Phrasal verb BREAK Anni Haasma Tartu 2009 Break sth off SEPARATE to separate a part from a larger piece, or to become separate: He broke off a piece of chocolate. RELATIONSHIP to end a relationship: They've broken off their engagement. The governments have broken off diplomatic relations. STOP DOING to suddenly stop speaking or doing something: She broke off in the middle of a sentence. Break away ESCAPE to leave or to escape from someone who is holding you: He grabbed her, but she managed to break away. FIGURATIVE One or two of the tourists broke away from the tour group. NOT AGREE to stop being part of a group because you begin to disagree with them: Some members of the British Labour Party broke away to form the Social Democratic Party. Break out START If something dangerous or unpleasant breaks ou...
PHRASAL VERB PULL PULL - to remove from a fixed position (the dentist pulled the tooth) - to rip or tear (the dog pulled the toy to pieces) - to strain (a muscle, for example) injuriously. PULL DOWN 1) TO DEMOLISH They pulled down the old sports stadium to build a new one. 2) TO DEPRESS SOMEONE John was really pulled down by his recent divorce. 3) TO MOVE SOMETHING FROM A HIGHER POSITION TO A LOWER ONE The sun was shining in my eyes so I pulled down the blinds. PULL IN 1) TRAIN OR BUS ARRIVAL AT A STATION The train pulled in right on time. 2) TO ATTRACT A CROWD The festival really pulled in the crowds. 3) TO EARN I pulled in more this year than last year. How about you? PULL THROUGH - to recover from an illness We didn't know if he was going to pull through but in the end he did. PULL UP - to slow and stop a car The cab pulled up outside my house and I got out. PULL OVER - to stop a vehicle by the side of the r...
PREPOSITIONS (eessõnad) Prepositions of place: KUS? WHERE? AT ON IN at 10 High Street on Fifth Avenue in the world at 224 Fifth Avenue on the street(AmE) in High Street at the corner of the street on the plane in the east of Europe at a hotel on a bus in London at a store on a boat/ship in Trafalgar Square at the concert on the floor in America at the cinema on the wall in a village at the theatre on the shelf in the country at the station on the table in (the) town at the airport ...
Viljandi County Gymnasium Prepositions Name Form 11b Supervisor: Name Viljandi 2009 Viljandi County Gymnasium 1. Prepositions of place The ball is in the box The ball is on the box. The ball is under the box. Jane's house Bill's house John's house John's house is next to Jane's Jane's house is between Bill's Bill's house is next to Jane's house. and John's houses. house. The man stood The climbers The man stood The enemies stood The gardners next to the gopher stood on top of between the two opposite each stood behind the ...
English lexicology 1. Size of English vocabulary Vocabulary is a sum total of words used in a language by speakers or for dictionary-making. Active and passive vocabulary. The Old English vocabulary was homogenous. There were about 50 000 – 60 000 words, 1/3 of which have survived. o About 450 loans from Latin o About 2000 from the Viking invasions. The Middle-English vocabulary became a heterogeneous hybrid of Germanic and Romanic languages. 100 000 to 125 000 words. o About 10 000 loans from Norman French, 75% are still in use o Continuing Latin influence Early Modern English. 200 000 – 250 000 words o English becomes a pluricentric language. o Polyglot. Cosmopolitan language Modern English. 500 000 words o At present at least 1 billion lexical units 2....
Leixcology revision questions 1) Composition of english vocabulary Vobabulary is the sum of a total of words used in a language by speekers or used in a dictionary. English vocabulary cosists of six units: Simple words- fall Complex words- prefall Phrasal word- face up to Compound word- face lift Multiword expression- face the music Shortened forms- prefab (prefabely?) 2) Core and pherifery English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from old english, 45% comes from french, 16,7% comes from latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words nad the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. 3) Native and foreign elements Native vocabulary: INDO-EUROPEAN- mother, foot, heart, father, sea, night etc GERMANIC- friend, bidge, ship, life, heaven OLD-ENGLISH- bad, bird, woman, lady and gospel LATIN- ch...
1. Active/Passive Active - the professor teaches the students. Passive - The students are taught by the professor 2. Present Simple [VERB] + s/es in third person. Tegevus on korduv või tavapärane. You speak English. I play tennis. Cats like milk. The train leaves tonight at 6 PM. I am here now. Active= Once a week, Tom cleans the car. Passive= Once a week, the car is cleaned by Tom. 3. Present Continuous [am/is/are + present participle]. Tegevus toimub/ei toimu praegusel hetkel. You are watching TV. You are learning English now. I am studying to become a doctor. I am meeting some friends after work. Active= Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Passive= Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. 4. Past Simple [VERB+ed] or irregular verbs. Tegevus algas/lõppes minevikus täpsel ajal. . You called Debbie. I saw a movie yesterday. I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. I lived in Brazil for two year...
