ANDMEBAASIGA SCOPUS TEOSTATUD OTSINGUD Teostatud lihtotsing üldiste märksõnadega: ainsaks kriteeriumiks seejuures on, et otsisõna sisalduma artikli pealkirjas, märksõnana või abstraktselt. OTSIPROFIIL LEITUD ALLIKATE ARV carcinogens AND groundwater 417 health risks AND groundwater pollution 1276 groundwater AND pollution AND problems 3708 groundwater AND health risks AND 275 (carcinogen OR cancer) groundwater AND cancer AND (organisms 289 OR health) groundwater AND ecosystem (cancer OR 0 carcinoma OR toxicology) Teostatud otsing teemaspetsiifiliste märksõnadega:
b) Otsistrateegia, piirangud: c) Leitud /relevantsete internetiallikate arv d) Väljavalitud veebilehekülgede hinnang autorluse, täiendamise, objektiivsuse ja sisu seisukohalt. e) 1 teemakohase artikli kirje (juhendis näide "veebiartikkel") a) Otsimootorite nimetused ja veebiaadressid: GoogleScholar; http://scholar.google.com/ Otsistrateegia, piirangud Leitud /relevantsete internetiallikate arv ,,carcinogens" AND ,,groundwater" 13 700 Ajaline piirang (2012-2013) 1180 carcinogens ,,AND" groundwater 16 600 Ajaline piirang (2012-2013) 1380 carcinogens+groundwater 22 000 Ajaline piirang (2012-2013) 2520 groundwater AND pollution AND 299 000 problems Ajaline piirang (2012-2013) 18 400
3. HARJUTUSÜLESANNE 3.1. Harjutusülesanne "Autori otsing" Nobeli preemia keemia alal anti 2001. aastal uurimistööle "Discovery and development of conductive polymers". Üks auhinna saajatest oli Alan G. MacDiarmid. Leia: a) mitu artiklit avaldas ta aastatel 1975 - 1985? 67 artiklit b) kuidas leidsid vajalikud andmed? Sisestasin autori nime. Seejärel kuvati ekraanile igasuguseid variante, millest valisin nime Alan G. MacDiarmid. Seejärel klõpsasin ,,Publication years 1975- 1985. Sain 67 vastet. c) mitu tööd sisaldasid kontseptsiooni "conducting polymers" või "plastics"? 183 tööd d) kuidas leidsid need tööd? Tuli refine'i alt valida research topics, sisestasin otsisõnadeks "conducting polymers" or "plastics" . e) mitu patenti on Alan G. MacDiarmid nimel? 26 f) kuidas leidsid vajalikud andmed. Tuli refine'i alt valida ,,document type" ning klikata patent'i peal. Juhised ülesande lahendamiseks leiad : How to...
Agnes Suurväli, Regiina Lopetaite, Oliver Simpson TEEMAST Kantserogeensed ained Nende sattumine põhjavette Kuidas nad põhjavette satuvad Nende mõju elusorganismidele TUNTUD KANTSEROGEENID Radoon, asbest, benseen, arseen Tubakas Raskemetallid (Sb, Pb jt) Dioksiinid Tuumajaamade jäätmed, radioaktiivsed ained Halogeenid ÜLDISED MÄRKSÕNAD Kantserogeenid (carcinogens) Põhjavesi (groundwater) Terviseriskid (health risk) Kartsinoom, vähk (carcinoma, cancer) Reostus, reostamine (pollution) OTSIPROFIILID carcinogens AND groundwater Carcinogens AND groundwater AND pollution health risks AND groundwater AND pollution groundwater AND pollution AND problems groundwater AND health risks AND (carcinogen OR cancer) groundwater AND cancer AND (organisms OR health) groundwater AND ecosystem (cancer OR carcinoma
Ilona Juhanson, 123964YASB 6.1 Google Scholar – http://scholar.google.com „Carcinogens in groundwater“ – 7 tulemust, - tõenäoliselt kõige põhjalikum, kuna tuleneb pealkirjast, mitte ainult kahe peamise märksõna arvelt. carcinogens AND groundwater – 16700 tulemust carcinogens OR groundwater – 1110000 tulemust Yahoo – www.yahoo.com „Carcinogens in groundwater“ – 179 tulemust, - samuti kõige põhjalikum variant, kuna kasutab mõlemat märksõna täpsemal viisil. Carcinogens AND groundwater – 75200 tulemust Carcinogens OR groundwater – 998000 tulemust MetaCrawler – www.metacrawler.com „Carcinogens in groundwater“ – numbriliselt tulemuste hulka ei andnud, küll aga oli hitte 9 lehekülje võrra, ning vasakul nurgas pakkus kaheksa alateemat. Carcinogens AND groundwater – lehekülgede arv jäi samaks
