EUROOPA DEMOGRAAFILINE TULEVIK Käesolev ülevaade on koostatud David Coleman´i artikli ,,Europe's demographic future: determinants, dimensions, and challenges" põhjal. Coleman´i artikel prognoosib Euroopa demograafilist tulevikku. Artikel kirjeldab Euroopa jagunemist ja vanuselist struktuuri, annab ülevaate sõdade ja revolutsioonide põhjustatud demograafilistest muutustest ning Nõukogude ideoloogia mõjust perekonnale ja rahvastikule. Lähemalt käsitletakse Euroopa demograafiale iseloomulikke suundumusi: madal sündimus, elanikkonna vananemine, migratsioon, sh illegaalne migratsioon.
Esimene rühm 1. Name the processes of population that have an economic importance. 2. What is demographic transition and what influences it? 3. Speak about demographic explosion. 4. What is demographic crisis? 5. Speak about the course of demographic transition up to 1950s. 6. Speak about full employment in the NORTH. 7. What is natural increase? 8. Why is the rapid increase of population so acute problem? 9. Name the factors that influence death rate. 10. What are the main reasons for death in the developing world? 11. Analyse a population pyramid (what stage was in 2000?). Vastused 1. 1. Demographic transition, 2. Changes that take place in education and full employment, 3. Migration, 4
POPULATION Influences: demographic transition birth, death economy education urbanization employment migration ethnic-cultural background Demographic transition is a theory according to which all societies start with traditional alternation of generations and they finish with modern alternation of generations (demographic explosion, ageing) TRADITIONAL ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS -agrarian society -BR is high (10-12 children/3-4 survive) traditions, moral parents hope that their children will suport them in the future no healthcare -DR is high no healthcare epidemics -average age 35-40 THE BEGINNING OF INDUSTRIALIZATION -healthcare -development of economy -education Increase in the living standards. BR remained the same (still high) DR decreased Big amount of children in the society. 18th c
In the United States, Christians will decline from more than three-quarters of the population in 2010 to two-thirds in 2050, and Judaism will no longer be the largest non-Christian religion. Muslims will be more numerous in the U.S. than people who identify as Jewish on the basis of religion. Four out of every 10 Christians in the world will live in sub-Saharan Africa. These are among the global religious trends highlighted in new demographic projections by the Pew Research Center. The projections take into account the current size and geographic distribution of the world’s major religions, age differences, fertility and mortality rates, international migration and patterns in conversion. As of 2010, Christianity was by far the world’s largest religion, with an estimated 2.2 billion adherents, nearly a third (31%) of all 6.9 billion people on Earth. Islam was second, with 1
saa paljuneda. Rajajaefekt (founder effect) – Populatsiooni pudelikaela erijuht, mille puhul lähtepopulatsioonist irdunud või eemaldatud üksikud isendid panevad aluse uuele populatsioonile. Rajajaisendite väikese arvu ja sellest tingitud geenitriivi tõttu on uue populatsiooni geneetiline mitmekesisus väike ja alleelide sagedus erineb oluliselt lähtepopulatsiooni alleelide sagedusest. Demograafiline stohhastilisus (demographic variation, demographic stochasticity) – Sündimuse, suremuse ja paljunemiskiiruse juhuslikud muutused; võivad suurendada väikeste populatsioonide väljasuremisohtu. Allee efekt (allee effect) – Populatsiooni kasvukiiruse suurenemine populatsioonitiheduse kasvades. Enamasti on see põhjustatud isendite viljakuse vähenemisest populatsiooni tiheduse vähenedes, näiteks selle tõttu, et isendite kohtumise tõenäosus väheneb. Keskkonna stohhastilisus (environmental variation, environmental stochasticity) –
are given in return for cost savings and production improvement suggestions. Here is some statistics how these initiatives worked: · in 2002, production targets were exceeded by more than 60 per cent; · the programme of continuous process improvement saved £10.5 million in two years 2002- 2003; · in 2003 there were 14 333 employee suggestions of which 11 064 ( 80 per cent) were implemented. Because of the demographic changes in the workforce, BMW has formed a project, "Today for Tomorrow", to help the group to adapt these changes through five areas: 1. design of the working environment 2. healt management and preventive health care 3. needs-based retirement models 4. qualification and skills 5. communication The BMW company has significantly changed the working environment in motor industry. Employees have better conditions and higher wages. This is good for the entire BMW group,
