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Londoni ajalugu Rooma - 20 sajand

· Madam Tussauds is a wax museum in London with branches in a number of major cities. It was founded by wax sculptor Marie Tussaud and was formerly known as "Madame Tussaud's". It displays waxworks of historical and royal figures, film stars, sports stars and famous murderers. · Millenium Bridge - The London Millennium Footbridge is a steel suspension bridge for pedestrians crossing the River Thames in London. The southern end of the bridge is near Globe Theatre, the Bankside Gallery and Tate Modern, the north end next to the City of London School below St Paul's Cathedral. The bridge has two river piers and is made of three main sections of 81 metres144 metres and 108 metres with a total structure length of 325 metresthe aluminium deck is 4 metres

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The Millenium Footbridge.

THE MILLENIUM FOOTBRIDGE What, where & when? • For pedestrians • located between Southward Bridge (downstream) and Black friars Railway Bridge (upstream) • Connects St.Paul’s Catherdal and Tate Modern • owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates • Construction of the bridge began in 1998 • opening on 10 June 2000. Closing, unexpected & not safety? • Londoners nicknamed Wobbly Bridge • crossed by 90,000 people, with up to 2,000 on the bridge at any one time. • a charity walk on behalf of Save the Children • Swaying motion • Closed after two days of limited access. • Reopened after two years when the bridge was entirely safe. In 2002. Particulars : • Design : Suspension bridge • Total length: 370 meters • Width: 4 meters • Longest span:144 meters • 5,000 people on the bridge at one time • on 28 April 1999 by Monberg Thorsen and Sir Robert McAlpine • cost of £18.2 million

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London

unsuccessful. They made their way to the river Thames and sailed up it. The Romans knew it was important to control a crossing point at the river Thames, so they decided to build a settlement on the north bank. Although small settlements had been built on the banks of the Thames, the Romans were the ones who built the first city. They called their city Londinium. The Roman engineers noticed that the point where the swampy river narrowed would make an ideal crossing point, they built London Bridge. Less than 20 years later the native Iceni tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, rose up against the Romans in revenge for mistreatment and burnt Londinium to the ground. The well disciplined Roman army defeated her forces and Londinium was rebuilt. By AD 100 it had also become the capital of the Roman province. A massive wall was built to protect the city from further attacks. The Roman Empire came under increasing attack across Europe and in AD 410 they retreated.

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London sights

London sights...  Tower Bridge Plans for the Tower Bridge were devised around 1876 when the east of London became extremely crowded and a bridge across the Thames in that area of the city seemed a necessary. Five contractors and nearly 450 workers were involved in the construction of the 265 meter long bridge. It took 11,000 tons of steel to build the framework. At the time many people disliked its Victorian Gothic design, but over time the bridge became one of London's most famous symbols.  Millennium Bridge Construction of the bridge began in late 1998 and was completed in June 2000, about 2 months behind schedule. Pedestrians can gain a wonderful view of the cathedral's dome from the bridge and the sight is especially marvelous at night. The Tower Bridge, London's most famous bridge, is also clearly visible from here.  National Gallery

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London topic

The coolest month is January. Winders are seldom below freezing. Rainfall is regular, but most often in the form of drizzle occurring throughout the year. Snow occurs sometimes in winter but rarely settles more than a few millimetres deep. History The origin of London may be dated around the beginning of the 1st century AD, when a Celtic tribe settled near a fordable point of the Thames. L achieved real importance following the Roman conquest under Claudius (43AD). The Romans build a bridge, somewhat east of the present city. This bridge soon was part of a trade road and attracted more and more traders. Soon the flourishing city Londinium came into existence. The Romans rebuilt the town into a centre of great importance. After the Romans withdrew from Britain in the Picts, Scots, Jutes, Angles and Saxons invaded London. It started to expand again under the Saxon kings. London was described as a commercial centre into which goods from all parts of the world flew by land and sea.

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Bridges presentation

Foreword Bridging rivers, gorges, narrows, straits, and valleys always has played an important role in the history of human settlement. Since ancient times, bridges have been the most visible testimony of the noble craft of engineers. A bridge can be defined in many ways, but Andrea Palladio, the great 16th century Italian architect and engineer, hit on the essence of bridge building when he said "...bridges should befit the spirit of the community by exhibiting commodiousness, firmness, and delight." In more practical terms, he went on to explain that the way to avoid having the bridge carried away by the violence of water was to make the bridge without fixing any posts in the water. Since the beginning of time, the goal of bridge builders has been to create as wide a span as possible which is commodious, firm, and occasionally delightful

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Tower Bridge

Tower Bridge  General · Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, England, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, which gives it its name. It has become an iconic symbol of London.  Design · In the second half of the 19th century, increased commercial development in the East End of London led to a requirement for a new river crossing downstream of London Bridge. · Subway Committee was formed in 1876, chaired by Sir Albert Joseph Altman, to find a solution to the river crossing problem. It opened the design of the crossing to public competition. Over 50 designs were submitted. · Jones' engineer, Sir John Wolfe Barry, devised the idea of a bascule bridge 800 feet (244 m) in length with two towers each 213 feet (65 m) high, built on piers. The central span of 200 feet (61 m) between the towers was split into two

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Integration of Lean Con. and Building Information Modelling

..........................................................68 5.2.5 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................69 5.3 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FOR LC AND BIM SYNERGY.........................................................................69 5  5.3.1 Crusell Bridge case study........................................................................................................69 5.3.2 Discussion ...............................................................................................................................71 5.4 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................73 CHAPTER 6- CONCLUSION ..........................................................

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