Forth Bridge The Forth Bridge is a cantilever railway bridge over the Firth of Forth in the east of Scotland, to the east of the Forth Road Bridge, and 14 kilometres (9 mi) west of central Edinburgh. It is often called the Forth Rail Bridge or Forth Railway Bridge to distinguish it from the Forth Road Bridge. It was opened on 4 March 1890. The bridge connects Scotland's capital city, Edinburgh, with Fife, leaving the Lothians at Dalmeny and arriving in Fife at North Queensferry; it acts as a major artery connecting the north-east and south-east of the country. Described in the Collins Encyclopaedia of Scotland as "the one immediately and internationally recognised Scottish landmark", it may be nominated by the British government to be added to the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Scotland
THE CITY OF LONDON History The City of London occupies one square mile in the middle of the capital. It once made up entire town of London, surrounded by the wall first built by Romans. The Romans also built a bridge over the Thames and there has been one in the same area ever since. The Roman Londinium grew up on the northern side of the bridge. In AD 61 the native Celtic tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, rose up against the Romans. They burnt down Londinium to the ground and killed most of its inhabitants. Roman armies eventually defeated Boudicca and Londinium was rebuilt. At the end of the fourth century AD the Roman Empire began to crumble and the Roman armies were recalled from Britain to defend Rome itself. Once they had left, tribes such as Angles, Saxons and Jutes invaded and settled in from Holland, Germany and Denmark
London History The Romans AD 43- AD 410 The Romans finally invaded Britain in AD 43 from Kent. The Romans lead by Julius Caesar attempted to invade Britain twice before that in 55 and 54 BC but the invasions were unsuccessful. They made their way to the river Thames and sailed up it. The Romans knew it was important to control a crossing point at the river Thames, so they decided to build a settlement on the north bank. Although small settlements had been built on the banks of the Thames, the Romans were the ones who built the first city. They called their city Londinium. The Roman engineers noticed that the point where the swampy river narrowed would make an ideal crossing point, they built London Bridge. Less than 20 years later the native Iceni tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, rose up against the Romans in revenge for mistreatment and burnt Londinium to the ground. The well disciplined Roman army defeated her forces and Londinium was rebuilt
The coolest month is January. Winders are seldom below freezing. Rainfall is regular, but most often in the form of drizzle occurring throughout the year. Snow occurs sometimes in winter but rarely settles more than a few millimetres deep. History The origin of London may be dated around the beginning of the 1st century AD, when a Celtic tribe settled near a fordable point of the Thames. L achieved real importance following the Roman conquest under Claudius (43AD). The Romans build a bridge, somewhat east of the present city. This bridge soon was part of a trade road and attracted more and more traders. Soon the flourishing city Londinium came into existence. The Romans rebuilt the town into a centre of great importance. After the Romans withdrew from Britain in the Picts, Scots, Jutes, Angles and Saxons invaded London. It started to expand again under the Saxon kings. London was described as a commercial centre into which goods from all parts of the world flew by land and sea.
The dam is the largest operating hydroelectric facility in terms of annual generating capacity, generating 94.7 TWh in 2008 and 91.6 TWh in 2009, while the annual generating capacity of the Three Gorges Dam was 80.8 TWh in 2008 and 79.4 TWh in 2009. It is a binational undertaking run by Brazil and Paraguay at the Paraná River on the border section between the two countries, 15 km (9.3 mi) north of the Friendship Bridge. Panama Canal Date started:January 1, 1880 Date finished:January 7, 1914 Location:Isthmus of Panama The Panama Canal is a 77 km ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. Built from 1904 to 1914, annual traffic has risen from about 1,000 ships in the canal's early days to 14,702 vessels in 2008, measuring a total 309.6 million Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System
Sculptures and monuments St. John's Lutheran Church St John's Church was probably built in the first third of the 14th century. There is no other brick church decorated with so much terracotta plastic in Europe Eduard Tubin Monument The Eduard Tubin monument, marking the 100th birthday of the composer, was dedicated in 2005. The authors of the statue are sculptor Aili Vahtrapuu, architect Veronika Valk, with sound installations by Louis Dandrel.Eduard Tubin (1905-1982) was a versatile composer and conductor, one of the most recognized symphonists throughout history. He served as concert
Contents Introduction...................................................3 London's early history.....................................45 The people of London......................................6 Buildings and bridges......................................7 Intruduction London is the capital of the united kingdom (UK), which is made up of Great Britain(England, Scotland, Wales) and Northern Ireland. The city lies in the southeast of England and covers an area of about 1,578 square kilometres on either side of the River Thames. With population of seven million, London is by far the largest city in the UK. Birmingham, the second largest, has just over one million inhabitants. Cultural life
