natural resources by our colonial masters accorded us would be things of history. That is more than forty years ago. Unfortunately, the promise of independence has not been fulfilled. Today, Africa has become more desolate; there is more starvation, diseases and non-provision of essential services than when we got our independence. There are all kinds of wars in Africa than the rest of world put together. The majority of so-called Africans leaders want to stay in power until the day their bodies are put in the grave. Through buffoonery, utter mismanagement and downright stealing of the wealth of the masses, these leaders have so impoverished Africa that we are now nothing but a beggar continent. We beg for everything; we are more dependent on our colonial masters than when we received our independence from them. Africa owes the West more money than we and our generations to come can pay.
Itranges from the Arctic to the subtropical, from the moist rain forest to the arid desert, from the rugged mountain peak to the flat prairie. Althought the total population of the United States is large by world standartst, over 302 million. The country embraces some of the world´s largest urban concentrations as well as some of the most extensive areas that are almost devoid of habitation. The population is highly diverse. In addition to native Americans and the descendants of Africans taken as slaves to America, the national character has been enriched. As to its history, the United States is a relatively young countrybut first of the European colonies to separate succsessfully from its motherland. The United States achieved its current size only in the mid - 20th century when it emeged as a world power. The nation ´s wealth is partly a reflection of its rich natural resources and its enormousagricultural
James Thomson's The Seasons (The Zong Massacre was the name given to the mass-killing of African slaves that took place in 1781 on the Zong). The violent power of the sea and the strange sea creatures represent the forces of nature punishing the guilty. The painting was widely admired for its use of colour and the way in which sea and sky merge around the distant ship. In the lower portion of the painting, hands of enslaved Africans can be seen still shackled(aheldatud). Turner makes a particularly effective contrast between distant and near views in The Slave Ship. The painting is currently on display at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, USA. My opinion is that The slave ship is very beautiful painting and I like that one half of the picture is dark and the other half is light.
1845. Irish-born population is over 250,000 Indian communities Indians are London`s largest ethnic minority. Population 411,000 Thousands arrived from Uganda and Kenya in the 1960s. Many Punjabi Sikhs, live in Hounslow. Pakistanis and Bangladeshis Thousands live in London, mostly in the east. Tower Hamlets is home to about half the city`s Bangladeshis. The heart of the community is a Brick Lane. Lined with inexpensive resturants. Caribbeans and Africans Black Caribbeans are second largest ethnic minority. They come from islands. Caribbeans first arrived in large numbers after the Second World War. Racism and riots In 1958 there were riots against Caribbeans in Notting Hill. In the 1970s skinheads attacked Bangladeshis in Brick Lane. Many black people rioted against in the 1980s. Religious refugees East End was a refuge for two groups. Huguenots from France arrived in the 17th century.
at Ellis island, new settlers often had to wait a medical examination. As many Irish immigrants were uneducated, the man worked at building bridges, canals and women became maids, cooks. Poor living conditions, lack of food and medical care led to illnesses and an early death. The population of the USA is more than 300 million. The biggest national groups today are of German ,Irish and English descent. About 30 millions African Americans live in the USA.They are the descendants of Africans brought to America as slaves in the 17th century. For them the USA is a kind of melting pot , where they have become Americans. Others have kept their traditions and culture , so for them their new homeland is like a salad bowl. But perhaps it is better to say that the population of the United States is like a pizza , where we can see different bits and pieces , but together they make something much bigger.
