promenade. , . Tallinn delightful ofcourse - europe. sightsseeings, , intresting. Toompea Nevsky, 1900. Tallinn Mikhail Preobrazhenski St. Petersburg. . Toompea . 16th , Tallinn Europe. , Riga Vilnius , 80 2.35km . St Mary 1223 Toompea. More commonly , noblemen. (Toomkirik) Kiriku . GLAVN Lutheran . . 1878 Classicism Romanticism. 2 , . 1510-1529 seaward storehouse gunpowder, . , Maritime viewing on top of . Toompea , Kiek de Kök (peek ). 38m , 17m 4m . St ` ' Berndt Notke. St , . back to 13th , 1230 . St . Toompea ` ' . : Hermann
countries. The main attractions are in the two old towns (Lower Town and Toompea) which are both easily explored on foot. Eastern districts around Pirita and Kadriorg are also worth visiting and the Estonian Open Air Museum near Rocca al Mare, west of the city, showes aspects of Estonian culture and architecture Toompea. This area was once a separate town (Dom zu Reval), the residence of the Chivalry of Estonia, Roman Catholic bishops of Tallinn (until 1561) and Lutheran superintendents of Estonia, occupying an easily defensible site overlooking the surrounding districts. The major attractions are the walls and various bastions of Castrum Danorum, the Russian Orthodox Alexandr Nevsky Cathedral (built during the period of Russian Empire, the church was built on a site that formerly housed a statue of Martin Luther) and the Lutheran Cathedral. Kadriorg is 2 kilometres east of the centre and is served by buses and trams. The former palace
Angela Merkel Introduction Angela Merkel is Germany's first woman chancellor. Early life Was borned in 1954 in Hamburg Her father Horst Kasner was a Lutheran pastor and mother was a teacher. Angela is the eldest of the three siblings. Merkel grew up in Templin. Templin Templin's town hall Early life Studied physics in Templin and at the University of Leipzig. In 1978 Merkel gained a physics doctorate. Worked and studied at the Central Institute for Physical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences University of Leipzig Personal life
Empire The Alexander Nevsky Cathedral is Tallinn's largest and oldest orthodox cathedral It is dedicated to Saint Alexander Nevsky who in 1242 won the Battel of the Ice on Lake Peipus The church's towers' hold Tallinn's most powerful church bell ensemble,consisting of 11 bells (one of them weighing 15 tonnes) Orthodoxy in Estonia is practiced by 12.8 % of the population,making it the second most identifield religion after Lutheran Christianity with 13.6 % Orthodoxy is mostly practiced within Estonia's Russian ethnic minority The first mention of an Orthodox congregation in Estonia dates from 1030 Cathedral : Kasutatud allikad: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Nevsky_Cathedral,_Tallinn http://www.tourism.tallinn.ee/eng/fpage/ideas/must_see/newwin-place/print/i http://www.google.ee/search?hl=en&q=russian%20orthodox%20st.%20alexa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy_in_Estonia
Location Built in the 13th to the 14th centuries Wooden fortress The building of the Riigikogu Several parts Tall Hermann's Tower Location 14th century The name of the tower The Estonian flag Cathedral of Saint Mary the Virgin Location Lutheran church 1219 1233 The stone church Organ-1913 Danish King's Garden Location Old legends Danneborg Day The House of the Estonian Knighthood Location Town residence 19201940 1948 to 1992 April 1, 1993 Alexander Nevsky Cathedral Location
It is used as a mother tongue by just under 1.1 million people. Estonian is one of the world's smallest cultural languages. It belongs to the FinnoUgric language family, which also includes Finnish and Hungarian. · Estonians have a very long tradition of sing festival the typical Estonian willingly sings in a choir. · People have always been regarded as people who are fond of reading books. · Estonia has two religion Lutheran and Orthodoxy · The most popular sport activities are skiing, football and athletics. · When the weather improves, many Estonians leave the city for the weekend. Almost every family has a cottage in the country and orchard. · A walk in the forest, to pick berries or mushrooms and to hunt are the most enjoyable pastimes. · An important weekend ritual is the Saturday sauna. · Estonia boasts miles of beautiful sandy beaches, and
folklore themes. Written in verse, the epic tells the story of Kalevipoeg, the mythical ancient ruler of Estonia. Another achievement of this period was the establishment of Estonia's first regularly published Estonian-language newspaper, Perno Postimees , originally published in Pärnu by Johann Voldemar Jannsen in 1857. In 1878 Carl Robert Jakobson established the newspaper Sakala , which would soon become a major promoter of the cultural renaissance. Jakob Hurt, a schoolteacher and Lutheran minister, organized a collection of folk songs in the 1880s and gave several speeches extolling the value of Estonian culture. Estonia capital of culture is Tallinn
Estonian people have about 800,000 cell phones and 475 000 telephone main line users. After centuries of Danish, Swedish, German, and Russian rule, Estonia attained independence in 1918. Forcibly incorporated into the USSR in 1940, it regained its freedom in 1991, with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the last Russian troops left in 1994, Estonia has been free to promote economic and political ties with Western Europe. Most popular religions in Estonia are Evangelical Lutheran, Russian Orthodox, Estonian Orthodox, Baptist, Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Word of Life and Jewish.
