Colonial period and the Puritan tradition lecture 1 • American literature started before America was discovered • There were very different colonies in America Puritan tradition * Salvation through faith alone * The Word * Christian utopia * Covenant of grace - John Winthrop (1587-1649) - William Bradford „Of Plymouth Plantation“ (1630) - conflict between the ideal and the real - literacy and plain style • Edward Taylor (1642-1729) - meditative writing deeply grounded in faith • Captivity narrative: *Enemies inside and outside *Satanic darkness outside Puritan settlement
February 24: Independence Day The Republic of Estonia was founded on February 24, 1918 when the Salvation Committee, Päästekomitee, declared the independence of the Republic of Estonia. This date was celebrated as the Day of Independence until the Soviet occupation of Estonia in 1940. During the Soviet occupation, the Independence Day was festively celebrated in Estonian communities around the world. Every year, the US Secretary of State sent greetings on the occasion to the Ambassador of the Republic of Estonia to the United States, Ernst Jaakson.
Independence day of Estonia Independence Day, officially known as Eesti Vabariigi aastapäev is a federal holiday in Estonia when it declared independence in 1918 February 24: Independence Day The Republic of Estonia was founded on 24 February 1918, when the Salvation Committee (Päästekomitee) declared the independence of the Republic of Estonia. A Quest for Independence The 1917 revolution and the generally unstable situation in Russia created the opportunity for Estonia to gain its independence. Celebration of the 95th Anniversary of the Proclamation of the State Independence of the Republic of Estonia Saturday, 23 February 11.00 Placing of wreaths on the graves of Estonian state figures 13
The Church of England Carry Kangur Sotsiaal- ja Haridusteaduskond Religion in the UK 2001: 72% Christians (41 million people) 3% Muslims 1% Hindus 15% No Religion around ~19 550 churches in Britain Major Christian denominations in the Catholics UK Anglicans Baptists Lutherans Methodists Quakerism Shakers Presbyterianism The Salvation Army Congregationalism Scientologists Church of England How it began 1509 Henry VIII became king He was a devout catholic Wanted a divorce from Catherine Fell in love with Anne Boleyn Took the position of Supreme Head of the Church of England Anglicanism in the UK State religion of the UK is Christianity The monarch is the head of Church of England Church of England today Structure
and then went to Pärnu's Gymnasium. He graduated in Tartu University In 1898, Päts graduated from the faculty of Law of Tartu University. From 1901 to 1905 he worked as an editor in newspaper "Teataja". Päts had to escape from Estonia, because he was found guilty for rebellious activity. Päts lived in Finland and Switzerland and returned to Estonia in 1909, when he had to serve nine months in St. Petersburg's prison. Päts was a member of the Salvation Committee that issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence on 24 February 1918. On the same day Päts was appointed Chairman of the Council of Ministers and Minister of the Interior of Republic of Estonia. From 1920 to 1933 he was the State Elder of Estonia five times. On March 12th, 1934 Päts made with Johan Laidoner coup d'état to ensure their power, as Vaps movement threatened it. Vaps were put in to prison and were found guilty in
Pound generates a positive portrayal of Dante's work. Tate, Maritain, and Pound give insightful and pertinent observations of the Inferno, however, one major aspect, which was overlooked in their critiques, was the theological truths Dante uncovered on his imaginary journey through Hell. The reality of God, the Creator's love and man's choice is evidenced throughout the Inferno. On this spiritual pilgrimage, Dante has lost his way and tries to get back on the right path to gain salvation, but many temptations are faced along the way. Dante uses allegory in his story to depict these temptations or sin. In the dark wood he encounters a leopard, lion, and a she-wolf. The leopard stands for lust, the lion for pride, and the she-wolf for greed. He takes the reader through the murky, disgusting depths of Hell using very graphic, grotesque language and imagery. The poet communicates his vision well and his truth comes alive
battle of Kanavere against the Order troops. · The rebellion on the island of Oesel lasted two years Estonian Declaration of Independence · Estonian Declaration of Independence, also known as the Manifesto to the Peoples of Estonia is the founding act of the Republic of Estonia from 1918. It is celebrated on 24 February, the National Day or Independence Day of Estonia. · The declaration was drafted by the Salvation Committee of the Estonian National Council, Maapäev, and approved by the elders of the Maapäev. Originally intended to be proclaimed on 21 February 1918, the proclamation was delayed until the evening of 23 February, when the manifesto was printed and read out aloud publicly in Pärnu. On the next day, 24 February, the manifesto was printed and distributed in the capital, Tallinn. MORE
Ælric was a grammarian, he wrote the first Latin grammar in English. One of the main characteristics is immediacy. 4. The medieval and eliz. world picture. The Elizabethan age was the age of the renaissance, but the Elizabethans were much closer to a medieval way of thinking. Above all earthly and cosmic laws or orders there is Law in general. The divine reason is beyond our understanding, yet we know it's there. God's law is eternal. St. Paul's scheme of sin and salvation: the revolt of the bad angels under Lucifer because of their pride, the creation, the temptation and fall of man, the incarnation, the atonement, the regeneration through Christ. When God had made the world he found it good and he created man in his own image but with the Fall of Man both man and the universe were corrupted. So the disorder and chaos are products of sin and are perpetually striving to come again. Man's only way to salvation is through God's grace