The City of London History The City of London occupies one square mile in the middle of the capital. It once made up the entire town of London, surrounded by the wall first built by the Romans. The Roman Londinium grew up on the northern side of the "London Bridge" in the past. Products such as olive oil, wines and fruit were brought by ships from different parts of the Roman Empire and unloaded onto wooden quays along the river. In AD 61 the native Celtic Iceni tribe, led by Queen Boudicca, rose up against The Romans. They burnt Londinium to the ground but Roman armies eventually defeated Boudicca. The city was rebuilt and was gradually surrounded with a wall
Structural loads As everyone might know that great architecture is the successful marriage of art and technology and a structure is an artifact expressing one of the many aspects of human creativity, however it is an artifact that cannot be created without a deep respect for the laws of nature. And that is the main problem brought out by the author of the book ,,Why buildings stand up", Mario Salvadori. So why should an engineer consider different loads? the answer is simple - if the earth did not pull, the wind did not blow, the earth's surface did not shake or sink and the air temperature did not change, then loads would not exist and structure would be unnecessary. This would be so-called the Alice-in- Wonderland world of architecture. But in the real world the engineer's first job is to determine which loads will act on a structure and how strong they might be in extreme cases. This is anything but a simple task.
Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology Consultant: Roode Liias- Professor and Dean, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology Title: Integration of Lean Construction and Building Information Modelling Archived: University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Construction ABSTRACT This research can be divided into two. The first part investigates the current state of the construction industry, while the second part looks at new emerging business models in particular, Lean Construction (LC) and Building Information Modelling (BIM), as well as an integration of these two. Given that the construction industry does not have a particularly good reputation among the public, the first part of this thesis focuses mainly on this problem and its sources. It is the reason why we need
Tower Bridge General · Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, England, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, which gives it its name. It has become an iconic symbol of London. Design · In the second half of the 19th century, increased commercial development in the East End of London led to a requirement for a new river crossing downstream of London Bridge. · Subway Committee was formed in 1876, chaired by Sir Albert Joseph Altman, to find a solution to the river crossing problem. It opened the design of the crossing to public competition. Over 50 designs were submitted. · Jones' engineer, Sir John Wolfe Barry, devised the idea of a bascule bridge 800 feet (244 m) in length with two towers each 213 feet (65 m) high, built on piers. The central span of 200 feet (61 m) between the towers was split into two
grown up around it. London has been an important settlement for over two millenniums. It is also one of the world's leading business, financial and cultural centres and its influence in politics, education, entertainment and even fashion contribute to its status as a major global city. London is a major tourist attraction with four world heritage sites, several royal parks and numerous iconic landmarks such as the Houses of Parliament, Towe Bridge, the Tower of London, Westminster Abbey and the London Eye. 2. History Although there is some evidence of a permanent settlement before the Romans came in 43 A.D., it is more accepted by historians that the Romans were the first. The settlement was called Londinium. The first London lasted for just seventeen years, for around AD 61, a tribe of Celts led by Queen Boudica stormed London, burning it to the ground. The next heavily-planned London
with modern features such as a flywheel, brake, gear box, and bearings; however, it was not developed further Ivan Petrovich Kulibin (April 21, 1735 - August 11, 1818) was a Russian mechanic and inventor. He was born in Nizhny Novgorod in the family of a trader. From childhood, Kulibin displayed an interest in constructing mechanical tools. Soon, clock mechanisms became a special interest of his. During 1764-1767 he built an egg-shaped clock, containing a complex automatic mechanism. In 1769 Kulibin gifted this clock to Catherine II, who assigned Kulibin to be in charge of the mechanical workshop in the Academy of Sciences of Saint Petersburg. There, Kulibin built a "planetary" pocket-clock, which showed not only the current time, but also the month, day of the week, the season and the current moon phase. Kulibin also designed projects for tower clocks, miniature "clock-in-a-ring" types and others. He also