Mostly known as a university town, Tartu is also a site of heavy industry. In the beginning of the 21st century, many IT enterprises and other hightech companies have taken a foothold in Tartu. Notable examples include Playtech Estonia, Webmedia, Tarkon, Regio and Raintree Estonia. Skype has an office in Tartu. The university is one of the largest employers, which explains the large proportion of highly skilled professionals researchers, professors, doctors. Most notable are the old Lutheran St. John's Church the 18thcentury town hall, the university building, ruins of the 13thcentury cathedral, the botanical gardens, the main shopping street, many buildings around the town hall square and Barclay Square. The historical slum area called Supilinn (Soup Town) is located on the bank of river Emajõgi, near the town centre and is regarded as one of the few surviving "poor" neighbourhoods of 19th century Europe
Official name: Republic of Estonia Territory: 45 227 km Population: 1 342 000 Official languafe: Estonian Largest ethnic groups: Estonians 68%, Russians 26%, Ukrainians 25, Belarussians 1%, Finns 1% Capital of Estonia: Tallinn Number of islands: 1 521 Highest point: Suur-Munamagi (Great Egg Hill) 318 m Religion: Lutheran Currency: Estonian Kroon (EEK),1 EUR = 15,65 EEK Estonia has two Independence Days - Estonia first achieved independence from the Soviet Union on the 24th February 1918 and again on the 20th August 1991 after 51 years of occupation. The second date is known as the Restoration of Independence Day The Estonian language belongs to the Finno-Ugric group and is most similar to Finnish Estonia was the first country in the world to introduce online political voting
St. Olaf’s Church St. Olaf’s Church in Tallinn, in Estonia is believed to have been build in the 12th century. St. Olaf’s Church is located in Lai Street. St. Olaf’s Church is the city’s biggest medieval structure, took its name from the sainted Norwegian king Olaf Haraldsson. St Olaf Church was part of the united western tradition of Christianity, whose polity continues in the Roman Catholic church today. However, from the Reformation the church has been part of the Lutheran tradition. In 1950 St. Olaf’s Church became a Baptist church.The Baptist congregation continues to meet at St Olaf’s today. Pictures of St. Olaf’s Church cc St Olaf’s Church Tower According to some sources St Olaf’s Church was the tallest building in world from 1549 to 1625, till the Eiffel Tower was built. In 1590 the total height of the tower was 115 meters. After several rebuildings, the height of the tower is now 123,5 meters. In
Fifth level The Pagan holiday Samhain, that the All Saints holy day replaced, was also known as the Day of the Dead. Many Wiccans and modern Pagans celebrate the Day of the Dead. This is a happy holiday (even though it celebrates 'Death'). It is the day that the souls of dead people come back to Earth. Therefore, in Pagan religions it is not about scary things. It is about remembering family or friends who have died. Many Lutheran churches celebrate a holiday on October 31st called The Reformation. This holiday celebrates the day that Martin Luther put The NinetyFive Theses on a church door The Irish hollowed out turnips, placed a light inside to keep away the bad and stingy Jack. As the legend says, Jack was a man who tricked the devil and after Jack had died he was allowed neither in heaven nor in hell. With a lantern in his hand he began to search for a resting place on Earth. This was the original JackoLantern
Charles Church By Annabel Peterson Charles Chruch is a Lutheran church in the centre of Tallinn, on Tõnismägi hill. It is architecturally the most magnificent out of all Estonian sacred buildings in the 19th century, also Charles congregation is currently the largest in Estonia by the number of members. It was originally built in the 17th century, during the time of Swedish rule, when king Charles XI commissioned the construction of a church for the Estonian and Finnish population in 1670. At first it was wooden and not very
