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Cuisine of South Africa has had a variety of sources and stages: · Cookery practised by indigenous people of South Africa such as the Khoisan and Xhosa- and Sotho-speaking people · Settler cookery introduced during the colonial period by people of Indian and Afrikaner and British descent and their slaves and servants - this includes the cuisine of the Cape Malay people, which has many characteristics of Malaysia and Java, and recipes from neighbouring colonial cultures such as Portuguese Mozambique. Indigenous cookery traditional South African cuisine
4. Settlement colonies people migrated into them from Britain and started their own communities, they are the present English-speaking countries (USA, Australia, Canada, New Zealand) Trading Empire (dependencies) mainly ESL countries; British people were seen more as a small ruling class (India, Africa) 5. Australia, The USA, Canada, Sri Lanka, India & Pakistan, Irish Free State, Newfoundland, New Zealand, South Africa were the British colonies that became dominions. They were given "responsible government" and became part of the Commonwealth. The Head of State was the British monarch. Nowadays, the word "dominion" is not used. 6. The British Commonwealth of Nations freely unites Britain and its former colonies. Ireland 1. The first inhabitants were hunters and fishers from the European mainland in 6000 BC. In 200 BC, the Celts arrived. 2
Its capital is Canberra. Other big cities are Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. National language in Australia is English. Monetary unit is Australian dollar. Their national holiday is on the 26th of January. In 1788 on the 26th of January the first fleet arrived at Botany Bay and established a penal colony near modern-day Sydney. Geographical Position Australia is located in the Southern Hemisphere. It’s the only continent except for Antarctica that is all south of equator. Sometimes Australia is called the island continent. There is a great reason why. It really is an island. It is 2880 km from the mainland of Asia and is almost half way round the world from Europe. More than 9 600 km separates it from America. Australia lies between the Pacific and Indian oceans. The Timor Sea and the Arafura Sea separate Australia from Indonesia. In the north the coast is washed by Great Australian Bight and the Indian Ocean. In the northeast the Coral
Labour Party, the Liberal Party and National Party. The Senat's membership is wider, it comprises 12 senators from each state and 2 from each territory. Senators are elected for six year terms. The Executive power in Australia is in the hands of the Commonwealth Government lead by the Prime Minister. Today the Prime Minister is John Howard, the leader of the Liberal Party. History Australia was once a part of the giant continent Gondwana. It included Africa, South America and Antarctica. First Australia and Antarctica split from Gondwana, then Australia broke away from Antarctica and began to move north. Aborigines arrived there about 50 000 years ago. They had occupied the whole continent by 30 000 years ago. At that time Tasmania was still part of the mainland. About 20 000 years ago the ice began to melt and the rising water level cut Tasmania off from the mainland. Traders from what is now Indonesia are thought to have been visiting
THE CAPITALIST NIGER Chika Onyeani ………………………Every African must internalise this book - period….DAA INTRODUCTION In October 1960, Nigeria received its independence from Britain. By then, Ghana the former Gold Coast had been independent for three years under the great Osagyefo Kwame Nkumah. It was a time for celebrating Africa’s coming of age, as more and more African countries received their independence either from Britain or France. It was especially a poignant time for Africa, as then British Prime Minister Harold McMillan articulated his now famous “winds of change” sweeping Africa. We had high hopes for Africa, for the Black race, that the insidious imposition of foreign rule on us, the looting of Africa’s natural resources by our colonial masters accorded us would be things of history. That is more than forty years ago. Unfortunately, the promise of independence has not been fulfilled.
officially the Portuguese Republic, Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country located in Southwestern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula. It is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south and by Spain to the north and east. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are Portuguese territory as well. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale. SETTLEMENT The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times
Christmas in Australia Christmas in Australia is often very hot. Whereas the northern hemisphere is in the middle of winter, Australians are baking in summer heat. It is not unusual to have Christmas Day well into the mid 30 degrees Celsius, or near 100 degrees Fahrenheit. A traditional meal includes a turkey dinner, with ham, and pork. A flaming Christmas plum pudding is added for dessert. In the Australian gold rushes, Christmas puddings often contained a gold nugget. Today a small favor is baked inside. Whoever finds this knows s/he will enjoy good luck. Another treat is Mince Pies. Some Australians and particularly tourists often have their Christmas dinner at midday on a local beach, Bondi Beach in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs attracts thousands of people on Christmas Day. Other families enjoy their day by having a picnic. If they are at home, the day is punctuated by swimming in a pool, playing Cricket out the backyard, and other outdoor activities.
The Great Lakes between the USA and Canada are joined together by rivers and canals. The lakes are connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the St. Lawrence River and to the Hudson River by a canal. Between Lake Ontario and Lake Erie is Niagara Falls (51 m). Another large lake in the USA is Great Salt Lake. It is saltier than the sea. Rivers The Mississippi river is the major river of North America and the United States. It flows from north-western Minnesota south to the Gulf of Mexico. It is a significant transportation artery and when combined with its major tributaries (the Missouri and the Ohio rivers) it becomes the third largest river system in the world (at 6,236 km). The western tributaries are the Red River, the Arkansas and the Missouri. The eastern tributaries are the Tennessee and the Ohio. Its name means the Father of Waters in the Red Indian. Together with its tributaries it forms 20,000 km of navigable waterways.
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