a royal residence. Though falling into ruin after the 17th century, the castle was repaired by the Marquess of Bute before passing into state care last century.The castle was built either by Alan, High Steward of Scotland (d.1204), or by his son Walter Stewart (d.1246), ancestor of the House of Stuart or Stewart. Alan was granted the lands of the Isle of Bute by William I in 1200. A wooden castle was
Many Canadians value multiculturalism. There were, and are, many distinct Aboriginal peoples across Canada, each with its own culture, beliefs, values, language, and history. Much of this legacy remains celebrated artistically, and in other ways, in Canada to this day. Part of the emblem of the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympics is an inukshuk, a stack of rocks in human form that is a part of Inuit culture. 12. History The earliest discovery of the new World was made by Norse seafarers known as Vikings. It is said that in 985 AD Norse seamen sailing from Iceland to Greenland were blown far westward off their course and sighted the coast of what must have been Labrador. The report of forested areas on the strange new coast encouraged further explorations by Norse colonists from Greenland, whose settlements lacked lumber. In Anno Domini 1000 Leif Ericson became the first European to land in North America
Skandinaavia folklooris säilisid muistsed uskumused ja legendid pikka aega ning mõnedes maakohtades püsivad need tänapäevani.(4) Muinaspõhja usku on taaselustatud või taasleiutatud germaani uuspaganlusega. Mütoloogia on ka inspiratsiooniks kirjandusele, lavateostele ja filmidele. Punanahksed, möirgavad, pühendunud Jumalad olid kõik viikingite poolt armastatud. Kõiki neid võiks nimetada ühtselt Skandinaavia Jumalateks, kuid Põhjala (Norse) kõlab kui suur mühisev sõjatäkk. Mõttes võiks ju see nii jäädagi. (1.) Põhjala mütoloogia alla kuuluvad ka ülejäänud Skandinaavia alad, hõlmates endaga Taani ja Rootsi. Rootsi viikingid armastasid reisida enamasti ida aladel, Taan ja Norra viikingid enamasti lääne aladel. Rootsi viikingid käisid ka Soome aladel, kuid sinna väga ei kiputud, sealsete oma jumalate ja kommete tõttu. Island kuni 800 a ema võrdsustus ja ajas ise oma viikinite asju. (Joe, 2006)
Thistle Declaration of Arbroath Tartan Bagpipes Kilt Honours of Scotland Crown, Sword and sceptre are from late fifteenth and early sixteenth century. Crown was made in 1540. Pope Julius II presented the sword to King James IV in 1507. The sceptre was made in 1494 and was presented to King James IV by Pope Alexander VI Honours of Scotland Language Have spoken Pictish, Scottish Gaelic similar Norse, Norman- to Irish, it is French and Brythonic recognised as an Scottish English since official language of 1603 Scotland Scots Language- Inglis Feasgar math- Good afternoon Dè an t-ainm a tha ort? - What is your name? Religion
English began as a west Germanic language which was brought to England bt the Saxons around 400 AD. The spoken and written laguage berween 400 and 1100 AD is referred to as Old English. Many words used today come from Old English. In the 9th and 10th centuries, when Vikings invaded England, Old Norse words entered the language English from about 1300 to 1500 is known as Middle English. It was influenced by French and Latin. French brouht many words connected with goverment. Modern English eas greatly influenced by the English used in London and changed a great deal until the end of the 18th century. Many words were introduced from Greek and Latin to express new ideas, especially in science, medicine and philosophy. Nowadays 80 percent of the word-stock is foreign-born
2)those who fight 3.)those who work English language history Germanic Slavonic Romance Baltic Iranian Indic Greek Celtic Anatolian What did the Indo-Europeans bring ? · Male gods · War-centered worship and culture · Hierarchy · New languages · Herding introduced,later also agriculture Stages Old English (450-1100 AD) Middle English (1100-1500 AD) Early Modern English (1500-1800 AD) Late Modern English (1800- present day) Influences Latin monks and scholars from 7th century Old Norse Viking raids of late 8th century French After Norman conquest in 1066 Mongrel nation ? Old english One of the first written vernacular languages from the Indo- European language groups; From today's languages most similar to Frisian; Most famous written works: Beowulf, Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. Beowulf Written around ca 700-1000 AD in West Saxon Story about a mighty warrior Beowulf who saves the Danish kingdom of king Hrothgar by killing two mythical monsters
This has caused Tolkien to be popularly identified as the "father" of modern high fantasy literature. Biography. Childhood John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein in South Africa. As a child, he was bitten by a large baboon spider in the garden, an event some think later echoed in his stories. In 1900, He entered the King Edward school, where he learned the old English language and started exploring other — Welsh, Norse, Finnish, Gothic. He early showed up linguistic talent, after studying the Welsh and Finnish languages, he began designing "Elvish" languages. Biography. Youth In 1911, Tolkien went on a summer holiday in Switzerland, a trip that he recollects vividly in a 1968 letter, noting that Bilbo's journey across the Misty Mountains is directly based on his adventures as their party of hiked from Interlaken to Lauterbrunnen and on to camp in the moraines beyond Mürren.