with inexpensive restaurants that attract Londoners and tourist alike. Indian communities Indians are London's largest ethnic minority, with a population of about 411,000. Many came to the city after India became independent from Britain in 1947. Thousands more arrived from Uganda and Kenya in the 1960s, when these countries forced them to leave. Most settled in Outer London boroughs. Many Punjabi Sikhs, for example, live in Hounslow. Caribbeans and Africans Black Caribbeans are London's second largest ethnic minority. They come from islands such as Jamaica and from Guyana. Caribbeans firs arrived in large numbers after the Second World War. Most now live in Inner London boroughs such as Lambeth. Black Africans from countries such as Nigeria are London's third largest ethnic minority. BUILDINGS AND BRIDGES London lost many buildings in the Great Fire and the Blitz. But the
snow, but it has many flowers, many beautiful varieties of cultivated and wild flowers being in their full pride. Decoration Homes are decorated with pine branches, and all have the decorated Christmas fir in a corner, with presents for the children around. At bedtime on Christmas Eve, children may also hang up their stockings for presents from Father Christmas. Christmas dinner Many South Africans have a Christmas dinner in the open-air lunch. For Christmas they eat turkey, roasted beef, pies, yellow rise and for dessert raisins or blum pudding. How they celebrate? The most important part of their Christmas worship service is the love offering, this is the gift in honor of Jesus. Then at about 8 or 9 o'clock everyone makes their way to the celebration of the birthday of Jesus. In the afternoon, families go out into the country
And now imagine… imagine the people, who live in African deserts, imagine feeling thirsty and not having any water at all, not around you, not anywhere. People who live there they have to make long journeys or treks over rough and barren land to get water and when they finally reach to that hole in the ground, then that water there isn’t even clean. It takes so much time and energy, just to get a glass water or in the Africans case, a filled 90’s plastic bottle filled with soggy liquid, that does not deserve the title “water”. In these countries people dream about water, children dream about water, it should not be child’s dream, to get just enough water so that her throat wouldn’t dry. More than a 780 million people (that is 10,9% of the world’s population) do not have access to clean drinking water and estimated 400 million of these are children. Every day people are trying to survive and hoping to see
The title of the film is also a title of a poem ,,Invictus", written by William Ernest Henley. I quite liked this film. It is an interesting and teaching film, which make people think about their attitude towards other people. Nelson Mandela, who released from Victor Verster Prison after 27 years spent in jail, is the first black president of South Africa. He concentrates on problems, which are associated with racial divisions between black and white South Africans. The problems between black and white are obvious even between his own security team. Mr. Mandela attends a game of the Springboks, which is the South Africa's rugby union team. He realizes that the blacks in the stadium cheer against their home team, as the mostly-white Springboks represent prejudice and apartheid in their minds. He realizes that he did the same thing, when he was on Robben Island. South-Africa has to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup
decorative items. Guyana shares similar interests with the islands in the West Indies, such as food, festive events, music, sports, etc. Guyanese cuisine has many similarities to the Caribbean. The food is diverse and includes dishes such as chicken curry, roti and cookup rice (a style of rice with different kinds of vegetables accompanied by chicken, beef or fish). The food reflects the ethnic make up of the country and its colonial history, and includes dishes from the Africans and creoles, East Indians, Amerindians, Chinese, and Europeans, mostly British and Portuguese. There is an abundance of fresh fruits, vegetables and seafood on the coast. Most people use fresh fruit to make their own beverages, which are called "local drink." Fresh fish and seafood are an integral part of the food of the rural areas and small villages along the coast. They also like a crab soup. Guyana plays international cricket as a part of the West Indies cricket team, and the Guyana
Pilgrims died in the first year in America, but they were helped by the Indians, who showed them how to grow corn. In the autumn of 1621, the Pilgrims had a big dinner to thank the Indians who had helped them to survive the hard winter. That day is now known as Thanksgiving and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in America. More and more people arrived. Over a time settlers from many other countries joined the English in America the French, the Spaniards and the Dutch. Africans were first brought to Virginia in 1619. By 1770 there were thirteen British colonies in America who weren't pleased with their lives because they had to pay high taxes. In 1773, the 'Boston Tea Party' took place and it made the British mad, so in 1775 the War of Independence started. The Americans were led by George Washington who in 1788 became the country's first president. On the 4th of July, 1776 the Declaration of Independence was written and that day is now celebrated as the Day of