Tänapäevaks on avastatud juba üle 29 veregrupi süsteemi, mis omakorda koosnevad erinevatest antigeenidest (rohkem kui 300). Kliiniliselt olulisemad on erütrotsütaarsete veregruppide süsteemid rahvusvahelise numeratsiooni järgi: number nimi sümbol 001 AB0 AB0 002 MNS MNS 003 P P 004 Rh RH 005 Lutheran LU 006 Kell KEL 007 Lewis LE 008 Duffy FY 009 Kidd JK IgG K-süsteem. Proua Kelli seerumis 1946.a avastati antigeen. Kelli vastsündinud lapsel avastati hemolüütiline tõbi. K-antigeen võib olla K+ või ei K. IgM MNS-süsteem. Avastati 1947.a. MN- ja Ss-antigeenid päranduvad põlvest põlve (emalt-isalt lastele) muutumatult. IgM P-süsteem. 1927
Kannel is the oldest known instrument in Estonia. It is believed to have been around for about two thousand years. Such an instrument is common to cultures of the Baltic Finns, the Balts and the northwestern Russians. Fiddle(viiul) Violin reached Estonian towns in the 17th century. In the 18th century fiddle music spread also among peasants. (talupoegade keskel) Psalmodikon(moldpill) This is a relatively new instrument, dating from 1829 in Sweden. The instrument spread widely in Lutheran regions to accompany spiritual music, including also Estonian peasants Bumbass(põispill) Bumbass (bladderandstring) is a primitive stringed instrument that was used at wedding festivities as a joke. Guitar and Mandolin Guitar (kitarr) and mandolin (mandoliin) spread among the folk in the early 20th century. They became popular first with spiritual, but also with sentimental secular music making. Their peak fell on the 1920s and 30s. Guitar continues to be popular also today.
years. This period includes another change of power, resulting in Tallinn's subordination to the order one more time. Although the main building of the church dates back to those times, the medieval cathedral was quite different from the present appearance. For example, the tower on the western side of the church was built only in the 18 th century, the annexes of the southern side date back to the 16 th -18th centuries and those on the northern side to the 15th century. While the Lutheran reformation movement had prevailed in the churches of downtown Tallinn by 1524, the Toompea cathedral held Catholic services until 1561, when the Kingdom of Sweden gained control over Tallinn. A library was established at the church in 1641. The copper roof was built thanks to the donation of Queen Christina in 1651. While nearly the entire Toompea burnt down in a fire in 1433, the fire of 1684 was even more devastating. Only the walls of the church survived the whole wooden interior
contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, ISSN 15538133). 2.1.3 People and Society Ethnic groups: Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006) Languages: Finnish (official) 91.2%, Swedish (official) 5.5%, other (small Sami and Russian speaking minorities) 3.3% (2007) Religions: Lutheran Church of Finland 82.5%, Orthodox Church 1.1%, other Christian 1.1%, other 0.1%, none 15.1% (2006) Population: 5,262,930 (July 2012 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 79.41 years male: 75.94 years, female: 83.02 years (2012 est.) Health expenditures: 11.7% of GDP (2009) Education expenditures: 5.9% of GDP (2007) (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012, ISSN 15538133). 2.1.4 Economic Overview
both the monastic and secular diet. The monastery also drew profit from the veneration of relics. Many documents mention twelve silver reliquaries containing the heads of saints. Some reposed on the high altar whereas others were enshrined on side altars. Each `head was reputed to cure a different set of diseases. In 1517 the Reformation started in German and very quickly spread into the Baltic states. The loyalty of the friars to Rome made them immediate victims. In 1523 a Lutheran mob burnt down the Franciscan monastery in Kuramaa. The Dominican monastery in Tallinn was destroyed on ,1524. In 1954 the former garden, cloister and refectory of the Dominican monastery were restored and opened to visitors. One of the most beautiful and peacefri pleaces in Talliun is the cloister garden whict is-bordered on one side by the church of Saints Peter and Paul and on the other by the original church of Saint Catherin. The .cloisxer and refectory
