Ability Lack of ability Obligation/duty Necessity can can't must need to could couldn't have (got) to have to was able to wasn't able to absence: needn't Prohibition Suggestion Probability Possibility mustn't ought to ought to can can't should should could must may might Asking for permission Giving/Refusing Talking about Making requests can permission permission can
Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone 1899 -1947 Early Life in New York Born in Brooklyn, New York Cabriele Capone was a barber 6 brothers and 2 sisters Immigrated to USA in 1893 Dropped out of school at age 14 Small-time gangs Frankie Yale as a mentor 1921 moved to Cicero, Chicago Capone's wealth and power grows in Cicero Took power at Cicero town covernment Become notorious during the Prohibition Era Gambling, prostitution, liquor The Chicagos Outfit earned abuot US $100 million per year Trough organized corruption could operate freely in Chicago Capone had become a celebrity Gang wars North Side gang Capone's murder attemption (1926) Saint Valentine's Day Massacre (1929) Conviction and prison Eliot Ness Capone arranged to have himself jailed for nine months In 1932 Capone was convicted on tax crimes Alcatraz
These drugs are often called "illegal drugs" but generally what is illegal is their unlicensed production, distribution, and possession. These drugs are also called "controlled substances". Even for simple possession, legal punishment can be quite severe. Laws vary across countries, and even within them, and have fluctuated widely throughout history. Despite drug legislation large, organized criminal drug cartels operate world-wide. Advocates of decriminalization argue that drug prohibition makes drug dealing a lucrative business, leading to much of the associated criminal activity.
Unit 5: vocabulary Sports To score (v.) to get a point in a game Referee (n.) the person who makes sure players follow the rules Competitive (adj.) eager to win Draw (n.) Tie; A situation where both teams have equal amount of points in the end of a game Fencing (n.) Sport in which an epee, foil or saber is used for defense and attack Permission (n.) Permit; Consent To permit (v.) to allow Prohibition (n.) ban To prohibit (v.) to ban Obligation (n.) duty Obligatory (adj.) mandatory; compulsory To be allowed to (v.) to be permitted to To be required to (v.) to be obligated to; to have to Athlete (n.) sports(wo)man Archery (n.) sport in which arrows are shot at a target with a bow To be keen on (v.) to like something To be good at (v.) to be successful at Trophy (n.) something material one receives for winning To ought to (v.) should Inevitable (adj
ger to human safety. Hundreds of jurisdictions around the world, including entire countries, have recognized this and prohibited wild animals acts. Our community should not condone cruelty to animals by allowing performing animal acts to visit, nor should we wait for someone to be injured or killed before we decide to act in the interest of human safety. [Name of your City] should consider a prohibition on wild animal acts as soon as possible. Sincerely, [ Your Name & Address ] Sample Letter to the Editor
“has to preventively interfere in order to effectively protect life and health of its citizens, in particular those of younger and senior generations”. Company PB&R is a small family undertaking active in the dog-selling and –importing business for over 30 years and having a focus on pit bulls, Rottweilers, boxers, Labradors, and some other breeds which were classified as dangerous by the study. The company has strong connections to breeders in different EU countries. The prohibition of dealing (selling and importing) in pit bulls and Rottweilers has hit noticeably company’s profits potentially driving it out of business or leading to change of its specialization. 1 Questions: 1. Can the PB&R Company successfully claim any violation of the EU law related rights? 1.1. Goods? Yes,
Q K H D C A O G I J P E N L B F M HOL_6012 EU Internal Market Group Work 2: EU Internal Market and Free Movement of Goods (Ch. 18 and 19 CdB) 1. What are the main Treaty applicable to free movement of goods? List and explain the main scope. Articles 26 and 28-37 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Prohibition of charges having an effect equivalent to that of customs duties: Articles 28(1) and 30 TFEU, or to describe it a bit more easier, The Court of Justice of the European Union had found that any type of extra charges or however it may be called or applied to a product produced and being sold in any Member State should not be charged with any fees or any extras that in the end will have the same effect on a product price as a custom duty
10. What are the main reasons of death in the developed world? 11. Analyse a population pyramid (what stage was in 2000?). Vastused 1. People born and die every second and there is also the problem of migration. 2. Birth rate is very high (10-12 children per family), death rate is also high ( no healthcare). Moral traditions; no healthcare; work labour; 40 years (age). 3. Education was made compulsory; prohibition of children's work; the spread of women's wage work; new insurance system. 4. 1-3 children per family; BR- low, DR low, demographic crisis (BR=DR) 5. . 6. Sub-employment (no fulltime jobs, casual labour(juhutöölised]; hidden-employment; marginal population (latin America, not black Africa. Big cities, better future) 7. The balance of migration is the discrepancy between emigration and immigration.