This independent attitude set up a tradition of self-rule that would later lead to town meetings and elected legislatures in New England. Without good harbors or extensive tracts of fertile land, however, Plymouth became a colony of subsistence farming on small private holdings once the original communal labor system was ended in 1623. Puritan Colony in Plymouth, New England; Puritan ethics and ideology The four main convictions of Puritanism were that personal salvation was completely dependent upon God, that the Bible was the final authority and guide to good Christian life, that the church was to be organized from the scripture and that society was a single, unified entity. This is the Puritan Ethic: Strict self-discipline and devotion to God and church, accompanied by contempt for sinful pleasures and luxuries. Their belief that their destiny was predetermined, their self-imposed isolation, and religious exclusivity,
methods of law and order; but in objective it is revolutionary or it is nothing.") "Viimase neljateistkümne aasta jooksul pole vanad parteid toonud Suurbritanniale väljapääsu, nad ei too seda kunagi. Nad pole kriisist teadlikud, nad pole valmis sellele reageerima, isegi nende psüühika pole selliste asjade esilekerkimiseks valmis. Me ei saa nendega teha kompromissi, sest "nende tee pole meie tee ja nende jumalad pole meie jumalad."" ("In Great Britain salvation has not come, in fourteen years, from the old parties, and it will not come. They are not alive to crisis; they are not organized to meet it; and their mind and psychology are unsuited to it. We cannot compromise with them, for "their ways are not our ways and their gods are not our gods."") "Ekselda ja virelda kauem tähendaks riskida kokkuvarisemisega. Sellises olukorras pole uutel rahumeelsetel ideedel kohta - edukad on vaid vägivaldsed ideed, nagu on seda tõestanud välismaa kogemus. /
Enjoy the pleasures age has weaned them from. MADAME PERNELLE (to Elmire) There! That's the kind of rigmarole to please you, Daughter-in-law. One never has a chance To get a word in edgewise, at your house, Because this lady holds the floor all day; But none the less, I mean to have my say, too. I tell you that my son did nothing wiser In all his life, than take this godly man Into his household; heaven sent him here, In your great need, to make you all repent; For your salvation, you must hearken to him; He censures nothing but deserves his censure. These visits, these assemblies, and these balls, Are all inventions of the evil spirit. You never hear a word of godliness At them--but idle cackle, nonsense, flimflam. Our neighbour often comes in for a share, The talk flies fast, and scandal fills the air; It makes a sober person's head go round, At these assemblies, just to hear the sound Of so much gab, with not a word to say; And as a learned man remarked one day
America's first permanent puritan settlement Along with Jamestown, the most successful colony Originally 105 colonists First home in an empty Indian village Concluded a peace treaty with neighbouring tribes Aided by natives +++ (how to grow corn etc) went there to find relogious freedom · Puritan ethics and ideology God has a preordained plan for everybody Following the Bible Hard work, spiritual health, living simply, being thrifty, and self-discipline will Leave to salvation Merriness was prohibited The chief duty of a man is to glorify God · Thanksgiving 2 Annual tradition in the U.S Fourth Thursday in Nov. Thanking God The first Thanksgiving was celebrated to thank God for helping the Pilgrims The first feast lasted 3 days Turkey and corn · Religious issues (freedom) People came to search for religious freedom, or not? Many different religions Puritans imposed their own beliefs Not lettin religion interfere politics No joy allowed
John Evelyn: his diaries largely contemporaneus to Pepys. Cast considerable light on the art, culture and politics of the time (deaths of Charles I and Oliver Cromwell). Compared to Pepys, self-consciously pious, even reserved. Far more a formal record. 11. 17th century religious prose (Donne, Andrewes, Bunyan) Prose dominated by Christian religious writing, often strayed into political and economic writing John Bunyan: The Pilgrim’s Process – allegory of personal salvation, a guide to Christian life. Remarkable for its simple, biblical style and vivid presentation of character and incident. Written in straightforward narrative. Bunyan’s work has spiritual fervor and writes in compelling style. The eloquence of Bible united with the vigorous realism of common speech. John Donne: Six Sermons, Fifty Sermons, Essayes in Divinity, Sermons Never Before Published. Andrewes: 12. The baroque style as the embodiment of the Restoration ethos
And how his audit stands who knows save heaven? But in our circumstance and course of thought, 'Tis heavy with him: and am I then revenged, To take him in the purging of his soul, 115 When he is fit and season'd for his passage? No! Up, sword; and know thou a more horrid hent: When he is drunk asleep, or in his rage, Or in the incestuous pleasure of his bed; At gaming, swearing, or about some act That has no relish of salvation in't; Then trip him, that his heels may kick at heaven, And that his soul may be as damn'd and black As hell, whereto it goes. My mother stays: This physic but prolongs thy sickly days. Exit KING CLAUDIUS [Rising] My words fly up, my thoughts remain below: Words without thoughts never to heaven go. Exit 116 SCENE IV. The Queen's closet. Enter QUEEN MARGARET and POLONIUS LORD POLONIUS He will come straight