deserts, forests, grasslands, oceans, prairies, rainforests, taiga and tundra, terrestrial ecosystems, wetlands. b) Plotkin, Mark J. 2.3 Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells (52), Thin Solid Films (50), (Journal of Non- Crystalline Solids (31), Synthetic Metals (18), Organic Electronics (10), Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing (2) Teemades: solar cell (79), thin film (21), organic solar (9), zno (9), cds (6) 2.4 Peamised märksõnad: carcinogens, groundwater, pollution; 847 hitti. Groundwater AND pollution AND problems: Groundwater AND ecosystem AND cancer: Eelistasin edasisel tööl esimest varianti, kuna sisaldab teema pealkirjas olevaid sõnu märksõnadena. Esimesel leheküljel olevad artiklid olid kõik teemakohased, kuigi pealkirjades kajastus kantserogeenina kõige enam arseen, kuid oli ka teisi aineid ja kontekste. Valitud artikkel: Autorid: Petrusevski, B.; van der Meer, Walter; Baker, J.; Kruis, F.; Sharma, S. K.; Schippers, J
tulemusi ei andnud: c) http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ttul/docDetail.action? docID=10159425&p00=environment%20changes%20europe d) Wright, H. E., Jr. Kutzbach, John E. Webb; Thompson, III. 1994. Global Climates: Since the Last Glacial Maximum : climatic changes, paleoclimatology. Minneapolis, MN, USA : University of Minnesota Press. 2.3 Ilona Juhanson, 123964YASB b) Viies köide ja 14. peatükk . c) David B. Vance, James A. Jacobs. Groundwater and Arsenic: Chemical Behaviour and Treatment. 2.4 OTSING OMA TEEMAL (Carcinogens in Groundwater) a) Parimaid tulemusi andis Ebrary Knovel Reference E. Tulemusi 692 3 lk 73 kokku Täpsustavalt 216 Artiklid 1.Identifying 1. Drinking Water 1. Toxic Legacy: Future Drinking Quality (2nd Synthetic Toxins in the
recycling and using eco-friendly products have improved, there are more landfills in Estonia than ever before. The government should take some actions and instead of talking about recession, they should improve recycling programs or take into use some new ways. Environment problem in Estonia is also water pollution. Big factories let their waste run into the rivers without cleaning it and farmers use man-made fertilizers. Their action is spoiling groundwater. Garbage wrong recycling also affects groundwater quality, because when it rains then bacteria from landfills will be washed to the groundwater. Before Tallinn citizens can drink their water, it has to pervade 15- hour cleaning process. Environmental problems don't affect our lives yet, but we have to think about it. People think that they can't make a difference, but it is wrong. Every person has to save our environment, because those little things can make a difference
fire. Thats why is very important that the air all the time to be produced. Therefore, people says that it would be better to read newspapers online. People would really think about it more on how to keep their land. We could sort our rubbish more carefully, and certainly to not drop it down. I think all people can do something to save ours Earth. I thint that ours Earth is sick and we killing it. We are recklessly wasting groundwater and wasting it, as a result, the groundwater quality will fall. We not care ours nature and violeted it to make ours life more easyer. We all must to think about it and think how to live more economically.