London important sights guide Roman period 20th century · Big Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminster in London and is often extended to refer to the clock or the clock tower as well. It is the largest four-faced chiming clock and the third-tallest free-standing clock tower in the world. The clock first ticked on 31 May 1859. The pendulum is installed within an enclosed windproof box sunk beneath the clockroom. It is 3.9m long, weighs 300 kg and beats every 2 seconds. The clockwork mechanism in a room below weighs 5 tons. · Buckingham Palace is the official London residence of the British monarch. Originally known as, the building which forms the core of today's palace was a large townhouse built for the Duke of
Bridges of London By Jaan Bachmann Some information: 33 bridges span the river Thames in London. Most of the bridges are road bridges, but there are also some railway bridges and footbridges. The most wellknown bridges are: London Bridge, Tower Bridge and the Millennium Bridge London Bridge It is the oldest bridge in London Was originally made from wood, in 1209 it was replaced by a stone bridge with shops and houses along its sides. This was followed by a granite bridge in 1831 and the present concrete bridge in 1973 269 m long, 32 m wide, 104 m longest span Tower Bridge It is one of the finest and recognisable bridges in the world. It was built in 1894 It is the only bridge that can be raised 244 m long, 61m longest span The Millennium Bridge It is one of the few footbridges crossing the Thames Opened in 2000, reopened in 2002 It is the newest bridge in London 370 m long, 4 m wide, 144 m longest span Westminster Bridge
The Severn is the longest river in the United Kingdom. Other important rivers are the Trent, the Mersey, the Tyne, etc. Lough Neagh which lies in the centre of Northern Ireland is thr UK's largest freshwater lake. The climate in the UK is variable. The weather changes so frequently that it is difficult to forecast. It is not unusual for people to complain that the weathermen were wrong. Fortunately there is no extreme weather conditions, it is never very cold or very hot. The first inhabitants were Iberians and Celts who settled on the land and were often at war with each other. In AD 43 the Roman Emperor Claudius invaded, and made Britain a Roman province. They stayed for three hundred years, and built villas, roads and towns. Many Roman remains can be visited in Britain today. The Romans finally abandoned Britain in AD 410 and a long period of invasion by Nordic peoples (from northern Germany and Scandinavia) started. The Angles, Saxons and Jutes
The Eiffel Tower English Tatyana Kareva 9a Form The Eiffel Tower The Eiffel Tower is an iron tower built on the Champ de Mars beside the Seine River in Paris. The tower has become a global icon of France and is one of the most recognizable structures in the world. Most visited monument Named after its designer, engineer Gustave Eiffel, the Eiffel Tower is the tallest building in Paris. More than 200,000,000 have visited the tower since its construction in 1889, making it the most visited paid monument in the world High Including the 24 m antenna, the structure is 325 m high (since 2000),
throughout the world and are the remains of the huge former British Empire. Today Britain assists them, but they may become independent whenever they wish. There have been some difficulties with some of the territories. Argentina has made claims to the Falkland Islands and Spain to Gibraltar. History When the glaciers retreated from Britain about 10,000 years ago, Stone-Age men started to inhabit the isles. The early Britons came across the land bridge which joined Britain to the continent. They were cave-dwellers at first. This way of life was replaced by the invaders from the Mediterranean lands. These men were the first farmers. In about 500 BC came the people whose homeland was near the Rhine River. These were the Celts. The Roman invasion began in 43AD. The Romans were highly organized conquerors. They built good roads, baths and bridges. The Romans stayed in the British Isles up to the 5th century
• Shop-drawing review is sped up; • Steel design takes place in a more concurrent fashion; • 3D illustrations help to explain erection sequencing; • Building models provide rigging information for erection crews. The results of this thesis illustrate the benefit that 3D and BIM offer for complex steel construction projects and demonstrate an overall trend in the construction industry. The primary purpose of 3D and BIM is to be able to build the structure in virtual space before actual construction starts, so that the majority of the potential challenges can be successfully identified and addressed during the preconstruction phase. Resümee Käesoleva magistritöö põhiosa on kirjutatud Ameerika Ühendriikides Washingtoni Ülikoolis ajavahemikus september 2009 – september 2010. Ameerikas alustati mudelprojekteerimise (Building Information Modelling – BIM)
there are larger ferris wheels, such as The Star of Nanchang, and a contender for the title in the Singapore Flyer due for completion in 2007. The London Eye has become the most popular paid for UK visitor attraction, visited by over 3.5 million people a year. The London Eye stands 135 metres (443 ft) high on the western. London Eye - the world's largest observation wheel It was on their kitchen table in South London in 1993 that the first drawings of the London Eye were made. The creators in question are husband and wife architects David Marks and Julia Barfield. The couple had entered a competition to design a millennium landmark. No one won, and the competition was scrapped, but the couple were convinced that their dream should be pursued. As Julia Barfield says: 'From the beginning we wanted to create something uplifting - something that would delight...'.