by food, paper products and chemicals. Canada is also a world leader in the telecommunications industry. 13. Biggest cities Canada's biggest cities are Toronto, Montréal, Calgary, Ottawa (which is also the capital), Edmonton, Winnipeg and Vancouver. Toronto has a population of 2, 5 million which makes it the biggest city in Canada. 14. History The earliest discovery of the New World was made by Norse seafarers known as Vikings. In AD 985 Norse seamen sailing from Iceland to Greenland were blown far westward off their course and sighted the coast of what must have been Labrador. The report of forested areas on the strange new coast encouraged further explorations by Norse colonists from Greenland, whose settlers lacked lumber. In AD 1000 Leif Eriksson became the first European to land in North America. According to the sagas this was the first of many Norse
developed an Irish conquest myth around the ancestor of the contemporary royal dynasty, Cined mac Ailpn (Kenneth MacAlpin). From a base of territory in eastern Scotland north of the River Forth and south of the River Oykel, the kingdom acquired control of the lands lying to the north and south. By the 12th century, the kings of Alba had added to their territories the Anglic-speaking land in the south-east and attained overlordship of Gaelic-speaking Galloway and Norse-speaking Caithness; by the end of the 13th century, the kingdom had assumed approximately its modern borders. However, processes of cultural and economic change beginning in the 12th century ensured Scotland looked very different in the later Middle Ages. The stimulus for this was the reign of King David I and the Davidian Revolution. Feudalism, government reorganisation and the first legally defined towns (called burghs) began in this period. These institutions and
the tales of the Welsh Mabinogion or those found in Icelandic skaldic poetry. Many of the tales in the Golden Legend of Jacob de Voragine also embody folklore elements in a Christian context, as well as the tales of Old Mr. Brennan. Examples of such Christian mythology are the themes woven round Saint George or Saint Christopher. In this case, the term "folklore" is being used in a pejorative sense. That is, while the tales of Odin the Wanderer have a religious value to the Norse who composed the stories, because it does not fit into a Christian configuration it is not considered "religious" by Christians who may instead refer to it as "folklore." Folk lo desc re can r has ibe a fi be use g c no s d to the acre urative
History First people who lived in Canada came by a land bridge from Russia and Greenland. They were the ancestors of nowadays indigenous people of Canada. They just searched better for living places and followed their prey and they didn't even know they were on a different continent. The first explorers were Norse seafarers known as Vikings. As they sailed from Iceland to Greenland in AD 985, they were blown far off their course and they saw the coast what must have been Labrador. The forested areas of Canada's coast encouraged further explorations, because their settlement lacked lumber. They established a colony, what they called Vinland on Newfoundland. It died out during the 14th and 15th centuries. 500 years later Europeans started looking for a waterway to Asia, because travelling with
During this time English was called Anglo- Saxon or Old English. In the chronicles of Roman history (composed in Latin) is said that Britain makes its first appearance in written language when Romans invade the England. BEOWULF most important poem, surviving in a 10th-cent manuscript. The historical period of the poem's events can be dated in the 6th to 8th century. Much of the material of the poem is legendary and paralleled in other Germanic historical-mythological literature in Norse, Old English, and German. GEOFFREY CHAUCER (1340-1400) Politician and writer, fought in France during the 100 years war. He visited Genoa and Florence where he became acquainted with Italian literature and in particular with the works of Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio. The French period (up to 1370). early works were based mostly on French models. The Italian period (up to c. 1387). Was influenced by Italian literature, especially Dante and Bocaccio. The English period