c) –> reactant or regent –> 10 tulemust d) 3.5 Aine otsing SciFinderi joonistusprogrammi abil: a) 1042 ainet Ilona Juhanson, 123964YASB b) Neist on võimalik osta (commercially available) 69. c) d) 1042 substances -> all substances -> product -> 1408 reactions e) 1408 reactions-> refine -> product yield -> 60%-80% -> 78 reactions f) 3.6 Artiklite otsing oma teema jaoks a) b) 1. Leaded-gasoline additives still contaminate groundwater 2. Groundwater nitrogen pollution and assessment of its health risks: a case study of a typical village in rural-urban Continuum, China
Although this worst-case scenario has rarely occurred and presents a low probability of occurrence, countermeasures must be prepared in advance based on an appropriate response and adaptation strategies. After an overview of possible infrastructural instabilities caused by global warming, methodologies are proposed placing emphasis on the increasing probability of infrastructural instability triggered by natural hazards resulting from groundwater-level (GWL) variations. These effects are expected to be particularly serious in coastal regions because of the influence of the rising sea level resulting from global warming. The influence of sea-level rises (SLR) will become apparent along with land subsidence because groundwater abstraction will become severe in coastal regions. Additionally, the probability of earthquake liquefaction increases if GWL rises in accompaniment with SLR. Using case histories,
tabeli ning sealt saind vajaminevad andmed. b) 1495 c) 2927 4.2 Otsi andmebaasist ebrary raamatuid teemal "Global environmental change in Europe". a) Otsinguks panin Global environmental change in Europe d) Climate Change: An Integrated Perspective. (2000). / W. J. Martens, J. Rotmans : Kluwer Academic Publishers. [Online] ebrary (22.03.2014) 4.3. Raamatu otsing andmebaasist b) 5.14 Ground Water c ) GROUNDWATER AND ARSENIC: CHEMICALBEHAVIOR AND TREATMEN autorid : David B. Vance ja James A. Jacobs 4.4. Otsing Science Directi teatmeteostest. c) 5
Märksõna Kantserogeen 109 40 Raamatuid UDK otsingus märksõnadega põhjavesi ja kantserogeen ei leidunud. UDK: põhjavesi Märksõna: põhjavesi (213 kirjet) Ilona Juhanson, 123964YASB Ja Tartus (230 kirjet): Ilona Juhanson, 123964YASB Märksõna: kantserogeen (109 kirjet): Ja Tartus (40 kirjet): Ilona Juhanson, 123964YASB UDK: kantserogeen Ilona Juhanson, 123964YASB b) Olulise raamatu bibliokirje: Chemical and isotopic groundwater hydrology (c. 2004, 3rd ed) / Mazor, Emanuel TLÜAR loodusteaduste saali kojulaenutusosakonnas (kohaviit: LO 556/M23) Kasutasin märksõna põhjavesi. 1.2 Märksõna UDK Genoom 575.113 (051) Spektrofotomeetria 543.422.3 Orgaaniline süntees 547.057 (063) Komposiitmaterjalid 620.22-419.8 1.3
On the other hand, there are some throwbacks as well. Firstly, companies which do not have experience with factories might produce an enormous amount of air pollution. Secondly, sophisticated combinations need highly educated experts, otherwise failure might cause chemical fires, which may lead to catastrophic disasters. What is more, new factories tend to start with cheap products which are produced with toxic chemicals and usually end up polluting our groundwater. In conclusion, there are clearly both marvelous and terrible sides to building new factories. Personally, I believe that building new factories is marvelous because it has positive affect on economy and also gives1 job for unemployed people, however building new factories has negative effect on environment and nature, also might have low quality products.
Firstly, people need to realise that there are many other people in the world who does not have accessibility to water. We can decrease it by not wasting water on pointless things for example long showers and watering flowers outside the house. By doing this we will economize water and it may be possible for other people to use fresh water as well. Secondly, it is really important to keep the water fresh and clean but many factories let their sewage into the groundwater which can cause a pollution and the lack of fresh water around that area. We can prevent this from not letting the factories do that or insist them on water treatment. On the whole, there are many ways in which we can stop wasting our most valuable resource these were just two simple ways to do it.
