where the bomb is? This essay will look in to how it has according to the thinkers in the strand of consequentialism / utilitarianism been labelled justifiable to use torture techniques in combating terrorism and will present the reasons for why this controversial behaviour that democratic governments have been proven to conduct and still are being accused of until the current day is irrational and dangerous. Theoretical justification of torture The utilitarian view that a political leader should allow torture to rescue civilians’ lives is justified by that this would result in maximum happiness for the greatest number of people. It is said that in case of a moral dilemma there is never the possibility of 2 complete justification. Torture is illegal but if human lives can be saved, it is worth it.
poetry. Vaprus, jultumus, ja ülestõus hakkavad olema meie luule põhilised elemendid. The poet must spend himself with ardor, splendor, and generosity, to swell the enthusiastic fervor of the primordial elements. Poeet peab end kulutama kire, ilu, ja heldusega, et paisutada varajaste elementide entusiastlikku indu. We will destroy the museums, libraries, academies of every kind, will fight moralism, feminism, every opportunistic or utilitarian cowardice. Me hävitame muuseumid, raamatukogud, igat liiki akadeemikuid, võitleme moraali, feminismi, iga teise nõrkusi ära kasutava või utilitaarse arguse vastu.
history records. It is an aboriginal primitive hunting breed that shares many characteristics to its ancestor the wolf. Slaid- Temperament Ise räägid: The West Siberian Laika is a very affectionate and devoted to the master dog. Majority of them barks at strangers approaching the house. During adult life of dogs, younger dogs, especially males, would challenge older male dogs and try to resolve their problems by fighting. Slaid- Utilitarian qualities Ise räägid: It is an emotional dog, very observant to habits of its master, his mood and often can foresee his intentions. It does not hesitate to express its strong feelings by barking and other noises. The West Siberian Laika likes and needs freedom for physical activity and he also needs to be closer to the master and his family. Pildi kirjeldus: Most West Siberian Laika are some shade of wolf gray, but there are pure white dogs and white dogs with colored patches
but brings past experiences and cultural factors to a situation The term ,,Constructivism" was first introduced to IR theory in 1989 by Nicholas Onuf. It was first considered as an interpretive meta-theory, a reflectivist approach. It emphasizes the social construction of world affairs as opposed to the claim of (neo)realists that international politics is shaped by the rational-choice behaviour/decisions of egoist actors who pursue their interests by making utilitarian calculations to maximize their benefits and minimize their losses, hence the materiality of international structures. In spite of itself currently forming "a new mainstream" in international relations theory as some scholars maintain, constructivism might still be seen as "an oppositional movement within IR theory" and "a genuinely radical alternative" to such conventionally entrenched IR theories as neorealism and neoliberalism, or a
Faktilist uurimist kasutas Durkheim, et koguda teadmisi ühiskonna kohta, viies läbi statistilisi uurimusi mitmetest sotsiaalsetest nähtustest, mis eksisteerisid eri tüüpi ühiskondades. See aga tõi tema seisukohtadele palju kriitikat, sest laialdaselt aktsepteeritud psühholoogia valdkonda kuuluv seisukoht oli, et indiviid on ühiskonna keskpunkt ja seega ka ühiskonnateooria keskpunkt. Seda toetasid ka laialdaselt aktsepteeritud J.S.Milli ja J.Benthami utilitaarne sotsiaalne teooria (utilitarian social theory) ning G.Trade ühiskonnateooria (theory of society). Durkheimi ideedele vastandlikud seisukohad Utilitaristide sotsiaalse käitumise doktriini järgi kõik inimese käitumisaktid on täiesti autonoomsed ja enese määratletud (self determend), millede aluseks on kavatsus. Viimane omakorda tuleneb isikliku kasu motiivist edendada oma huve. Sellega aga utilitaristid Durkheimi järgi jätsid kahe silma vahele sotsiaalsete reeglite üldisema
McGuire'i kognitiivsed motiivid: x Cognitive Preservation Motives o Need for Consistency (active, internal) o Need for Attribution (active, external) o Need to Categorize (passive, internal) o Need for Objectification(passive, external) 6 x Cognitive Growth Motives o Need for Autonomy (active, internal) o Need for Stimulation (active, external) o Teleological Need (passive, internal) o Utilitarian Need (passive, external) McGuire'i afektiivsed motiivid: x Affective Preservation Motives: o Need for Tension Reduction (active, internal) o Need for Expression (active, external) o Need for Ego Defense (passive, internal) o Need for Reinforcement (passive, external) x Affective Growth Motives: o Need for Assertion (active, internal) o Need for Affiliation (active, external) o Need for Identification (passive, internal)