Review questions English lexicology Size of English vocabulary. Average speaker 45,000-60,000 words, a total of about 200,000. Core and periphery. English has been heavily influenced by other languages. 31.8 % comes from Old English, 45% comes from French, 16,7% comes from Latin, 4,2% other germanic languages and 2,3 other languages. The very core is mono-syllabic (93 of the first 100 words and the other seven are two-syllabic). The core vocabulary is predominantly germanic. Native and foreign element. Native words belong to very important semantic group (modal verbs-shall, will, can, may; pronouns- I, you, he, my, his; preps- in, out, under; numerals and conjunctions::but, till, as. Native words are head, arms, back; mother, brother, son, wife; snow, rain, wind, sun; cat, sheep, cow; old, young, cold, hot, dark; do, make, go, come, see. Many native words have developed many meanings (nt, hand, man, head). Most native words have become ...
English structure revision for the exam 1. Terms Language → A systematic, conventional (tavakohane) use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. Human language at all levels is rule- or principle- governed (valitsema) meaning that language corresponds to the grammar. Natural language is usually spoken, while language can also be encoded into symbols (such as letters, morse etc) For example: Estonian, English. Linguistics → The scientific study of human natural language. Broadly, there are three aspects to the study which are Pragmatics (studies the use of language → interested in the gap between the sentence’s meaning and the speaker’s meaning). Semantics (concerned with the meaning of the language aspects and the way they change, also how objects and language and thinking and language are related). ...
1. Be ready to explain the terms (lecture 1): language, linguistics, synchronic approach to language, diachronic approach to language, linguistic competence, linguistic performance, what is grammar?, prescriptive grammar vs. descriptive grammar; phonology, phonetics, phone, allophone, phoneme; morphology, morphemes (types of morphemes), morphs, allomorphs, types of affixes, derivational affixes, inflectional affixes; open vs closed class words; syntax. Language: a systematic, conventional use of sounds, signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and self-expression. - human language at all levels is rule- or principle-governed. Linguistics: the scientific study of human natural language Synchronic approach to language: Diachronic approach to language: Linguistic competence: Linguistic performance: What is grammar?: "The sounds and sound patterns, the basic units of meaning, such as words, and the rules to combine them...
Kordamisküsimused (2009) Sissejuhatus germaani filoloogiasse Mõisted: ablaut (kvalitatiivne ja kvantitatiivne) ablauti mõiste leiutas Jakob Grimm; morfoloogiline vokaalivaheldus tugevates tegusõnades germaani keeltes ja tüvedes ja juurtes indoeuroopa keeltes; kvalitatiivne ablaut kolmeastmeline vokaalimuutus: 1) e-aste (täisaste), nt IE ped pedestrian, 2) o- aste, nt IE pod podium, 3) nullaste - ø kvantitatiivne ablaut täishääliku pikkus muutub, nt võivad esineda pikk e ja pikk o afrikaat häälikud ch, j; vastavad ühele foneemile analüütiline keel keel, milles sõnadele liitub vähe morfoloogilisi elemente, kasutab liidete asemel spetsiifilisi grammatilisi sõnu või partikleid, et väljendada süntaktilisi suhteid artikkel abisõna, mis määrab nimisõna soo või arvu. Skandinaavia keeltes võib olla liikuv artikkel. En bil üks auto; bilen konkreetne auto. aspiratsioon h-häälik, mis tekib vahel helitute sulghäälikute jär...
Kordamisküsimused (2009) Sissejuhatus germaani filoloogiasse Mõisted: ablaut (kvalitatiivne ja kvantitatiivne) – Ablaut on vokaalivahetus. Ablaut on iseloomulik kõigile indo-euroopa keeltele, mitte ainult germaani keeltele. Germaani keelte tugevates verbides esineb. Jaguneb kvalitatiivseks ja kvantitatiivseks vokaalivahetuseks. Kvalitatiivne vokaalivahetus on siis kui reaalselt täht muutubki nt sõnas sing-sang. Kvantitatiivne vokaalivahetus on siis, kui toimub hääliku pikenemine nt (e-aste) pes-pedis- (o aste) podium- foot (tegu on pikenenud o- astmega). Pikenevad häälikud e ja o. Indo-euroopa keeltes on astmed tavaliselt e-o-0-0 ja germaani keeltes i-a-0-0 (sing-sang-sung, kus sung on 0 aste ja lisatud on u). Ablaut toimub tugevaate tegusõnade puhul ja tugevatel tegusõnadel on 7 klassi ehk pöördkonda. afrikaat – Afrikaat on häälikute kooslus mis on klusiili ja frikatiivi vahel. Selle hulka kuuluvad näiteks paljude germaani keelte „t...