jõgesid ning järvi. Kasutatud allikad: http://faostat.fao.org/site/377/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=377#ancor http://www.fao.org/WAIRDOCS/LEAD/X6147E/X6147E00.HTM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Lithuania http://www.indexmundi.com/lithuania/imports_commodities.html http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/external/enlarge/publi/countryrep/lithuania.pdf http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343803/Lithuania/277146/Demographic- trends#toc37327 http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leedu
Social Problems Homelessness A person and families are considered homeless, if they live outdoors without shelter ( ) , temporarily housed in hostels, night shelters , institutions such as psychiatric hospitals, and those temporarily () accommodated () by relatives or friends. Persons living in poverty are most at risk of becoming homeless , and demographic groups who are more likely to experience poverty are also more likely to experience homelessness . Homelessness usually increases during periods of economic recession () and rising unemployment, when people can no longer afford ( ) housing, and governments cut down public housing expenses. Inadequate shelter or housing creates conditions that promote disease. Without decent ( ) protection, many of the poor are exposed ( ) to
We barely settle in to the story before our demi-god in training is attacked on a field trip, whisked off to Camp Half Blood, and is doing his best Theseus impression (look it up). Toss in some more CG beasties, a way too short cameo by Ms. Thurman as everyone's favorite serpent-headed gorgon, a gratuitous music montage to Lady Gaga's "Poker Face" and you've got a film that is desperate to balance the needs of folklore with the demands of a contemporary demographic. That might explain Brandon T. Jackson, who literally redefines the sentiment "a little goes a long way." In his case, the savvy satyr overstays his welcome right up front, and then settles in for even more cloying aggravation. With him, everything has to have a cool and smarty-pants comeback, from bribing the Ferryman for a trip up the river Styx to line dancing in an enchanted Las Vegas casino. Indeed, had Columbus more time and a larger budget to really expand his vision, Percy Jackson
way to differentiate BK from other burger outlets at the time. The sandwich became famous enough that BK eventually adopted the motto "Home of the Whopper". One of Donald N. Smith's first changes to the menu was the addition of the Burger King Specialty sandwich line in 1979, which significantly expanded the breadth of the BK menu with many non-hamburger sandwiches including new chicken and fish offerings. The new specialty sandwich line was one of the first attempts to target a specific demographic, in this case adults 18-34, members of which would be willing spend more on a higher quality product. One of Smith's other significant contribution to the menu was the addition of a breakfast product line, which until this time was not a market Burger King had entered. Besides the addition of the Croissan'Wich in 1983, the breakfast menu remained almost identical to the McDonald's offerings until a menu revamp in 1985. This expansion introduced
Küll aga on Andides mitmeid suuri linnu ja kolmandik kõigist Lõuna-Ameerika inimestest elab Andides (Andes, 2016). Rahvaarv on languses, sest laste arv naise kohta on pidevalt vähenenud. Kui 1960. aastatel saadi selles piirkonnas veel keskmiselt 6-7 last naise kohta, siis eeldatavalt on 2060. aastaks see number langenud juba alla 2 lapse (vt Joonis 2). Rahvaarvu püsimiseks on aga vajalik sünnitada vähemalt üle 2 lapse naise kohta. (Demographic Trends in South America, 2016) Joonis 2. Keskmine laste arv naise kohta Lõuna-Ameerika riikides (2012) 6 3.1. Rahvastiku paiknemine Üldiselt paikneb rahvastik peamiselt Andides. Kõige suurem asustus on Põhja-Andides, Colombias ja Ecuadoris. Hõredam on asustus Kesk-Andides, Boliivia, Peruu ja Tšiili aladel. (Uus maailma atlas, 2010) Paljud inimesed elavad Andides, sest nende
The opinion column evinces a critical view towards sexist media. The written task analyzes one Burger King’s advertisement and discusses in depth the reasons as to why the commercial is problematic and in specific sexist. The intended audience of the piece is teenagers and adults, as the purpose is to inform and provide an opinion on a troubling media phenomenon. However, the primary targeted demographic of the opinion column is women. The context of this written task is Western advertising and in general the 21st century’s media, as sexist media predominates throughout many areas of the world. Monday, October 28, 2013 THE DAILY NEWS
of Pinochet in Chile were thought to have been contingent on the presence of particular people as leaders or groups of people who were able to make pacts and arrange for transfer of power. Reasons for peaceful change from authoritarian to democratic rule Economic Factors gold prices dropping · demographic issues industrial stagnation Lack of skilled (black) labour capital flight investor confidence Lack of black spending power collapsed Black population growth