He seemed to European his contemporaries could not understand his ideas. The first group of writers who started to appreciate his writing was the French symbolists, especially Baudelaire. They proclaimed Poe their predecessor. Major influence on later writers he can be called the first detective stories writer. Moreover Poe was interested in scientific discoveries (motifs, inventions). Existentialist life has no hope but people can make choices. Only death gives a salvation. He grew up in Virginia (southern state) the society was rather aristocratic in structure, there were planters at the top of the structure, white people without any means, and slaves. Poe supported the agrarian democracy. The agriculture of Virginia has been declining for decades, because tobacco had exhausted the land. As a result farmers became very poor, they were forced to move. Virginia the land of decay. One of the dominant moods was that of decadents and pessimism
insight – that our “normal” state of mind is marred by a fundamental defect. However, out of this insight into the nature of the human condition – we may call it the bad news – arises a second insight: the good news of the possibility of a radical transformation of human consciousness. In Hindu teachings (and sometimes in Buddhism also), this transformation is called enlightenment. In the teachings of Jesus, it is salvation, and in Buddhism, it is the end of suffering. Liberation and awakening are other terms used to describe this transformation. The greatest achievement of humanity is not its works of art, science, or technology, but the recognition of its own dysfunction, its own madness. In the distant past, this recognition already came to a few individuals. A man called Gautama Siddhartha, who lived 2,600 years ago in India, was perhaps the first who saw it with absolute clarity
Of course, of the more than 50 businesses I went to in Harlem, more than 90% were owned by people other than Blacks. I did an inverse count of grocery stores in Spanish Harlem. All the store owners were Hispanics. Then I met a group of Bible-quoting African-Americans who identified with Joseph who was sold into slavery to the Pharaoh of Egypt and eventually became the saviour of the Jews in Egypt. Obviously, they felt that the salvation of Africa could possibly come from its sons and daughters in America. My reply was how, could you jump into a big ocean to rescue a drowning man, when you don’t even know how to swim yourself . I am mindful of the great sacrifices that African-Americans have made towards helping their brothers and sisters in Africa, but let’s face it, African-Amerians don’t have factories that manufacture guns, that manufacture ammunitions, that manufacture food/water containers for Africa’s militarily
an observation; or (notice) it could be a soothing reassurance. Even children recognize differences in potential force: A complaint such as "If you don't quit it I'm going home" is met by the gibe, "Is that a threat or a promise?" Turning to nondeclaratives, it is considerably more obvious that they have distinctive varieties of forces. In fact, the point of moods such as interroga- tive and imperative seems to be to indicate ranges of illocutionary force. (13) Are you a member of the Salvation Army? could be paraphrased as "I (hereby) ask you whether you are a member of the Salvation Army," and likewise for "wh"-questions such as "Who let Fluffy out of her cage?" (14) Go to the Music Library and find a copy of Lana Walter's Petite Mass could have the force of a command, an order, a mere request, or just a sug- gestion, depending on the intentions and purposes of speaker and hearer and on whatever power relation or institutional authority may obtain between them. 2
He gets furious and argumentative. He is like an old personality structure or a parent that knows it must yield to a maturing offspring but is reluctant to let go, putting up one last fight. It's then that the little dog Toto fulfills his purpose in the story. His animal intuition and curiosity got Dorothy in trouble in the first place, when he dug in Miss Gulch's flower bed. Now they are the instrument of salvation. As Toto noses around behind the throne, he discov ers a meek little old man behind a curtain, controlling the monstrous illusion of Oz, the great and powerful. This man, not the bellowing head, is the real Wizard of Oz. This is a typical post-ordeal realization or moment of insight. The heroes see, through the eyes of the intuitive, curious Toto, that behind the illusion of the mightiest organization is a human being with emotions that can be reached
Looking for Higher (and Higher) Meaning The draw of the crowd is devilishly strong. The story is an old one, requiring an examination of ancient data, for the past is dotted with millennial religious movements. Various sects and cults have proph- esied that on a particular date there would arrive a period of redemption and great happiness for those who believed in the group's teachings. In each instance it has been predicted that the beginning of a time of salvation would be marked by an important and undeniable event, usually the cataclysmic end of the world. Of course, these predictions have invariably proved false, to the acute dismay of the members of such groups. However, immediately following the obvious failure of the prophecy, history records an enigmatic pattern. Rather than disbanding in disillusion, the cultists often become strengthened in their convictions. Risking the ridicule of the popu-
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