rural municipalities and 47 towns). Area: 45,227 square km. Population:. On January 1 2001 Estonia's population was 1,366,700. The proportion of urban population is 69.4 %. The proportion of rural population is 30.6 %. According to the 2000 census, the proportion of Estonians in the total population is 69%. Main cities: The capital of Estonia is Tallinn (population 396, 900). The second largest city is Tartu with the population of 103,284 (2010). Religion: 80% of all believers are Lutheran. Education: The number of comprehensive(general education) schools is 717. There are 15 universities in Estonia, including 5 private universities. Applied higher education is provided in 14 schools. 41 schools proovide vocational education (2007). Language: The official language in Estonia is Estonian, which is a Finno-Ugric language closely related to Finnish and more distantly related to Hungarian. Government:
Sculptures and monuments St. John's Lutheran Church St John's Church was probably built in the first third of the 14th century. There is no other brick church decorated with so much terracotta plastic in Europe Eduard Tubin Monument The Eduard Tubin monument, marking the 100th birthday of the composer, was dedicated in 2005. The authors of the statue are sculptor Aili Vahtrapuu, architect Veronika Valk, with sound installations by Louis Dandrel.Eduard Tubin (1905-1982) was a versatile composer and
It is separated from Finland in the north by the narrow Gulf of Finland and from Sweden in the west by the Baltic Sea. Estonia has been a member of the European Union since May 1, 2004 and of the NATO since March 29, 2004. The area of Estonia is about 45000 square kilometres and the population is about 1.4 million people. The capital of Estonia is Tallinn and the official language is Estonian. The currency is Eesti kroon. The main religion is Lutheran. Anniversary of the republic is celebrated on February 20. The national flower is cornflower, national bird is barn swallow and national stone is limestone. It is a land of great natural beauty with a long and varied history and rich culture. It has served as a junction of international trade routes for centuries. History. The oldest marks of habitation on the territory of Estonia date from the 8th millennium BC. Fortified settlements were established in the 1 st century BC
Tallinna Inglise Kolledz Estonia Topic Alice Tärk, 9b Tallinn 2007 FACTFILE Area: 45 228 sq km Poplulation: under 1.4 million Capital: Tallinn Language: Estonian Currency: Eesti kroon (EEK) Main religion: Lutheran National holiday: 24 February (anniversary of the republic) National flower: Cornflower National bird: Barn Swallow National stone: Limestone LOCATION The Republic of Estonia is the northernmost and smallest of the three Baltic States. It is located on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea in the north east of Europe. To the east the country borders Russia. Latvia is the countries neighbour to the south. From the west the coast of Estonia is washed by the
The church also features grave slabs, an oaken Baroque altar by Christian Ackermann and a number of monuments to famous people (e.g. Pontus de la Gardie. Karl Horn and Admiral Adam Johann Krusenstern). The church has also a valuable collection of Baltic- German noblemen's coats of arms, many of them were carved from wood by the famous Tallinn wood carver Christian Ackermann in the 17th century. Nowadays, the church has an Estonian Lutheran congregation and also serves as a concert hall. St. Nicholas' Church. In about 1230, quite a number of German merchants came over to Tallinn from Gotland at the invitation of the Order. They settled down outside the fortress, at the foot of the hill. They erected a chapel among their wooden houses. The church was built against the northern wall of the chapel. It was named after St. Nicholas, the patron saint of merchants and seafarers. After the big fire of 1433 the church was
K-positiivse doonori vere ülekandmisel K-negatiivsele haigele võivad haigel tekkida K-antigeeni vastased antikehad, mis järgmiste vereülekannete puhul põhjustavad haigele juba raskeid vereülekandejärgseid reaktsioone. K-negatiivsel emal tekkinud K-antigeeni vastased antikehad on ka vastsündinu hemolüütilise tõve põhjuseks K-positiivse lapse sünni korral. Peale nimetatud kolme süsteemi on vereülekandel tähtsad veel Kidd-, Duffy-, Lewis-, P-, MNS-, ja Lutheran-süsteem paljude erinevate antigeenidega. Kokkuvõttes võib julgesti väita, et ei ole maailmas kaht inimest täiesti kokkulangeva veregruppide pildiga. Seepärast peab enne iga vereülekannet sooritama sobivusproovid doonori ja patsiendi verega. Sel puhul segatakse omavahel kokku patsiendi seerum ja doonori punalibled. Kui tekib punaliblede kokkukleepumine, on doonori veri haigele ülekandeks sobimatu.