Motor Company was almsot wholly driven by the needs of production. Finance, marketing, cost accounting, managerial structure, and all the other accoutrements of modern corporations were of little or no intrest to Henry Ford. Henry Ford also regarded himself as a leader of the American people- as indeed were all business people in his eyes. But his belief that he understood the people better than their political leaders is best represented by his claim during prohibition. For Ford, at least early on, the seduction of wages still required its opposite for effective motivation- morality; workers had to be shown how to behave and what to do with their new-found wealth. In sum, Ford sought of dominate his workers, just as he dominated his managers and family. Domination, or, if neccessary, a battle of attraction until he achieved domination, was just about the only organizational tactic that Ford used. Slaid 2. Peace ship versus Warship
conduct, saying only reasonable grounds could justify the moral decisions of individuals and legislators. And now his theory of is the one that is known for justifying torture (Verplaetse, 2008). Since 9/11 and the following fight against terrorism it became clear that the Bush administration thought of torture as something justifiable while it goes against all possible agreed upon treaties and conventions. One could indeed possibly think of situations that could serve as an exception to the prohibition of torture but these hypothetical situations can hardly relate to real situations. The ticking bomb argument looks at the hypothetical case where a leader of a state is asked to give their permission to torture a captured rebel leader because he (probably) knows the locations of a few explosives that are spread around the city in different apartment buildings. In case they are not found within 24 hours, they will explode and many will be left dead (Walzer, 1973)
· Nowadays modern forest economy · Biggest importer of timber (due to Japanese forest industries) · China good climatic conditions good future The world trade trends of timber: · Taking valuable timber from South and South-East Asia to Europe, USA and Japan - decreasing · Timber exported from Canada, Russia and North- Europe to West-Europe, USA and Japan - increasing Forest complexes: · Protection of preserved forests, prohibition of overfelling · Separation of forests with environmental-protective importance · Planting and taking care of forests · West Europe, North Europe, North America, Russia, Japan Biggest producers of timber: · All Usa, Russia, India, Brazil, Indonesia, Canada, Nigeria, Sweden · Firewood China, Brazil, Ethiopia, Indonesia, USA, DR of Congo, Nigeria · Paper Timber USA, Brazil, Russia, Finland, Canada, Australia, Chile, Poland
In all, twenty eight types of precious and semi-precious stones were inlaid into the white marble. Exterior decoration The exterior decorations of the Taj Mahal are among the finest to be found in Mughal architecture. As the surface area changes, a large pishtaq has more area than a smaller one, and the decorations are refined proportionally. The decorative elements were created by applying paint or stucco, or by stone inlays or carvings. In line with the Islamic prohibition against the use of anthropomorphic forms, the decorative elements can be grouped into either calligraphy, abstract forms or vegetative motifs. Interior The interior chamber of the Taj Mahal steps far beyond traditional decorative elements. the inlay work is not pietra dura, but lapidary of precious and semiprecious gemstones. The inner chamber is an octagon with the design allowing for entry from each face, though only the south garden-facing door is used