overconsumption. Although, in recent years peoples knowledge about recycling and using eco-friendly products have improved, there are more landfills in Estonia than ever before. The government should take some actions and instead of talking about recession, improve recycling programs. Last but not least, abuse of the natural resources is also a big problem in Estonia. Big fatories let their waste run into the rivers without cleaning it and farmers use man-made fertilizers. Their actions spoil groundwater. We must not take water for granted but we should conserve it. To sum up, we all should help the environment. We need to change our attitude, behaviour and habits and inform the public with the help of the media and the problems will eventually improve. Merit Vislapu 11R
olulisem tegur, mis määrab maastike ning taimkatte kohalikud erijooned. Pinnakatte setted leiavad kasutamist maavaradena: ehitusliiv ja -kruus, turvas, mere- ja järvemuda jne. ~ ammendunud: Hiiu-, Pärnu-, peagi ammendumas: Järva- ja Lääne- ja Viljandimaa Valgamaa Raukas, A., Teedumäe, A. (eds). 1997. Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn. 436 pp. Fig. 106. Distribution of nitrates in groundwater to a depth of 30...100 m from the ground in 1990: 1-4 - concentration of nitrates in groundwater, mg/l: 1 - <4; 2 - 4...20; 3 - 20...45; 4 - >45; 5 - boundary of the county. Compiled by L. Savitskaja. Raukas, A., Teedumäe, A. (eds). 1997. Geology and Mineral Resources of Estonia. Estonian Academy Publishers, Tallinn. 436 pp. Fig. 107. Degree of groundwater protection: 1 - unprotected; 2 - weakly protected; 3 - moderately protected; 4 - protected. Compiled by L. Savitskaja. Pleijel, H
Water pollution Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities, which can be harmful to organisms and plants and for all of us. First, we have to talk about the causes of water pollution. Domestic households, industrial and agricultural practices produce wastewater that can cause pollution of many lakes and rivers. Industry is a huge source of water pollution, it produces pollutants that are extremely harmful to people and the environment. Dumping of litter in the sea can also cause huge problems
They can stay on the soil for many years and contaminate the ground. Municipal dumps are created in the outskirts of the city. People who live near suffer from such neighbourhood. Because strong smell coming from this place. It's also an attractive place for homeless animals, crows, rats and mice. The air round municipal dumps is always contaminated because several items in the dumps are toxic in nature. And those that decompose release toxic into the air, into the soil, and then get into the groundwater. These toxic can be gases like methane, sulfur, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and so on. Municipal dumps are the cause serious diseases and damage crops. These dumps are becoming bigger and bigger. What is the solution to a problem? First of all, people should change their attitude to dumping. Special bins should be put of cans, bottles and paper. Secondly, much more than half of today's trash could be recycled, but 80% of it winds up in landfills
Natural resources-our treasure Natural resources are land or raw materials like minerals, fluids, gases, organic matters and also woods, groundwater, animals and so on, in other words it's everything that human hasn't created. These resources are also used in industry. We get natural resources from the environment. Many of them are essential for our survival while others are used for satisfying our wants. Renewable resources: Some natural resources can be reproduced within a few years or decades. These are called renewable resources. Solar radiation, wind and hydroelectricity, are perpetual resources
Esita otsiprofiil ekraanipildina. Analüüsi saadud tulemuste vastavust teemale. Leidsin 42 vastet. Tulemused olid väga relevantsed ja head. Euroopa, veel tähtsam Eesti, kohta paraku materjal puudub. b)Vali välja üks relevantne artikkel ja esita selle viitekirje. Sthiannopkao, S., Kim, Kyoung-Woong., Cho, Kyung H., Wantala, K., Sotham, S., Sokuntheara, C., Kim, Joon H. (2010). Arsenic levels in human hair, Kandal Province, Cambodia: The influences of groundwater arsenic, consumption period, age and gender. Applied Chemistry, 25, (1), 81-90. [Online] Compendex (4.04.2013)
Lisa 3. Veepuuduse all kannatavad riigid. Kasutatud kirjandus Biswas, A.K., Juha I. Uitto, J.I., 2002. Water for Urban Areas: Challenges and Perspectives. Engel, K., Jokiel, D., Kraljevic, A., Geiger, M ., Smith, K., 2011. Big cities, big water, big challenges: water in an urbanizing world. Fisher, M., 2008. Urban Trees enchance water filtration Hashemi, H., Berndtsson, R., Persson, M., 2014. Artificial recharge by floodwater spreading estimated by water balances and groundwater modeling. Helweg, J., Smith, G., 1978. Appropriate technology for artificial aquifers. Herrera, C., 2009. Integrated urban water resources management- Mexico City case study, World Bank. Howe, C.A., Butterworth, J., Smout, I.K., Duffy, A.M., Vairavamoorthy, K., 2006-2011. Sustainable Water Management in the City of the Future. Jordan, R., Rehner, J., Samaniego, J., 2010. Regional panorama - Latin America mega-cities and sustainability. Kaushal, M., 2009. Groundwater recharge Technologies.