Coggle (2000) does not support the claim that EE will oust RP either; however, he supposes that "... EE would probably influence the speech of powerholders in the Greater London area, and indeed that some EE speakers would become power- holders." According to Agha, Estuary English and Received Pronunciation may approximate each other: This is certainly possible, though in more than sense. At present, `Mainstream' RP and Estuary English are centered in very different institutional loci. The demographic profiles of their speakers are also different, despite some overlap. But RP itself is a register that has changed internally in numerous ways... These changes are... of different kinds... These include changes in phonetic patterns, exemplary speakers, register names, characterological discourses, as well as changes in the demographic profile of those who recognise the register as a standard to be emulated, versus those able to speak some form of it (whether exemplary or not)
The mentor program description includes among its objectives to provide a tool to embrace diversity as a core value of ONR; to change the organizational culture to enhance the participation of minority, female, and disabled scientists and engineers; and to attract and retain qualified new people into ONR. Creating a more diverse science and engineering work force at ONR is important to its future success, not only because of the demographic changes, but also because of the Navy's need to tap the very best minds from all sources for its research and development efforts. Based on its findings, the committee makes two primary recommendations: to create specific targets for increasing diversity and to appoint an external group to monitor progress. In addition, a series of suggestions are provided for implementation of these recommendations in the areas of recruitment and hiring and employee development and climate.
Turkey's population, size, geographical location, economic, security and military potential. The case of Turkey will be different and more challenging from previous accessions for a number of reasons, some of them are presented below. Turkey is a country with a large population and geographic area. With a population of 74 million today, it is projected that it could be the largest member state at the time of accession. As a Moslem secular country, Turkey will also add a new demographic and religious dimension to the EU. Also, the presence of a large number of Turkish immigrants in European countries raises the issue of possible additional migration, as a natural consequence of accession, which may affect the labor market and demography of small member states. The social repercussions of such a development raise sensitivities and pose challenges with political ramifications (Joseph, J.S., 2006). TURKEY'S LOCATION
10.behavioural data - information about what people actually buy and use ( it can be opposite to what they say they buy) 11.experimental research - carried out with the goal of verifying, falsifying, or establishing the validity of a hypothesis KNOWING YOUR CUSTOMERS II 1.A segment - a group of customers with similar characteristics, needs and requirements 2.behavioural segmentation - customer's segmentation which depends on when, why and how often they buy a particular product 3.demographic segmentation - customer's segmentation which depends on age, occupation and social class 4.actualisers - successful people who don't mind to spend their money on expensive things they want and like 5.strugglers - elderly people who are poorer and who have loyalty to familiar brands 6.experiencers - young people who spend a lot of money on their image( clothes, music etc.). they don't make plans for the future investments 7.believers - conservative people who prefer familiar brands 8
problems arise. Firstly, the low level of government investment in relation to GDP. Another important problem of transition economies is their high level of social expenditures. At the same time the process of European integration makes important demands on the growth of government expenditures, which requires strengthening of public administration, increasing investments into infrastructure related to the environment etc. The extremely unfavourable demographic situation in Estonia and European integration require that government expenditures should be increased. Considering the requirement of a balanced budget, this may lead to a significant rise in the tax burden. An important question is also what the fiscal policy of the Estonian Government should be if Estonia joins the European Union and what requirements should be met in harmonising the fiscal policy.