The most famous works from this period include the poem Beowulf, which has achieved national epic status in Britain. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of important early English history. Cædmon's Hymn from the 7th century is the oldest surviving written text in English. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period. Religion The indigenous pre-Christian belief system of the Anglo-Saxons was a form of Germanic paganism and therefore closely related to the Old Norse religion, as well as other Germanic pre-Christian cultures. Christianity gradually replaced the indigenous religion of the Saxons in England around the 7th and 8th centuries. Christianity was introduced into Northumbria and Mercia by monks from Ireland, but the Synod of Whitby settled the choice for Roman Christianity. As the new clerics became the chroniclers, the old religion was partially lost before it was recorded. Despite these prohibitions, numerous elements of the pre-Christian
Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan) and three territories (Northwest Territories, Yukon, and Nunavut). Formally considered a constitutional monarchy, Canada is governed by its own House of Commons. While the governor-general is officially the representative of Queen Elizabeth II, in reality the governor-general acts only on the advice of the Canadian prime minister. History: The first inhabitants of Canada were native Indian peoples, primarily the Inuit (Eskimo). The Norse explorer Leif Eriksson probably reached the shores of Canada (Labrador or Nova Scotia) in 1000, but the history of the white man in the country actually began in 1497, when John Cabot, an Italian in the service of Henry VII of England, reached Newfoundland or Nova Scotia. Canada was taken for France in 1534 by Jacques Cartier. The actual settlement of New France, as it was then called, began in 1604 at Port Royal in what is now Nova Scotia; in 1608, Quebec was founded
Roman city, the street system(paved roads), benefits for the poor, public heated baths, art, architecture. They also influenced the language (pound, butter, cheese, wine, candle). 9. Which areas of life is English used in? technology, science, politics, tourism, aviation 10. Which languages influenced the Old English (until the 10th century) most?Anglo-Saxon, Celtic(the Celts), Scandinavian languages (Norse and Danish), Latin (the Romans) 11. Where do British people live? British Isles 12. Describe Ireland.- N I is famous for the Giant's causeway. Anthem God save the queen, 13. What is the approximate population of the 4 constituent countries? 62 million. England- 51,4 million, Scotland- 5,1 , Wales 2,9 m , Northern Ireland 1,8 million. 14. How did the Anglo-Saxons influence Britain? Language, first settlers on British Isles 15
words in the Brown Corpus are of foreign origin. o 64 state o 81 use v (Old French) o 93 people (Anglo-Norman, > Old French) o 100 just (> Old French) Core vocabulary and syllable structure: o 93 of the first one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are monosyllabic, and the remaining have two syllables (only, about, other, also, many even people) Core vocabulary – often short (monosyllabic) words of Germanic and Old Norse origin. 3. Native and foreign element. The native vocabulary has 3 strata Indo-European words - names of close relatives, names of natural objects, parts of the body, numerals. o Mother, father, night, foot, heart, bear (bore, born), see Germanic words o Friend, bridge, ship, life, heaven, glass, death, make, meet Old-English words – o 23,000 – 24,000 items. Only about 3% are of non-Germanic origin
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF OLD ENGLISH - 15 monophtongs, (7 long, 7 short, 1 central), 4 diphtongs, 17 consonants. Free variaton of R, and it was pronounced everywhere. Very much Germanic in character. Quite some special consonants that no longer exist. About morphology: synthetic with numerous aglutinating tendencies. System of tenses Germanic, but with a reduction of tenses. Paradigmatic leveling; Stress shift; Word order; Loan words (Old Norse, Old French). Dual pronouns. Determiners - no separate definite article. Strong and weak verbs. Word order relatively free with tendencies towards SVO. SVO, SOV, VSO most common. Adposition and podposition were both possible (eesliide ja tagaliide). About syntax: clauses were joined much simpler than nowadays, using and, then etc. Because of case syncretion the word order in a sentence became much more important to be able to tell the difference between words.