mahult suurem kui vesi jõgedes, järvede ja märgalades kokku. Põhjavee liigne kasutamine võib viia põhjavee kvaliteedi languseni ja ammendumiseni. Kuna põhjavesi liigub aeglaselt läbi pinnase, siis inimtegevuse mõju võib kesta suhteliselt pikka aega. Euroopa põhjavesi on reostunud mitmel viisil: nitraadid, pestitsiidid, süsivesinikud, klooritud süsivesinikud, sulfaat, fosfaat ja bakterid. Kõige tõsisemaid probleemid on nitraadireostused ja pestitsiidid. (Groundwater..., 2007 ) . Paljudes Euroopa riikides on kõrge kvaliteediga joogivee varud. Mõnedes riikides, kus majanduslikud ja poliitilised muutused on kaasa toonud infrastruktuuri halvenemise, on ebapiisav vee töötlemine ja desinfitseerimine joogiveeks. Paljudes Lääne-Euroopa riikides on vajadus täiustatud veepuhastusjaamade järele. Joogivee kvaliteet on eriti murettekitav Ida- Euroopa, Kaukaasia ja Kesk-Aasia (EECCA) riikides, kus on probleeme joogiveevarude mikrobioloogilise saastumisega
Vikipeedia artikkel. [WWW-materjal] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_shark (vaadatud: 03.02.2012) 12. (30.01.2012) Gharial. Vikipeedia artikkel. [WWW-materjal] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharial (vaadatud: 02.02.2012) 13. Dan M. (02.01.2012) Grunge in the Ganges. IHT Global Opinion. . [WWW-materjal] http://latitude.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/02/grunge-in-the-ganges/ (vaadatud: 02.02.2012) 14. (2010) SK Jalota, SS Prihar, VK Arora. Groundwater Usage. India Waterportal. [WWW-materjal] http://www.indiawaterportal.org/taxonomy/term/423 (vaadatud: 02.02.2012) 15. (2009) Christopher A. S. Energy supply and the expansion of groundwater irrigation in the Indus-Ganges Basin. IAHR, INBO & IAHS. [WWW-materjal] http://udallcenter.arizona.edu/wrpg/Pubs/Scott%20&%20Sharma%202009%20Energy %20GW%20irrig%20Indus-Ganges%20IJRBM.pdf (vaadatud: 02.02.2012) 16
1. It upsets the food chain because it comes in sizes large and small, polluting plastics even affects the world’s tiniest organisms such as plankton. When these organisms become poisoned due to plastic ingestion, this causes problems for the larger animals that depend on them for food. This can cause a lot of problems, each step further along the food chain. Plus, it means that plastic are present in the fish that many people eat every day. 2. Groundwater pollution, as the world’s water is in great danger because of leaking plastics and waste. If you’ve ever seen a garbage dump, imagine what happens every time it rains and then imagine that being in your drinking water. Groundwater and reservoirs are susceptible to leaking environmental toxins. 4. Land pollution kills animals. Despite countless TV ads over the years showing ducks or dolphins
Hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. . Hüdrosfäär Hüdrosfäär on Maad ümbritsev veekiht. Sisaldab vett kolmes agregaatolekus. Kogumass on 1,4 x 1018 tonni. On ebaühtlane ja katkendlik hõlmab merepinnast umbes 11 km kuni +9 km. Hüdrosfääri osadeks on hionosfäär (lumi) ja krüosfäär (jää). Hydrosphere includes all the earth's water found in streams, lakes, the soil, groundwater, and in the air. , , , , , , , . Hüdroloogiline tsükkel On aineringetest lihtsaim, kuna vesi on ringes alati sama molekulina (H2O); võib esineda nii vedelas, tahkes kui auru faasis. Veeringe energeetiliseks baasiks on peamiselt päikesekiirgus. Väike veeringe esineb maailmamere ja selle kohal asuva õhkkonna vahel, suur veeringe toimub mere ja maapinna kohal asuva õhkkonna vahel. Vee koguhulk hüdroloogilises tsüklis on jaotunud väga ebaühtlaselt.