0 .0 .0 .0 .0 11 12 13 14 15 Legend Keskmine eluiga mõnedes Ida Euroopa riikides Allikad Day, A. (ed.) (1992), The Annual Register 1992, 234, London: Longmans. U.N.E.S.C.O. 1990 Demographic Year Book (1990), New York: United Nations. Riik Mehed Naised Ülesanne Venemaa 64,6 74,0 Mis võiks olla alljärgnevatel diagrammidel teisiti? Tee õieti. Ungari 65,4 73,8 Valgevene 66,4 75,9 Näpunäide: Legendi lisamisel võivad tulla seletuseks tulla sõnad Series1 ja Serie
communication are we talking about? Well there can be no static definition for the channels of mass communication as they are increasing all the time. But any form of communication which is seen and understood by a large mass of people can be taken to mean mass communication or mass media channels. Why is mass media so attractive to people? Mass media holds a kind of mystique in the minds of the people. It is because the communication is designed in such a way that it appeals to a larger demographic segment. The test of a good mass communication marketing drive is to see if it gets the people talking. If it does, then not only does it mean that the advertising drive has been successful, but the organization in charge of the mass communication is also getting publicity by the word-of-mouth channel! Mass Media Influence It is hard to argue with the fact that mass media has a compelling effect on the human mind. Especially on minds which are more impressionable. For example, the mass
Raudsepa strip mine was re-opened. The archaeological specimens found were followed by archaeological excavations run by the archaeologists from the University of Tartu. The findings and excavated skeletons are stored at the Archeology Cabinet of the University of Tartu. Findings from the cemetery are typical for the period when the burials took place brooches, belt details, but also jewelry (beads, rings) and tools (knives, needles). The present study is aiming to give a demographic overview of the human remains, altogether 101 skeletons. The study was mainly aimed at the learning of methods for determining different characteristics obtainable from the skeletal material. The condition of the skeletons is not good, because of sandy soil, unfavourable for preserving human remains. Still attempts were made to determine the age and sex of the buried, additional attention was paid to possible pathological finds.
perspective. But most people err on the side of nearsightedness because of their concentration on their daily, individual tasks. Therefore the need for a futures-orientation entails a new paradigm, a new way of seeing. The first action in the direction of effecting change is a need for perspective-grasping a vision, a sense of direction, a new paradigm of where education is headed. This entails having an understanding of where society is headed, how the world of work is changing, and the demographic shifts in the neighborhoods. Here is where the school needs vision, values and mission statements. In order for a school to operate effectively in a rapidly changing society, it needs to process Vision, Values and Mission Statements. What is the difference? A Vision Statement answers the "Where?" question. It addresses where an organization is headed-its direction, perspective and paradigms in view of the changes taking place in our nation and in the world today
in the war against Napoleon. Highly-educated and with good language skills, the share of Baltic Germans in the Russian diplomatic corps was considerable; several became ministers and governors general. 3|Page Population and social structure Systematic pillaging by Russian forces at the time of the Northern War, and the 17101711 plague epidemia, caused a huge demographic catastrophe. It is thought that after the Northern War there left no more than 150 000170 000 Estonians. The early 18th-century post-war crisis marked the lowest ebb in the Estonian population. But due to a high natural population growth and partly also to immigration, the number of Estonians began to rise rapidly. In 1725, the Estonian population was 220 000, in 1765, 400 000 and in 1858, 750 000. Throughout the period, Estonia was mainly an agrarian society. The townspeople formed a
GDP.PCAP.CD Djibouti DJI GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD Dominica DMA GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD Denmark DNK GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD Dominican Republic DOM GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD Algeria DZA GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD East Asia & Pacific (exclud EAP GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD Early-demographic dividen EAR GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD East Asia & Pacific EAS GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD Europe & Central Asia (exc ECA GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD Europe & Central Asia ECS GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD Ecuador ECU GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD Egypt, Arab Rep. EGY GDP per capita (currNY.GDP.PCAP.CD
nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20553355 (03.05.2017) Jemy, E. J., Shiju, M. (2013). The Effectiveness of Teaching Programme Regarding Prevention and Management Napkin Dermatitis in Allahabad. International Journal of Public Health Science 2. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v2i1.1334 http://www.iaescore.com/journals/index.php/IJPHS/article/view/4595(19.01.2017) Kayaoglu, S., Altunay, I. K., Solak, S. S. (2015). Diaper Dermatitis in Infants Admitted to Social Pediatrics Health Center: Role of Socio-Demographic Factors and Infant Care. The Indian Journal of Pediatrics 82. doi:10.1007/s12098-015-1747-x https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277561232_Diaper_Dermatitis_in_Infants_Admi tted_to_Social_Pediatrics_Health_Center_Role_of_Socio- demographic_Factors_and_Infant_Care(21. 03.2017) 26 Keshavarz, A., Zeinaloo, A. A., Mahram, M., Sadeghpour, O., Maleki, M. R. (2014)
of incorporation of companies in Russia. Then in the second part of this lecture will provide a brief overview of other existing Russian legal forms of companies. 16 3. TAXATION, DUTIES AND EXCISES 3.1. The essence of the tax system, the principles and functions of taxes The state, representing the interests of society in various cferah life, develops and implements appropriate policies - economic, social, environmental, demographic, and others. Through tax contributions generated financial resources of the state, accumulated in its budget and extra-budgetary funds. Taxation is based on 15 social laws, the law on the budget and the tax code. Taxes - mandatory fees and charges levied by the state to individuals and businesses in the budgets of the appropriate level or extra-budgetary funds at the rate established by law. Payments are mandatory and free of charge.