sometimes. Self-determination means that nation has the right to freely exercise their culture and language) 3. Sovereign equality and independence of all States (all countries are equal in front of law, since the collapse of the colonial system) 4. Non-interference in the domestic affairs of States (all countries can decide what to do on their territory, others cannot dictate this, but sometimes it can contradict with the 7 th principle) 5. The prohibition of the threat or use of force 6. Peaceful settlement of international disputes 7. Universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all (environmental norms Lege ferenda norm which is in the process of establishment) To use war as a legal object to resolve conflict, there has to be either self-defence or the agreement of the security council of UN (if there's a threat to peace etc). State (def)
These laws vary from time to time and from place to place: note variations in gambling laws, for example. Other crimes, called mala in se, are nearly universally outlawed, such as murder, theft and rape. Religion and crime Socially accepted or imposed religious morality has influenced secular jurisdictions on issues that may otherwise concern only an individual's conscience. Examples of activities that have been criminalized on religious grounds include alcohol-consumption (prohibition), abortion and stem cell research. In various historical and present-day societies institutionalized religions have established systems of earthly justice which punish crimes against the divine will and specific devotional, organizational and other rules under specific codes, such as Islamic sharia or Roman Catholic canon law. Homelessness Homelessness is the condition and social category of people who lack housing, because they cannot afford, or are otherwise unable to maintain,
20. sajandiks eraldusid neist rühmitustest väikesed armeed nimega ,,mafie", mis olid hulga agressiivsemad, viies läbi planeeritud vargusi ja pettusi. Neist sirgus ka tuntud rühmitus Sitsiilia Maffia, mis on olnud eeskujuks ka kõigile järgnevatele grupeeringutele maailmas. Ameerika maffia sai algust aastal 1920 keeluseaduse sätestamisega, mis avaldas suurt mõju USA ühiskonnale. Maffia mõju avaldus riigi majanduses ja kultuuris, aga ka sise- ning välispoliitikas. MAJANDUS ,,Prohibition" või eesti keeles tuntud kui keeluseadus oli üpris üheselt mõistetav USA põhiseaduse 18. muudatus sätestas, et alkoholi tootmine, transport ja müük (kuigi mitte tarbimine või eraomandus) oli aastast 1920 keelatud. Uue seadusega täpsustati, milliseid alkohoolseid jooke piirang hõlmab, ning täpsustati ka joovastavad vedelikud, mis sinna alla ei kuulunud nagu näiteks ravi- või usu eesmärgil tarbitu. Lühidalt öeldes tuli muudatus rahvale
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, International Telecommunication Union ITU, World Customs Organization WCO, International Development Association IDA, International Monetary Fund IMF, Inter-Parliamentary Union IPU, Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency MIGA, Nordic Investment Bank NIB, Nordic Council and Council of Ministers, Nordic Development Fund NDF, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons OPCW, Organization for security and co-operation in Europe OSCE, World Trade Organisation WTO, World Health Organization WHO, World Meteorological Organization WMO, World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO, Council of the Baltic Sea States CCBS Tuntumad rahvusvahelised firmad. Scania. Rootsi firma Scania on üks maailma juhtivaid busside ja raskeveokite tootjaid omades müügi-
former friend, but it never came. He also believed, quite innocently, that he could show that Copernicanism was not in any direct opposition to Church dogma, However, as Galileo found out, what was at issue was not so much heliocentricity but authority. Galileo quickly realized what was at stake. The now seventy year old Galileo was interrogated relentlessly and threatened with torture. The Church had a strong defense it was clear that Galileo had violated the prohibition placed upon him in 1616. He could believe Copernican theory but not publicly defend it. To prove their position, the Church produced the forged minutes of Galileo's meeting with Cardinal Bellarmine in 1616. Unfortunately for Galileo, by 1632, Bellarmine was dead. The document produced by the Church was clearly forged. It acknowledged that Galileo could not hold, teach or defend Copernican theory in any way. This was a much stronger prohibition than Galileo could recollect.