b)ainult kahjum; c) ainult kasum. 70. Puhtaid, staatilisi ja üksikuid riske a) pole põhimõtteliselt võimalik kindlustada; b)kindlustavad kindlustusfirmad; c) saab kindlustada ainult juhul, kui kmdlustaja või edasikindlustaja rollis on valitsus. 71. Teleoloogiline (äri)eetika a) võtab arvesse eesmärgini jõudmise meetodid; b)arvestab mõju rahvusvahelistele suhetele; c) hindab tegude õigsust või väärtust vastavalt tagajärgedele. 72. Utilitaarne (eetiline) lähenemine (utilitarian approach) a)väidab, et kõik teod on moraalsed seni, kuni nad toetavad indiviidi parimaid pikaajalisi huve; b)väidab, et inimesel on fundamentaalsed Õigused ja vabadused, mida ei saa neilt keegi ara võtta; c) põhineb moraalsel käitumisel, mille raames saavutatakse kõige parem tulemus kõige suuremale hulgale inimestele. 73. (Äri)eetikal on suurim tähtsus USA-s järgmisel põhjusel a)õigusemõistmine on seadusetähes kinni; b)domineerivad väikeettevõtted; c)USA on tavaõiguse maa
c) säästlikkus, õiglus, harmoonia, potentsiaal. 71. Teleoloogiline (äri)eetika a) võtab arvesse eesmärgini jõudmise meetodid; b)arvestab mõju rahvusvahelistele suhetele; c) hindab tegude õigsust või väärtust vastavalt tagajärgedele. 86.,(Terve mõistus" majanduspoliitiliste probleemide lahendamisel a) tuleneb kogemustest, mis on paratamatult seotud kultuuriga; b)tuleneb erialasest ettevalmistusest; c)tuleneb üldharidusest. U 72.Utilitaarne (eetiline) lähenemine (utilitarian approach) a) väidab, et kõik teod on moraalsed seni, kuni nad toetavad indiviidi parimaid pikaajalisi huve; b) väidab, et inimesel on fundamentaalsed Õigused ja vabadused, mida ei saa neilt keegi ara võtta; c) põhineb moraalsel käitumisel, mille raames saavutatakse kõige parem tulemus kõige suuremale hulgale inimestele. a) V 81.Võib täheldada seoseid maskuliinsuse-feminiinsuse ja järgmise näitaja vahel a)riigi majanduslik heaolu; b) riigi rahvaarv;
crossed the ocean in search of new opportunities or to escape the poverty and intolerance. Their writings were matter-of-fact accounts of life in America, which explained colonisation to Englishmen back in the homeland. An example of this form of writing is John Smith's A True Relation of Virginia, which is widely recognized to be the first example of Am lit. The early years of colonisation produced a mass of utilitarian writings including biographies, accounts of voyages, diaries, sermons, pamphlets. Much of the material addressed the problems of Church and State. There were few examples of fiction, poetry or drama. Anne Bradstreet of Massachusetts published some lyrical poems of high literary quality (1650) and Edward Taylor, who was born in England but lived in Boston, wrote some poetry in the style of John Donne and the metaphysical poets. All 17 th cent
During a period of convalescence in Villepinte he painted The Card Players (1917), a canvas whose robot-like, monstrous figures reflect the ambivalence of his experience of war. As he explained: ...I was stunned by the sight of the breech of a 75 millimeter in the sunlight. It was the magic of light on the white metal. That's all it took for me to forget the abstract art of 1912-1913. The crudeness, variety, humor, and downright perfection of certain men around me, their precise sense of utilitarian reality and its application in the midst of the life-and-death drama we were in...made me want to paint in slang with all its color and mobility.[4] This painting marked the beginning of his "mechanical period", during which the figures and objects he created were characterized by sleekly rendered tubular and machine-like forms. Starting in 1918, he also produced the first paintings in the Disk series, in which disks suggestive of traffic lights figure prominently
" A short history of the development of stylistics Stylistics is regarded a relatively new branch of philology, yet its roots go back as far as ancient Greece and Rome, where the rhetoricians (retoorikud) cultivated the art of clear and elegant use of language by developing and polishing stylistic devices. In the 18th century, an individualistic-psychological view on style and stylistics emerges. The late 19th and and early 20th centuries witnessed a utilitarian approach to stylistics. The tendency to regard stylistics as an applied science has been particularly marked in english- 1 speaking countries. It was believed here that the main aim of stylistics is to improve the style of the writer and of a textbook, that is to show how better to express one's thoughts. Of foreign linguists, it is the french Ch.Balley, G.Marduzeon who in the 20th century made a
It is a relatively new branch in philology; yet, its roots go back as far as ancient Greek and Rome where the rhetoricians cultivated the art of clear and elegant use of language. 18th cent--emerged an individualistic-psychological view on style and stylistics. According to that, style bears the stamps of individual usage: every writer has a unique pattern of habits and abilities that form his style. Fr. Poet Buffon: "Style is the man himself." Late 19th, early 20th century--appeared a utilitarian approach to style remotely linked with ancient rhetoric. It became important to improve the style of a text and show the author how better express his thoughts. (Vallins, Lucas) There was also another tendency in that time--to regard style as a study of form separated from content. (Saintsbury, Bally, Marouseau, Aronstein, Deutchbein) 50s, 60s--rapid growth of interest in stylistics. Various conferences--USA 1958, Poland 1960