Each band was roughly identified with a locale and named accordingly - eg, the Arvirtuurmiut of Boothia Peninsula were called "baleen whale-eating people." During roughly 4000 years of human history in the Arctic, the appearance of new people has brought continual cultural change. The ancestors of the present-day Inuit, who are culturally related to Inuppiat (northern Alaska), Katladlit (Greenland) and Yuit (Siberia and western Alaska), arrived about 1050 AD. As early as the 11th century the NORSE exerted an undetermined influence on the Inuit. The subsequent arrival of explorers, whalers, traders, missionaries, scientists and others began irreversible cultural changes. The Inuit themselves participated actively in these developments as guides, traders and models of survival. Despite adjustments made by the Inuit over the past 3 centuries and the loss of some traditional features, Inuit culture persists - often with a greater reflective awareness. Inuit maintain a cultural identity
Canada's official colours are red and white. The colours appear on the flag. History. Almost a thousand years ago men from Norway sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and "discovered" America about 4 centuries before Columbus. In 985 AD Vikings who wanted to go to Greenland from Iceland were blown off their course and they reached Canada. It is thought that they reached Labrador. They saw forested areas there and further exploration were encouraged by this discovery because the Norse colonists from Greenland lacked lumber which was found in Canada. Five hundred years later an Italian John Cabot sailed from England to the shores of Canada in 1497. He met no living man there and soon returned to England. About 40 years later, Jacques Cartier, a French explorer, made two voyages from France. He found Indians in Canada. There are many place names in Canada that come from the Indians. The first people who came to live there were the French. It became a French colony
known about how the brain works. However, for the present purposes this question is immaterial Why do metathetical forms oust old forms? ease of pronunciation (suhkrut-suhkurt) analogy-Nucular pro nuclear,Cf circular, muscular Proto-Indo-European *kailo-"whole, uninjured, of good omen" Proto-Germanic *hailaz 1. Old English hal HALE (sound in health, vigorous, robust (HALE AND HEARTY), WHOLE 2. Old English halsum WHOLESOME (e.g. WHOLESOME FOOD) 3. Old Norse heill (healthy) HAIL (as a greeting), TO HAIL (to greet, also: to hail a taxi, also fig. to praise highly, to acclaim, as in "critics hailed her new book"), WASSAIL; German "Heil!" not used any more ("Heil Hitler! and the associated shame (just as with Reich) Germanic *hailitho > Old English hælth HEALTH Germanic *hailjan > Old English hælan TO HEAL Germanic *hailagaz > Old English halig HOLY Germanic *hailigon > Old English halgian to consecrate, to bless,
The sap is collected in Canada, Kärt Kalvet 8a spring and evaporated to make maple syrup and sugar, a culinary delicacy first prepared and used by the Aboriginal North American peoples. Appalachian Region - The Atlantic Provinces New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland are the smallest Canadian provinces, and were the first to be settled by Europeans. Evidence of contact as far back as AD 1000 has been found at a Norse settlement at l'Anse aux Meadows, in Newfoundland. The Grand Banks have been called the "wheat fields" of Newfoundland. This hallow continental shelf extends 400 km off the east coast, where the mixing of ocean currents has created one of the richest fishing grounds in the world. Once thought to contain a virtually inexhaustible supply of fish, the Banks are now considered a vulnerable resource that must be wisely managed.
foothills of the Pyrenees. United with Aquitaine in the 11th c., it was held by England between 1154 and 1453. With the loss of Gascony, the Hundred Years’ War was over. ист. провинция Гасконь. Vocabulary 1. Norman ист. Норманн; нормандский Norseman ист. скандинав, викинг; норвежец 47 Norse древнескандинавский язык, the Norman conquest завоевание Англии норманнами, нормандское завоевание Norman French нормандский диалект французского языка Normandy ист. Нормандия 2
languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot, cosmopolitan language 4) Modern English – 500,000 words (OED) At present at least 1 billion lexical units 2. Core and periphery Core vocabulary – often short (monosyllabic) words of Germanic and Old Norse origin = ie core vocabulary of most frequent words, and vague fuzzy peripherial words. Core meaning is the meaning which is at the centre of the word.periphery – vague. Formal usage (often polysyllabic words) from Norman French (rank, courtliness,refinement). Learning, science, abstraction: Latin, and Greek. The core vocabulary is predominantly Germanic (the, I, you, etc.) Only 4 of the topranked one hundred words in the Brown Corpus are of foreign origin
· raie ehk abstsisioon: resto, süst, võim · tuletus: -kas, -a, -e, -s jt: Pillekas, jota, kohve, kots · laenamine võõrkeeltest: inglise, soome, vene: stoori, boifrend, tsau · ülekantud tähendus, keelemäng, metafoor ja personifikatsioon: kapsauss, atleet, Pekka · lühendid: TIPP, kurjategijate tätoveeringud · tähemäng ehk logogriif (häälikute ärajätt, lisamine või ümbertõst): barakkstiil, pikapäkk, möladraama · metatees: perutava hobuse norse, lank on puhe · kontraktsioon: Marjustin, ajamatjus Õpilassläng 1920/30 ja 1990. aastad · Tavaliselt peetud kiiresti muutuvaks, osa sõnavarast väga püsiv · Paks inimene: trulla, tünn · Rumal inimene: oh-oo, oh-oh · Liited ja sõnad: · -a: mata, jonna · -ka: inka · -noi: kehvnoi 25. Arvutilingvistika ja keeletehnoloogia (põhilised tegevussuunad, rakendused, uurimiskeskused).