5 ametlik keel official language 6 orjusele lõppu tegema put an end to slavery 7 oma traditsioone ja kultuuri säilitama keep your traditions and culture 8 immigrantide arv the number of immigrants 2 Complete the sentences with the names of countries, nationalities, and languages. 1 The capital of Norway is Oslo. 2 Kevin lives in Chicago. He is American. 3 Michail comes from Moscow. He speaks Russian. 4 What nationality are you? I´m Estonian. 5 The descendants of the Africans brought to America are called settlers. 6 Uwe´s grandparents live in Germany. They speak German. 7 Michael comes from Australia. He speaks Australian English. 8 Eve lives in Ireland. She speaks English and Irish. 3 Write the sentences in reported speech. 1 Martin said, "We´re going on a class trip tomorrow." Martin said they were going on a class trip the next day. 2 Mary said to us, "I bought a book on big cats yesterday." Mary told us she had bought a book on big cats the day before
Veracruz Spilling from the slopes of the Sierra Madre Oriental to the Hulf of Mexixo,the state of Veracruz froms a 450-mile-long crescent.Since Spanish colonial times the harbor at the city of Veracruz has been the point of entry for diverse cultures either staging invasions or seeking a share in the state's abundant resources.these newcomers Spaniards, Africans, Greeks, Italians and Cubans blended with the indigenous people to create a mélange of traditions that are unique to Veracruz. Long before Cortes these tropical lowlands wwewe the domain of the Olmec,Mesoamerica's oldest civikization, which rose to prominence 3,000 years ago, developing religious ideas, mathematical concepts and a calendar system that would be adopted later by the Maya and Aztec. Master carvers, the Olmec disappeared mysteriously around 400 b.c.,leaving behind gigantic
stayaways. Media coverage White symphatetic to reform. By 1989 all the Changing attitudes main pillars of the Afrikaner establishment -- · South Africans wanted to `rejoin' the church, press, universities, Broederbond world had withdrawn their support for apartheid. Major corporations, the Democratic Party, and
Disease and hunger ravaged Jamestown. Two desperate colonists were tied to posts and left to starve as punishment for raiding the colonies' stores. One colonist even took to cannibalism, eating his own wife. The fate of the venture was precarious. Yet still more colonists arrived, and their numbers included women. Despite the introduction of tobacco cultivation, the colony was a failure as a financial venture. The king declared the Virginia Company bankrupt in 1624. Twenty slaves in Virginia Africans brought to Jamestown are the first slaves imported into Britain’s North American colonies Mayflower and Pilgrim Fathers Over a hundred travelers embarked on the voyage of the Mayflower in September 1620. Less than one third were Separatists. The rest were immigrants, adventurers, and speculators. Their voyage took about two months, and the passengers enjoyed a happier experience than most trans- Atlantic trips.
In 1978, Marley performed at another political concert in Jamaica, the One Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Manley and his political rival, Edward Seaga, joined each other on stage and shook hands. Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live", and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. In early 1980, he was invited to perform at the April 17 celebration of Zimbabwe's Independence Day. Uprising (1980) was Bob Marley's final studio album, and is one of his most religious productions, including "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah". It was in "Redemption Song" that Marley sang the famous lyric, Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during
thousand years ago by Khoisan groups enabled the use of milk products and the availability of fresh meat. However, during the colonial period the seizure of communal land in South Africa restricted and discouraged traditional agriculture and wild harvesting, and reduced the extent of land available to black people. Decline of indigenous cookery Urbanization from the nineteenth century, coupled with close control over agricultural production, led black South Africans to rely more and more on comparatively expensive, industrially-processed foodstuffs like wheat flour, white rice, mealie (maize) meal and sugar. Often these foods were imported or processed by white wholesalers, mills and factories. The consequence was to drastically restrict the range of ingredients and cooking styles used by indigenous cooks. On the other hand, some imported food plants (maize, tomatoes) have expanded the dietary range of indigenous cooks
Massachusetts, called 'Pilgrims' due to their strong belief in religion. They became farmers and businessmen who coped with the Indians and in 1621 had a big dinner to thank the Indians as they had helped them to survive the hard winter. That day is now known as Thanksgiving and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in America. More and more people arrived. Over a time settlers from many other countries joined the English in America the French, the Spaniards , the Dutch. Africans were first brought to Virginia in 1619. By 1770 there were thirteen British colonies in America who weren't pleased with their lives because they had to pay high taxes. In 1773, the 'Boston Tea Party' took place and it made the British mad, so in 1775 the War of Independence started. The Americans were led by George Washington who in 1788 became the country's first president. On the 4th of July, 1776 the Declaration of Independence was written and that day is now