They like our perspective." His grin flashed. "I know a few other things, too. Hey...don't look so shocked, you two. I wanted to see if hetero sex lived up to the hype." Clearly this was news to Mark, but from the twitching of his lips, he was secure enough in their relationship to find the whole exchange amusing. "Oh?" "How'd that work out for you?" I asked bravely. Steven shrugged. "I don't want to say it's overrated, 'cause clearly I'm the wrong demographic and I had a very limited sampling, but I can do without." I thought it was very telling that Steven could relate his story in terms Mark worked with. They shared their careers with each other and listened, even though their chosen fields were miles apart. "Considering your present living arrangement," Mark said to him, catching up a stem of broccoli with his chopsticks, "I'd say that's a very good thing."
In spite of this the Estonians retained their national convictions, ideals and hopes. The reconstruction of economic and cultural life was directed according to the interests of the Communist Party of the USSR. Since all the economy suffered and continued to suffer heavily, more and more colonists were arriving from Russia and other Soviet republics as labour to fulfil the overstrained plans of production. This was creating a new demographic situation rich in inner tensions. In 1949 Estonian agriculture was collectivised, according to Soviet models. As the Estonian farmers were much richer and more independent than those in Russia, they saw the process as an act of violence. The Soviets in 1949 deported more than 20,000 people to Siberia to fulfil 1 Reede 8 June 1990. their plans.1 This number has been disputed; Swedish sources have suggested 80,000 persons based on the asserted data from Soviet Estonia.2
ent. No longer, implied these ads, should a woman have to feel bound by chauvinis- tic and outmoded constraints on her independence. No matter what your view of the basic message, use your knowledge of psychological reactance to help explain the fol- lowing fact: During the lengthy duration of this campaign, the percentage of ciga- rette smokers rose in only one U.S. demographic group-teenage women. s. How does the ad that opens this chapter reflect the topic of the chapter? CHAPTER Instant Influence Primitive Consent for an Automatic Age Every day in every way, I'm getting better. -Emile Coue Every day in every way, I'm getting busier. -Robert Cialdini 227 _ Chapter 8 INSTANT INFLUENCE
questions we can ask to avoid similar mistakes: 1. Is it possible that the arrow of causality is reversed? Example: do people who are naturally ripped and muscular often choose to be sprinters? Yep. 2. Are we mixing up absence and presence? Example: if the claim is that a no-meat diet extends average lifespan 515%, is it possible that it is the presence of more vegetables, not the absence of meat, that extends lifespan? It most certainly is. 3. Is it possible that you tested a specific demographic and that other variables are responsible for the difference? Example: if the claim is that yoga improves cardiac health, and the experimental group comprises upper-class folk, is it possible that they are therefore more likely than a control group to eat better food? You bet your downward-dog-posing ass. The point isn't to speculate about hundreds of possible explanations. The point is to be skeptical, especially of sensationalist headlines. Most "new studies" in the
At to understand the microbial hazards in foods. the same time, consumers are also demand- All through history, human beings were no ing more fresh foods, minimally processed doubt affected by a great variety of food- food, and organic foods, where control of borne diseases through their consumption of food-borne pathogens is more difficult. There water and food. is also a drastic demographic change in No one knows for certain the number of society where more and more people live cases of food-borne intoxications and infec- longer, and yet aging also tends to weaken tions occurring annually in the world. There the immune system, making these individu- are an estimated 76 million cases of food- als more vulnerable to food-borne pathogens. borne illnesses in the United States every People with immunocompromising diseases
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