• 1770 postuleeris Sajnovics ungari ja lapi (saami) keele suguluse; • 1799 Gyarmathi raamatus tõestatakse esimeses peatükis ungari ja soome/lapi ning teises ungari ja eesti sugulus. Lisaks veel 7 muu soome-ugri keele käsitlus. See on tegelikult võrdlev-ajaloolise meetodi sünd (Itkonen). • Võrdlev-ajaloolise meetodi loojad (traditsioonilise käsitluse järgi) olid: – taanlane Rasmus Rask vanapõhja (old norse) ja vanainglise keelte grammatikas – sakslased Jakob Grimm (saksa keele grammatika), Franz Bopp ja Wilhelm von Humboldt Nad näitasid, et keeltevaheline sugulus on tõestatav ainult häälikumuutuste (häälikuseaduste) alusel. Nn Grimmi seaduse juures ütleb ta siiski ise, et häälikumuutust ei järgita alati. Grimmi seadusega hakkab täpne meetod. • Grimm kirjeldas ka ablaut’i, mis on oluline keeleline nähtus indoeuropeistikas.
2 farming 9 printing press 3 I keep meaning to sort out my in common with my mum. She's got a knack of choosing really brilliant 3 borrowed 10 dictionaries photos but I never get round to it. birthday presents for me, be it clothes, 4 alphabet 11 spelling 4 After my boyfriend broke off our pictures or whatever, basically because 5 Old Norse 12 influenced relationship I bought some new she likes the same kinds of things 6 evolve 13 non-native clothes to cheer myself up. as I do. We also share a liking for the 7 disappeared 5 My father was offered a job in same kinds of food, like olives and New York but after thinking it
always had over me. I got hooked on the fairy tales and Litde Golden Books read out loud by my mother and grandmother. I devoured the cartoons and movies pouring out of T V in the 1 9 5 0 s , the thrilling adventures on the drive-in screens, the lurid comic books and mind-stretching science fiction of the day. W h e n I was laid up with a sprained ankle, my father went to the local library and brought back wonder stories of Norse and Celtic mythology that made me forget the pain. A trail of stories eventually led me to reading for a living as a story analyst for Hollywood studios. T h o u g h I evaluated thousands of novels and screenplays, I never got tired of exploring the labyrinth of story with its stunningly repeated patterns, xxvii THE WRITER'S JOURNEY ~ THIRD EDITION Christopher Vogler
Skaukatt or Skogkatt) is a Scandinavian breed which evolved in the cold northern climate of Norway. Generations of living in the cold and wet gave rise to a cat with a heavy, weather- resistant coat and full ruff. The woolly undercoat provides warmth while a medium-long, glossy outer coat resists rain and snow. It differs from the Maine Coon in several respects - including back legs slightly longer than the front. It is an excellent climber. Longhaired cats are mentioned in Norse mythology and in books of Norwegian fairy tales written 1837 and 1852 which describe it as having a long, bushy tail. Due to its resemblance to the Maine Coon and Scottish Wildcat some have suggested the Vikings took cats to Scotland (where they interbred with wild cats) and to North America on Viking longships. This theory is unlikely. Domestic cats did not arrive in America until European colonists
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