The tower was begun following the disastrous fire which destroyed the old Palace of Westminster in 1834. Charles Barry was given the contract to rebuild the Palace, and his designs included a clock tower. The Tower The clock tower of the Palace of Westminster took 13 years to build, and was completed in 1856. The tower is 316 feet high. The spire that rises above the belfry is built with an iron frame, and it is this frame which supports the weight of the bells. A staircase rises up inside the tower, and a climb is rewarded by excellent views from the belfry level. Several small rooms are built into the lower part of the tower, including a small prison cell. The Clocks The cast iron frame of the clock face was designed by AW Pugin, who was responsible for much of the
London history During the 19th century, London was transformed into the world's largest city and capital of the British Empire. Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. During this period, London became a global political, financial, and trading capital. In this position, it was largely unrivaled until the latter part of the century, when Paris and New York began to threaten its dominance. The first railway to be built in London was a line from London Bridge to Greenwich, which opened in 1836. This was soon followed by the opening of great rail termini which linked London to every corner of Britain. These included Euston station (1837), Paddington station (1838), Fenchurch Street station (1841), Waterloo station (1848), King's Cross station (1850), and St Pancras station (1863). From 1863, the first lines of the London Underground were constructed.Parliament finally gave consent for the
g. a form of breast cancer. In 1997 scientists in Edinburgh succeeded in cloning a sheep. Scotland and Northern Ireland have long been noted for their production of whisky and textiles, notably tweed and linen respectively. Today Scotland is also a major producer of computers. The leading manufacturing regions are Greater London, Greater Manchester, West Midlands (Birmingham), Yorkshire, Newcastle, Glasgow, Bristol. Britain has relatively few mineral resources. Zinc, tin, iron ore and copper are all produced in small quantities, together with tiny amounts of gold and silver. Non- metallic minerals include limestone, chalk, clay, sandstone, salt and gypsum. Britain has the richest energy resources in EU including oil and natural gas, both primarily found in the North Sea, off eastern Scotland and eastern England respectively. About 77% of the land area of Britain is under agricultural use of some sort. Agriculture employs 2 per cent of the population
Wales. Every country has its own capital and language. The capital of England is London, the people there are english and the language spoken is English. In scotland live the scots, capital is Edingburg and the languages spoken are English and Scottish. The capital of Wales is Cardiff, the people tehre are welsh and the languages spoken are welsh and English. N. Ireland is the home for the Irish, the capital is Belfast and the language is Irish. The first inhabitants were Iberians and Celts who settled on the land and were often at war with each other. In AD 43 Britain was made a Roman province. The romans stayed there for three hundred years. After the romans left came the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. Angles gave England its name. The population nowadays is about 60 million people UK lies off the north-west coast of mainland Europe. The climate in UK is generally mild and temperate. The climate is greatly influenced by the surroundig days
theatre theme activities. Nominee for the Tartu "Accomplishment of the Year" Award, 2004. · Winner of the UNICEF Bluebird Award, 2004. · Winner in professional association category of "Tartu Kultuurikandja 2004" and people's choice prize for "Tartu Kulturikandjad 2004." · Association of Estonian Interior Designers award in 2005 in the category of historical interior. Angel's/Devil's bridge The Angel's Bridge, located on Toome hill, was built in the 19th century and spans Lossi Street. The writing on the bridge, "otium reficit vires" (rest restores strength), invites one to use Toome hill as a place of rejuvenation. The bridge, designed by J.W. Krause, was built in 1814-1816 and replaced an earlier temporary bridge. The bridge was thoroughly renovated in 1913, at which time a bust-portrait of the university's first rector, G. Fr. Parrot, and a dedication text, was placed on the bridge's Toome Hill face (sculptor C. v
2) Central park is an urban park in the central part of the borough of Manhattan, New York City. It was initially opened in 1857, on 778 acres of cityowned land, later expanding to its current size of 843 acres. Central park is one of the most famous sightseeing spots in New York. 3) Central park which has been a National Historical Landmark since 1962, was designed by landscape architect Frederic Law Olmsted and the English architect Calvert Vaux in1858. It is bordered on the north by Central Park North, on the south by Central Park South, on the west by Central Park West and on the east by Fifth Avenue. The park contains several naturallooking lakes and ponds which have been created artificially, extensive walking tracks, bridle paths, two iceskating rinks, the Central Park Zoo, the Central Park Conservatory Garden, a wildlife
Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beuty holds a contrasting role.. Big Ben is one of the famous sightseeing. Big Ben is the nickname for the great bell of the clock at the north end of the Palace of Westminister in London , and is often extended to refer to the clock or the clock tower as well. Big Ben is the largest four-faced chiming clock and the third-tallest free-standing clock tower in the world. It celebrated its 150th anniversarty in May 2009 (the clock itself first ticking on 31 May 1859), during which celebratory events took place. Another famos sightseeing is London Bridge. London Bridge is a bridge between the City of London and Southwark in London , England, over the River Thames. Situated between Cannon Street Railway Bridge and Tower Bridge , it forms the western end of the Pool of London . On the south side of the bridge are Soutwark Cathedral and London Bridge station on the north side are the Moment to the
London There were some people living on the banks of the Thames when the Romans came to England in 43 AD. But we don't know much about them. London first called Londinium . In 200 they built a wall around their city, a part of which can still be seen near the Museum of London . London Bridge was built in stone in 1176. It was London's only bridge until 1729. Now there are about twenty bridges . London soon became the largest city in England and by the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066 it had become the most important city in Britain. It grew in are and population until September 1666, when the Great Fire destroyed four fifths of the wooden buildings in the City including St Paul's Cathedral. The fire began in the kitchen of King's baker in Pudding Lane and lasted for five days. London is an exciting city which attracts people from all over the world
The history of London There were some people living on the banks of the Thames when the Romans came to England in 43 AD. The Romans built houses, a port and a bridge over the river and named the place Londinium. The bridge which was built by the Romans was later known as London Bridge and it was built in stone in 1176. It was London's only bridge until 1729. Now there are about twenty bridges crossing the river within London. London soon became the largest city in England and by the time of the Norman Conquest in 1066 it had become the most important city in Britain. It grew in area and population until September 1666, when the Great Fire destroyed four fifths of the wooden buildings in the City including ST Paul's Cathedral. The fire lasted for five days. By now London has swallowed up many of the small towns and villages that surrounded it
12: What was a common way to punish criminals during this time and how was it done? Penalties for crime were harsh, with the death penalty being applied for fairly minor crimes. Public hangings were common in London, and were popular public events. The death sentence could be passed for picking pockets, stealing bread or cutting down a tree. Minor crime was punished by being sent to prisons, sometimes transported abroad for theft, whipped in public. 13: What was the second bridge to be built over the Thames and when was it built? In 1750 Westminster Bridge was opened, and, for the first time in history, London Bridge, in a sense, had a rival. 14: How much did the population of London grow from 1800 to 1900? Its population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. 15: What was London's rank in the world during the 19th century? London was the largest city in the world until it was beaten by New York in 1925.
London Eye The London Eye, at a height of 135 metres and a weight of 1,700 tonnes, is the biggest Ferris wheel in Europe. It´s known also as the Millennium Wheel. It was built between 1998 and 1999. The London Eye has become the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom, visited by over three million people in one year. When it was erected it was the tallest Ferris wheel in the world, until it was surpassed by the Star of Nanchang 160 m in May 2006, and then the Singapore Flyer 165 m on 11 February 2008. The London Eye is located at the western end of Jubilee Gardens, on the South Bank of the River Thames in London,
Lake Viljandi Viljandi is an ancient city situated on a hill by a beautiful lake. The lake glittering in the bottom of the valley is popular with holiday-makers, fishermen and people who enjoy recreational sports. A hiking path runs around the lake and it can be used for recreational sports all year round. Since the year 1928, a run around Lake Viljandi has taken place on the first day of May every year. Tennis courts, cafes, playgrounds, diving towers, boat rental and catamaran trips are available by the lake. In winter, people can enjoy a snow park and test their skills at snow-tubing. Flag and coat of arms Viljandi's flag is a simple light blue over white. I don't know the significance of the colours (if any), but they are probably derived from the coat of arms. The arms are a white (and golden) flower on a blue field. Trepimägi
THE TOWER OF LONDON: Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower), is a historic fortress and scheduled monument in central London, England, on the north bank of the River Thames. It is located within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and is separated from the eastern edge of the City of London by the open space known as Tower Hill. It is the oldest building used by the British government. [1] TOWER BRIDGE: Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, England, over the River Thames. It is close to the Tower of London, which gives it its name.It has become an iconic symbol of London. WESTMINISTER ABBEY: Westminster Abbey is steeped in more than a thousand years of history. Benedictine monks first came to this site in the middle of the tenth century, establishing a tradition of daily worship which continues to this day. The Abbey has been the
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