which stone piers were laid. In the foundation of the Rialto Bridge, designer Antonio da Ponte drove six thousand timber piles, capped by three stepped grillages so that the abutment stones could be laid perpendicular to the thrust lines of the arch. Though built on soft alluvial soils, the bridge continues to support a street of jewellery shops enjoyed by tourists four centuries later. The end of the Italian Renaissance witnessed a new vision of bridge construction. More than merely utilitarian, bridges were designed as elegant, grand passage-ways that were part of the visual perspective of the idealized cityscape - major accents to the totally redesigned merchant and capital cities. No country attempted to advance this concept more than France at the end of the 16th century, where a national transportation department of architects and engineers was set up, responsible for designing bridges and roads (Ponts et Chaussées). This corps of specialists gave the Neo-Classical
stylistics. According to this view style bears the stamp of individual usage, that is every writer has a unique pattern of habits that form his style (e.g. W. Woolf - some of her starting phrases begin with "For"). This approach is best illustrated in the well-known dictum of the French poet and stylist Georges Louis de Buffon: "Style is the man himself". The late 19th century and early 20th century saw the appearance of the utilitarian (pragmatic) approach to stylistics: the tendency to regard stylistics as an applied science it has been particularly strong in the English speaking countries. It was believed that the chief aim of the stylistics is to improve the style of the reader, to teach him to express his thoughts better (e.g. FGI 1081 Stylistics (I. Ladusseva) 4 G. H
86 [Nelson 79] Andrew Nathaniel Nelson, The Modern Reader's JapaneseEnglish Character Dictionary , Charles E. Tut- tle, 1979 [NK 57] Pent Nurmekund, ¨ Veljesto Kirjas- Keeltemaailm , EUS tus, Tartu 1997 [Postgate 95] Nicholas Postgate, Tao Wang, Toby Wilkinson, The Evidence for Early Writing: Utilitarian or Ceremonial? , Antiquity 1995, vol 69, no. 264. pp. 45980 [Raud 99] Rein Raud, Kiri ja pilt hiina luules , Vikerkaar 5/6, lk. 1348, 1999 [Rundell 99] Michael Rundell, Dictionary Use in Production , Inter- national Journal of Lexicography, vol. 12, no. 1, March 1999 [ 99] AERA No. 27 99.6.28 (Shigekuni Sat¯o, Kanji de satsukeru wakamonotachi no ky¯oy¯o , AERA 99.6.28) [ 85] ,
tagajärgedele. Tegu on õige ja hea, kui tulem on kiiduväärt (olenemata sellest, milliste vahenditega see saavutati). Deontoloogiline lähenemine. See põhineb ideel, et tegevusel on sisemine moraalne väärtus (seega võetakse eesmärgi saavutamisel arvese selleni jõudmise meetodid). Erinevaid eetilisi lähenemisi klassifitseeritakse ka järgnevalt. Utilitaarne lähenemine (utilitarian approach). Põhineb moraalsel käitumisel, mille raames saavutatakse kõige parem tulemus kõige suuremale hulgale inimestele. Otsuse 73 vastuvõtja kaalub kõigi alternatiivide mõju kõigile osapooltele ning leiab optimaalse lahenduse, mis rahuldab kõige suuremat gruppi inimesi. Utilitaarse lähenemise raames olukordi sageli lihtsustatakse, sest rahulolevate inimeste väljaselgitamine on keerukas ja töömahukas. Selline
been an explosion of color and scent all over the planet – if a perceiving consciousness had been there to witness it. Much later, those delicate and fragrant beings we call flowers would come to play an essential part in the evolution of consciousness of another species. Humans would increasingly be drawn to and fascinated by them. As the consciousness of human beings developed, flowers were most likely the first thing they came to value that had no utilitarian purpose for them, that is to say, was not linked in some way to survival. They provided inspiration to countless artists, poets, and mystics. Jesus tells us to contemplate the flowers and learn from then how to live. The Buddha is said to have given a “silent sermon” once during which he held up a flower and gazed at it. After a while, one of those present, a monk called Mahakasyapa, began to smile. He is said to have been the only one who had understood the sermon. According
Her sloe eyes were brown and warm, and her lips were full and naturally pink. "Eva, hi. Mark's not in yet, but you know where you're going, right?" "Absolutely." With a wave, I took the hallway to the left of the reception desk all the way to the end, where I made another left turn and ended up in a formerly open space now partitioned into cubicles. One was mine and I went straight to it. I dropped my purse and the bag holding my walking flats into the bottom drawer of my utilitarian metal desk; then booted up my computer. I'd brought a couple of things to personalize my space and I pulled them out. One was a framed collage of three photos-me and Cary on Coronado beach, my mom and Stanton on his yacht in the French Riviera, and my dad on duty in his City of Oceanside, California, police cruiser. The other item was a colorful arrangement of glass flowers that Cary had given me just that morning as a "first day" gift. I tucked it beside the small
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