The 1710 of the corporations of knights and towns, until Alexander II (18551881), established the relationships between Estonia, Livonia and the Russian Empire. The Baltic Landesstaat reached its full development. The freedom of action in the new provinces was naturally granted to one of the most firm ideological pillars of the tsarist empire -- the Russian orthodox church; though as the Landeskirche in the Estonian and Livonian territories, the Lutheran church long maintained a de facto predominance. The most important organ of Baltic German local government was the Diet, consisting of all the noble families who had been `selected' in a list of the eligible. Although jealously guarding their privileges, the knighthoods still never became entirely closed. Between sessions of a Diet, the legislative power of the knighthoods belonged to the Council of the Diet. The towns were governed by the Town Councils, which
Christian Ackermann and a number of monuments to famous people (e.g. Pontus de la Gardie, Karl Horn and Otto Uexküll, all Swedish military leaders; Admiral Samuel Greigh, a hero of Russo-Turkish sea battles; and Admiral Adam Johann Krusenstern, a Baltic German who was the first Russian citizen to sail round the world. The church organ, built in Germany in the 19th century, is one of few in Europe today with a specific romantic sound. Nowadays, the church has an Estonian Lutheran congregation and also serves as a concert hall. 3. Lower Town The Town Wall encircling the Lower Town is one of the greatest medieval treasures of Tallinn. It was begun in the 13th century, completed in the 14th and constantly improved and strengthened thereafter. The walls were 2.5 metres thick on average, over 2 km long, and their height reached 15-16 metres. The wall was fortified by 27 towers, 18 of which have survived
church, fell down and got killed when he was putting finishing touches to the spire. A toad and a serpent sprang out of his mouth. Olev was buried on the very spot where he died. A stone block with the carved figure of Olev, a toad and a serpent, was placed on his tomb. St Olaf's Church was a Roman Catholic one up to 1524. The first Evangelical sermons delivered in the church signified the beginning of the Reformation and thus the church belonged to the Lutheran congregation from 1524 to 1950 (up to 1940 the congregation was German). Since 1950 the Union of Evangelical Christians and Baptist Churches of Estonia have used the church. The spire of the St Olaf`s Church has been opened to the public. The view of the Tallin Old Town and its vicinity is magnificent. Lore has it that citizens of Tallinn pursued two objectives at once when building the tower. Concerned about their sailors and guests of the city, they wished to erect a lighthouse that
man and the natural world. Thinkers such as the Polish astronomer Nicholas Copernicus(14731543), the French philosopher René Descartes(15961650) and the British mathematician Isaac Newton(16421727) overturned the authority of the Middle Ages and the classical world. And by authority I am not referring specifically to that of the Church the demise of its authority was already well under way even before the Lutheran Reformation had begun. The authority I am speaking of is intellectual in nature and consisted of the triad of Aristotle(384322) and Ptolemy (c.90168). The revolutionaries of the new science had to escape their intellectual heritage [ pärandus ]. With this in mind, the revolution in science which emerged [ kerkis esile ] in the 16th and 17th centuries has appeared as a watershed in world history
Amsterdam), started to work as a saddlemaker. · His great-granddaughter Cornelia Hoffmann (b. 1734) married Isaac Roosevelt, which makes her the great-great-grandmother of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, president of the US from 193345. · Hans Rebane = 1897 founded the first Estonian-language newspaper in the US Eesti Ameerika Postimees (published in NY until 1911) · 1898 founded an Estonian Lutheran congregation in NY (still exists today) 2. Signficant waves of migration from Estonia to the US in the 20th century, their reasons. *The failure of the 1905 Revolution: The first significant wave of immigration · Brought a strong Socialist contingent to the United States; led to the formation of many Estonian American Socialist and Communist organizations. * The 1920s30s: · Establishment of independent Estonia · Tightening of American immigration laws
archbishops are in the highest of the three traditional orders of bishops, priests, also called presbyters, and deacons. An archbishop may be granted the title, or ordained as chief pastor of a metropolitan see or another episcopal see to which the title of archbishop is attached. Bishop is an ordained or consecrated member of the Christian clergy who is generally entrusted with a position of authority and oversight. Some Protestant churches including the Lutheran and Methodist churches have bishops serving similar functions as well, though not always understood to be within apostolic succession in the same way. One who has been ordained deacon, priest, and then bishop is understood to hold the fullness of the (ministerial) priesthood, given responsibility by Christ to govern, teach and sanctify the Body of Christ, members of the Faithful. Priests, deacons and lay ministers cooperate and assist their bishop(s) in shepherding a flock.
1 The “official nationalism” with its corporative nature was criticised by intellectuals. The Estonian Writers’ Association, however, supported the steps taken by the government. Social life stabilized and the economic situation improved. Eesti Raamatu Aasta (Year of the Estonian Book) in 1935 was a great national cultural event, commemorating the 400th anniversary of the publication of the first book in Estonian (Simon Wanradt and Johann Koell: The Lutheran Catechism, printed in Wittenberg). Prizes were awarded to writers, scientists and book illustrators. 1 The sentiments of the apologists of the regime at the time: compared to Poland, Portugal, Spain, Italy and Germany, it almost had the air of accuracy. Since the beginning of the Thirties writers and artists concentrated on national themes, including history. This cannot just be explained by the new official cultural-
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