Massachusetts, called 'Pilgrims' due to their strong belief in religion. They became farmers and businessmen who coped with the Indians and in 1621 had a big dinner to thank the Indians as they had helped them to survive the hard winter. That day is now known as Thanksgiving and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in America. More and more people arrived. Over a time settlers from many other countries joined the English in America the French, the Spaniards , the Dutch. Africans were first brought to Virginia in 1619. By 1770 there were thirteen British colonies in America who weren't pleased with their lives because they had to pay high taxes. In 1773, the 'Boston Tea Party' took place and it made the British mad, so in 1775 the War of Independence started. The Americans were led by George Washington who in 1788 became the country's first president. On the 4th of July, 1776 the Declaration of Independence was
'Pilgrims' due to their strong belief in religion. They became farmers and businessmen who coped with the Indians and in 1621 had a big dinner to thank the Indians as they had helped them to survive the hard winter. That day is now known as Thanksgiving and is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November in America. More and more people arrived. Over a time settlers from many other countries joined the English in America the French, the Spaniards and the Dutch. Africans were first brought to Virginia in 1619. By 1770 there were thirteen British colonies in America who weren't pleased with their lives because they had to pay high taxes. In 1773, the 'Boston Tea Party' took place and it made the British mad, so in 1775 the War of Independence started. The Americans were led by George Washington who in 1788 became the country's first president. On the 4th of July, 1776 the Declaration of Independence was written and that day is now celebrated as the Day of
The Spanish had occupied large parts of the west and south-west. The French were present in the northern territories, around the St Lawrence River, and throughout the middle regions (French Louisiana) as far as the Gulf of Mexico. The Dutch were in New York (originally New Amsterdam) and the surrounding area. Large numbers of Germans began to arrive at the end of the seventeenth century, settling mainly in Pennsylvania and its hinterland. In addition, there were increasing numbers of Africans entering the south, as a result of the slave trade, and this dramatically increased in the eighteenth century: a population of little more than 2,500 black slaves in 1700 had become about 100,000 by 1775, far out-numbering the southern whites. [3, p.35] The nineteenth century saw a massive increase in American immigration, as people fled the results of revolution, poverty, and famine in Europe. Large numbers of Irish came following the potato famine in Ireland in the 1840s
and entrepreneurial talents can make an affluent living in Puerto Rico · More Puerto Ricans live in the US (4.6 mln, 9% of the US Hispanic population) than in Puerto Rico (3.8 mln) · Mostly in New York and New Jersey · In New York esp. in East Harlem, South Bronx, Brooklyn *Cubans = Indians almost entirely eliminated · White population mostly of Spanish descent · Black Africans first brought to Cuba in 1522 to work on sugar plantations · 2002 census whites 65%, blacks 25%, mulattoes 10% *1961 President Dwight Eisenhower broke diplomatic relations with Cuba · 1962 the Kennedy administration imposed an embargo, breaking all economic, financial and commercial relations *Cuban Americans = 1.8 mln (2010) 0.6% of the US population · The third-largest Hispanic group in the US · Many viewed their stay in America as temporary
The hero that Nietzsche considers is the law of himself: he does not have to be limited by the consideration for the other people, and by stupid laws and rules. So, the true Nietzsche's hero can be very similar to Kurtz. Darkness of human heart: Frame story: Marlowe taken on board by 5 boatmen on the Thames awaiting tide, story, tide missed, darkness ahead, darkness in between, London: another dark place on earth. Brits to ancient romans what Africans to 20th century. Civilization versus barbarism: which is which? Different levels of darkness: of Congo wilderness, of European exploitation of natives, of general human nature-inherent evil. Outside social control(superego). Man is capable of committing heinous (jälk ) actions. Civilization vs barbarism: which is which? The treatment of the natives at the Company's station increases the barbarity of the "civilized" whites. First Marlowe sees a chain gang of several
and influential Romantic writers. By 1770 abolitionism was no longer confined to isolated literary individuals or radical Quakers who for decades had denounced the British slave trade and slavery itself. Thomas Chatterton expressed his disgust for slavery in his 1770 African Eclogues, poems that condemned the inhumanity of English slavers and stressed the innocence of Africans. Two years later, Lord Mansfield ruled that liberty was a hallmark of the British Constitution and that any slave brought to England would automatically be freed. In 1787 the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was established with the express goal of gaining popular acceptance and political legislation for the abolition of the British slave trade,
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