Sissejuhatus germaani filoloogiasse Mõisted: ablaut (kvalitatiivne ja kvantitatiivne) – ablauti mõiste leiutas Jakob Grimm; morfoloogiline vokaalivaheldus tugevates tegusõnades germaani keeltes ja tüvedes ja juurtes indoeuroopa keeltes; kvalitatiivne ablaut – kolmeastmeline vokaalimuutus: 1) e-aste (täisaste), nt IE ped – pedestrian, 2) o-aste, nt IE pod – podium, 3) nullaste - ø kvantitatiivne ablaut – täishääliku pikkus muutub, nt võivad esineda pikk e ja pikk o afrikaat – häälikud ch, j; vastavad ühele foneemile analüütiline keel – keel, milles sõnadele liitub vähe morfoloogilisi elemente, kasutab liidete asemel spetsiifilisi grammatilisi sõnu või partikleid, et väljendada süntaktilisi suhteid. Sõnajärg lauses range Boy ate soup- vaid 1 võimalus! artikkel – abisõna, mis määrab nimisõna soo või arvu. Skandinaavia keeltes võib olla liikuv artikkel. En bil – üks auto; bilen – konkreetne auto. aspiratsioon – h-häälik, mis tekib vahel...
LEXICOLOGY 1. Size of English vocabulary 1) Old English – 50,000 to 60,000 words Vocabulary of Shakespeare OE – homogeneous; 1/3 of the vocabulary has survived • 884,647 words of running text About 450 Latin loans (Amosova) • 29,000 different words (incl. work, working, Viking invasions added 2,000 worked, which are counted here as separate 2) Middle English – 100,000 – 125,000 words) English becomes heterogeneous (Norman French, • 21,000 words English, Latin), hybrid of Germanic and Romance languages Norman French influence – about 10,000 words, 75 % are still in use (Baugh) Latin influence continues 3) Early Modern English – 200,000 – 250,000 English becomes a polycentric language; polyglot, cosmopolitan lang...
Tallinna Polütehnikum Automation Author: TomTom2 Group :AA-09 Instructor: Marina Zotikova Tallinn 2010 Contents Introduction......................................................................................................................3-4 Person Knowledge Technologies supports......................................................................4-6 Online Essay Evaluation Service.....................................................................................6-7 WordNet lexical database................................................................................................7-8 Practice Online (TPO)................................................................................................
STYLISTICS 1. Style, stylistics, a survey of stylistic studies The term ,,style" is polysemantic. Latin ,,stilus"--a writing instrument used by the ancients for writing on waxed tablets. Soon, the meaning was extended to denote the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. Jonathan Swift said: ,, Style is proper words in proper places" Present day--half a dozen meanings: · the characteristic manner in which a writer expresses his ideas (Style of Byron) · the manner of expressing ideas characteristic of a literary movement or period (symbolism, romanticism) · the use of lg. typical of a literary genre (comedy, drama, novel) · the selective use of lg that depends on spheres of human activity. These are called functional styles or registers (fiction, newspaper) Stylist...
Tests Superstar 1 Luke Prodromou Test 1 Name____________________ Class_______ Use your English 1 Complete these sentences using the correct form (present simple or present continuous) of the verb in brackets. _ 1 She is in a band and she _________________________________ (record) a CD at the moment. _ 2 She is an actress and often _________________________________ (appear) on television. _ 3 At the moment she _________________________________ (have) a rest because she is tired. _ 4 Mike is a doctor and he _________________________________ (live) in Manchester. _ 5 I _________________________________ (start) work at 8.30 every morning. _ 6 He is a good cook but she _________________________________ (prefer) to eat out. _ 7 English tests _________________________________ (get) more and more interesting. _ 8 They _________________________________ (have) a party becau...
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;P ulJbijlg lsBN 978-1-8432s-569-7 Illllll]ililil]t llll ||||rl 9 x781843x255697x Conlenls UNI T1 househol d & appl i ances; dw el l i ngs ln Searchof the Perfect My Home is my chores;colours& rooms;home H ome(mul ti pl choi e ce) Castle(pp. 5-19) safety TheCharmingPast:Blarney ...
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Letters Letters FORMAL, INFORMAL, TRANSACTIONAL TASK 1 Read the extracts and answer the questions. · Where are the extracts from? · What is the purpose of each letter? · How do they differ? · Which extracts are examples of formal letters? · How is the reader addressed in a formal letter? · What are the closing remarks for formal letters? · What is the salutation in a friendly letter? · How would you end extracts 1,2,3 ? · How would you begin the extracts 4 and 5? 1. Dear Mr Miller, I received your kind invitation to the reception. Unfortunately, owing to other commitments. I will be unable to attend ... 2. Dear Ralph, l just got your invitation to the company's event. l `m afraid I can't make it because I've a/ready made plans which l can "t change ... 3. Dear Sirs, I am writing to complain about the poor quality of ...
Maturita Solutions Advanced Workbook Key stand bananas and coffee! It's a bit 3 1 to 8 of Unit 1 uncanny really. Is it something she's 2 about 9 century passed on to me genetically, or is it 3 like 10 assumed / 1A Memories page 3 learned behaviour? Who knows? 4 of thought / 1 See exercise 2 2 5 6 any ...
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