· League of Nations Stop, prevent war Improve people's lives Encourage co-operation in trade Disarmament Enforce the Treaty of Versailles Success: some small countries independent, etc. (success in the Third World, Africa ) Overall did not succeed Germany not permitted to join, Soviet Russia banned, US never joined Predecessor of the United Nations Estonia supported it -> help them. For a while Estonia was the most active member. X The US in the middle of the 20th century (HEDO) · Prohibition (bootlegging and the mob) · Jazz Age and the "Lost Generation" · Wall Street Crash · Great Depression · New Deal by Franklin D. Roosevelt · Pearl Harbor · The US in WWII (operation Overlord, the use of atomic bomb) · The impact of WWII on the USA and its international position XI The Cold War Period (beginning) · Marshall Plan European Recovery Program In operation for 4 years
36 In general, the Ukrainian investment protection legislation stipulates national treatment for all investors and investments in Ukraine (with some exceptions imposed by specific laws). Domestic legal safeguards available to foreign investors include: "grandfather clause" against adverse changes in the basic legal treatment of investments (as set out in the law of Ukraine "On Foreign Investment Treatment"); prohibition of nationalization; prohibition of expropriation not justified by evacuation / rescue measures taken in connection with disasters, accidents or epidemics, as well as judicial redress against a decision to expropriate the investment; expedient, adequate, and effective compensation for damages (including lost profits and non-pecuniary damages) incurred as a result of actions or omissions of the state
Students' own answers 3 Students' own answers less waste to landfill sites. 4 1 may/might/could have opened 7B Advice, obligation and 2 must have left 4 1 energy 3 drinking prohibition page 58 3 might be 2 glazing 4 bin 1 1 b 2 a 3 b 4 b 5 a 4 may/might/could have gone 5 1 solar panel, wind turbine 2 1 mustn't/shouldn't 4 must 5 may/ might need 2 wood burning stove, low energy
g) Any activity prohibited by international agreements of Georgia; h) Import and use of lead containing (above 0.013 grams per 1 liter) motor gasoline, tetraethyl lead, as well as counterfeit (irregular) liquid gas for communal consumption (investment in import of tetraethyl lead is allowed only in special cases permitted by a production technology) (Law on Promotion and Guarantees of Investment, Article 9, Paragraph 1) As is apparent, the prohibition of certain investment activity in Georgia is not unique, and affects only those fields of activity which are generally restricted or prohibited in almost every country. Restrictions are also imposed on investments in the fields that represent the exclusive authority of the State of Georgia. Specifically, only the State of Georgia is entitled to invest in: a) Production of banknotes and coins, symbols of State awards, postal stamps;
their receiving the information. This system has hitherto been a jealously guarded secret and is only divulged to you now by the British government in view of the extraordinary circumstances and their friendly feeling toward the United States. They earnestly request that you keep the source of your information and the British government's method of obtaining it profoundly secret, but they put no prohibition on the publication of Zimmermann's telegram itself. Page's pilot telegram rattled the Morse sounders at the State Department at 9 a.m. Saturday, February 24, but the "telegram of great importance" did not arrive until 8:30 that evening. Frank L. Polk, counselor of the department and acting secretary in the absence of Secretary of State Robert L. Lansing, telephoned to ask the President to expect him and carried the four typewritten yellow
arv 22 379 053 vigastatut). Genfi protokoll on 1993. aastal vastu võetud keemiarelva keelustamise konventsiooni (Chemical Weapons Convention) eelkäija. Erinevalt teistest lepingutest on keemiarelva keelustamise lepingul kontrollimehhanism 172 massihävitusrelvad eelnimetatud konventsiooniga liitunud riigid asutasid 1997. aastal kont- rollorgani (The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons OPCW). Konventsioon on väga täpne, selles on nimekirjad keemiarelva tootmiseks kasutatavatest kemikaalidest ning kontrollimehhanism nende kasutamise üle. Keemiarelva keelustamise konventsiooniga on ühinenud 175 riiki, Eesti on ühinenud konventsiooniga 1993. aastal. Konventsiooni järgi on sellega ühinenud riikides plaanitud hävitada keemiarelvavarud 2007. aastaks, kuid nüüdseks on selgunud, et plaanitud hävitamisgraafik ei ole reaalne
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bold to their meanings.Whichexpress:obligotion? otnerwrse regularly exercise heartattack lack of necessity? prohibition? suggestion?necessity? Everyone should must wear masksduringan operation havea first-aidkit at because they mustkeepfit lJTf I Surgeons home Y o uo u g h t t o h a v ea n a n n u acl h e c k - u p
bold to their meanings.Whichexpress:obligotion? otnerwrse regularly exercise heartattack lack of necessity? prohibition? suggestion?necessity? Everyone should must wear masksduringan operation havea first-aidkit at because they mustkeepfit lJTf I Surgeons home Y o uo u g h t t o h a v ea n a n n u acl h e c k - u p
bold to their meanings.Whichexpress:obligotion? otnerwrse regularly exercise heartattack lack of necessity? prohibition? suggestion?necessity? Everyone should must wear masksduringan operation havea first-aidkit at because they mustkeepfit lJTf I Surgeons home Y o uo u g h t t o h a v ea n a n n u acl h e c k - u p
bold to their meanings.Whichexpress:obligotion? otnerwrse regularly exercise heartattack lack of necessity? prohibition? suggestion?necessity? Everyone should must wear masksduringan operation havea first-aidkit at because they mustkeepfit lJTf I Surgeons home Y o uo u g h t t o h a v ea n a n n u acl h e c k - u p
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