The Murray-Darling river system is one of the largest river systems in the world. There are predominantly dry salt lakes in the flat desert regions of the country lacking in organised drainage. The Australians can get most of their underground water from the Great Artesian Basin, which is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world. Iti is near Lake Eyre, the Great Dividing Range and the Simpson Desert. An artesian well is a confined aquifer containing groundwater that will flow upwards through a well without the need for pumping. Water may even spurt out of the ground if the natural pressure is high enough. An aquifer provides the water for an artesian well. An aquifer is a layer of soft rock, like limestone or sandstone that absorbs water from an inlet path. Porous stone is confined between impermeable rocks or clay. This keeps the pressure high, so when the water finds an outlet, it overcomes gravity and goes up instead of down.
põhjaveekogumite seisundi halvenemise ärahoidmine kaitsevad, parandavad ja taastada põhjaveekogumeid ning tagavad põhjavee võtmise ja taastumise tasakaalu, eesmärgiga saavutada põhjavee hea seisund järk-järgult vähendada põhjavee reostust, mis on põhjustatud inimtegevuse tulemusel tekkinud saasteainetest Eestikeelne direktiiv: https://www.envir.ee/sites/default/files/veepoliitika_raamdir32000l0060et.pdf Põhjavesi (Groundwater) Eesmärgid: Mitte saastada Otsese saaste pinnavette juhtimise keelustamine Nõue jälgida pinnaveekogusid (detekteerimaks nende keem koostise muutusi) Kui inimtegevuse tulemusel peaks saastuse tase pinnaveekogus tõusma, siis see kasv peatada Minimaalse inimeste poolt tekitatava mõju printsiip Pinnavett võib kasutada vaid nii palju, et see ei segaks veeökosüsteemi Kombineerutud lähenemine Kombineeritud lähenemine (The combined approach)
com/Index.html Trükised Ahmet S. Üçisik & Philip Rushbrook; The Impact of Cemeteries the environment and public healt, Denmark, 1998 Dent, B.B. & Knight, M.J. Cemeteries: a special kind of landfill. In: Proceedings of IAH Sustainable Solutions Conference, Melbourne, February 1998. Kenilworth, International Association of Hydrologists, 1998. Environment Agency, Wallingford, United Kingdom. Unpublished information, 1998. L. Rodrigues and A. Pacheco; Groundwater contamination from cemeteries cases of study, Portugal, 2003 R. Kalle; Kalmistujäätmete käitlemine Põlva maakonna näitel, magistritöö keskkonnakaitse erialal, 2005 V. Lang; Baltimaade metalliaeg, 2003 Suulised teated Vestlus Kristin Matusebüroo juhatuse liikme Sven-Erik Nielseniga 20
as home heating. Geothermal wells tend to release greenhouse gases trapped deep within the earth, but these emissions are much lower than those of conventional fossil fuels. As a result, this technology has the potential to help mitigate global warming if widely deployed. How it works Hot rocks underground heat water to produce steam. We drill holes down to the hot region, steam comes up, is purified and used to drive turbines, which drive electric generators. There may be natural "groundwater" in the hot rocks anyway, or we may need to drill more holes and pump water down to them. The first geothermal power station was built at Landrello, in Italy, and the second was at Wairekei in New Zealand. Others are in Iceland, Japan, the Philippines and the United States. In Iceland, geothermal heat is used to heat houses as well as for generating electricity. If the rocks aren't hot enough to produce steam we can sometimes still use the energy - the Civic
Küllastunud kihi ülemist piiri nimetatakse põhjavee vabapinnaks (water table) ning seal on hüdrostaatiline rõhk võrdne õhurõhuga. Vabapinnast allpool, esimese suhteliselt vettpidava kihini on surveta ehk vabapinnaline põhjavesi, mida nimetatakse pinnaseveeks. Seega pinnasevesi on kõige ülemine põhjavee kiht, mis on aktiivselt haaratud veeringesse. Inglise keeles terminit “pinnasevesi” ei eristata ning selle asemel öeldakse groundwater in active zone. Sademete väikse intensiivsuse korral läheb vesi otse pinnasesse ja suurendab tema niiskust. See imbub omakorda pinnasevette ning toidab pinnasevee äravoolu. Intensiivsete sademete korral langeb maapinnale rohkem vett kui pinnas jõuab sisse imada. Selle tulemusel tekib sademete jääk. 128. Lahusagregaatne ja põimagregaatne mullaharimine. 129. Külviase (tihedus, harimissügavus, harimise ühtlikus, külvisügavus, külvisenorm)
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